For tablespaces that do not reside on spinning storage, it does
not make sense to attempt to write nearby pages when writing out
dirty pages from the InnoDB buffer pool. It is actually detrimental
to performance and to the life span of flash ROM storage.

With this change, MariaDB will detect whether an InnoDB file resides
on solid-state storage. The detection has been implemented for Linux
and Microsoft Windows. For other systems, we will err on the safe side
and assume that files reside on SSD.

As part of this change, we will reduce the number of fstat() calls
when opening data files on POSIX systems and slightly clean up some
file I/O code.

FIXME: os_is_sparse_file_supported() on POSIX works in a destructive
manner. Thus, we can only invoke it when creating files, not when
opening them.

For diagnostics, we introduce the column ON_SSD to the table
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING. The table
INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES might seem more appropriate, but its purpose
is to reflect the contents of the InnoDB system table SYS_TABLESPACES,
which we would like to remove at some point.

On Microsoft Windows, querying StorageDeviceSeekPenaltyProperty
sometimes returns ERROR_GEN_FAILURE instead of ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
or ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED. We will silently ignore also this error,
and assume that the file does not reside on SSD.

On Linux, the detection will be based on the files
/sys/block/*/queue/rotational and /sys/block/*/dev.
Especially for USB storage, it is possible that
/sys/block/*/queue/rotational will wrongly report 1 instead of 0.

fil_node_t::on_ssd: Whether the InnoDB data file resides on
solid-state storage.

fil_system_t::ssd: Collection of Linux block devices that reside on
non-rotational storage.

fil_system_t::create(): Detect ssd on Linux based on the contents
of /sys/block/*/queue/rotational and /sys/block/*/dev.

fil_system_t::is_ssd(dev_t): Determine if a Linux block device is
non-rotational. Partitions will be identified with the containing
block device by assuming that the least significant 4 bits of the
minor number identify a partition, and that the "partition number"
of the entire device is 0.