ext4: fix off by one issue in alloc_flex_gd()

Wesley reported an issue:

==================================================================
EXT4-fs (dm-5): resizing filesystem from 7168 to 786432 blocks
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at fs/ext4/resize.c:324!
CPU: 9 UID: 0 PID: 3576 Comm: resize2fs Not tainted 6.11.0+ #27
RIP: 0010:ext4_resize_fs+0x1212/0x12d0
Call Trace:
 __ext4_ioctl+0x4e0/0x1800
 ext4_ioctl+0x12/0x20
 __x64_sys_ioctl+0x99/0xd0
 x64_sys_call+0x1206/0x20d0
 do_syscall_64+0x72/0x110
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e
==================================================================

While reviewing the patch, Honza found that when adjusting resize_bg in
alloc_flex_gd(), it was possible for flex_gd->resize_bg to be bigger than
flexbg_size.

The reproduction of the problem requires the following:

 o_group = flexbg_size * 2 * n;
 o_size = (o_group + 1) * group_size;
 n_group: [o_group + flexbg_size, o_group + flexbg_size * 2)
 o_size = (n_group + 1) * group_size;

Take n=0,flexbg_size=16 as an example:

              last:15
|o---------------|--------------n-|
o_group:0    resize to      n_group:30

The corresponding reproducer is:

img=test.img
rm -f $img
truncate -s 600M $img
mkfs.ext4 -F $img -b 1024 -G 16 8M
dev=`losetup -f --show $img`
mkdir -p /tmp/test
mount $dev /tmp/test
resize2fs $dev 248M

Delete the problematic plus 1 to fix the issue, and add a WARN_ON_ONCE()
to prevent the issue from happening again.

[ Note: another reproucer which this commit fixes is:

  img=test.img
  rm -f $img
  truncate -s 25MiB $img
  mkfs.ext4 -b 4096 -E nodiscard,lazy_itable_init=0,lazy_journal_init=0 $img
  truncate -s 3GiB $img
  dev=`losetup -f --show $img`
  mkdir -p /tmp/test
  mount $dev /tmp/test
  resize2fs $dev 3G
  umount $dev
  losetup -d $dev

  -- TYT ]
Reported-by: Wesley Hershberger <wesley.hershberger@canonical.com>
Closes: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/2081231Reported-by: Stéphane Graber <stgraber@stgraber.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240925143325.518508-1-aleksandr.mikhalitsyn@canonical.com/Tested-by: Alexander Mikhalitsyn <aleksandr.mikhalitsyn@canonical.com>
Tested-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Fixes: 665d3e0a ("ext4: reduce unnecessary memory allocation in alloc_flex_gd()")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Baokun Li <libaokun1@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240927133329.1015041-1-libaokun@huaweicloud.comSigned-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>

fs/ext4/resize.c

@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ struct ext4_new_flex_group_data {
 #define MAX_RESIZE_BG				16384
 
 /*
- * alloc_flex_gd() allocates a ext4_new_flex_group_data with size of
- * @flexbg_size.
+ * alloc_flex_gd() allocates an ext4_new_flex_group_data that satisfies the
+ * resizing from @o_group to @n_group, its size is typically @flexbg_size.
  *
  * Returns NULL on failure otherwise address of the allocated structure.
  */
@@ -239,25 +239,27 @@ static struct ext4_new_flex_group_data *alloc_flex_gd(unsigned int flexbg_size,
 				ext4_group_t o_group, ext4_group_t n_group)
 {
 	ext4_group_t last_group;
+	unsigned int max_resize_bg;
 	struct ext4_new_flex_group_data *flex_gd;
 
 	flex_gd = kmalloc(sizeof(*flex_gd), GFP_NOFS);
 	if (flex_gd == NULL)
 		goto out3;
 
-	if (unlikely(flexbg_size > MAX_RESIZE_BG))
-		flex_gd->resize_bg = MAX_RESIZE_BG;
-	else
-		flex_gd->resize_bg = flexbg_size;
+	max_resize_bg = umin(flexbg_size, MAX_RESIZE_BG);
+	flex_gd->resize_bg = max_resize_bg;
 
 	/* Avoid allocating large 'groups' array if not needed */
 	last_group = o_group | (flex_gd->resize_bg - 1);
 	if (n_group <= last_group)
-		flex_gd->resize_bg = 1 << fls(n_group - o_group + 1);
+		flex_gd->resize_bg = 1 << fls(n_group - o_group);
 	else if (n_group - last_group < flex_gd->resize_bg)
-		flex_gd->resize_bg = 1 << max(fls(last_group - o_group + 1),
+		flex_gd->resize_bg = 1 << max(fls(last_group - o_group),
 					      fls(n_group - last_group));
 
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(flex_gd->resize_bg > max_resize_bg))
+		flex_gd->resize_bg = max_resize_bg;
+
 	flex_gd->groups = kmalloc_array(flex_gd->resize_bg,
 					sizeof(struct ext4_new_group_data),
 					GFP_NOFS);