Add pxi files for Python/C API (and a couple of other stubs)

Originally authored as part of SAGE by William Stein.

Includes/python.pxi

+#####################################################################
+#
+# These are the "SageX" pxi files for (most of) the Python/C API.
+#
+#    SageX = SAGE Pyrex, which is a fork of Pyrex for use in SAGE.
+#
+# REFERENCE COUNTING:
+#
+#   JUST TO SCARE YOU:
+#   If you are going to use any of the Python/C API in your SageX
+#   program, you might be responsible for doing reference counting.
+#   Read http://docs.python.org/api/refcounts.html which is so
+#   important I've copied it below.
+#
+# For all the declaration below, whenver the Py_ function returns
+# a *new reference* to a PyObject*, the return type is "object".
+# When the function returns a borrowed reference, the return
+# type is PyObject*.  When SageX sees "object" as a return type
+# it doesn't increment the reference count.  When it sees PyObject*
+# in order to use the result you must explicitly cast to <object>,
+# and when you do that SageX increments the reference count wether
+# you want it to or not, forcing you to an explicit DECREF (or leak memory).
+# To avoid this we make the above convention.  Note, you can
+# always locally override this convention by putting something like
+#
+#     cdef extern from "Python.h":
+#         PyObject* PyNumber_Add(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2)
+#
+# in your file after any .pxi includes.  SageX will use the latest
+# declaration. 
+#
+# SageX takes care of this automatically for anything of type object.
+## More precisely, I think the correct convention for
+## using the Python/C API from Pyrex is as follows.
+##
+## (1) Declare all input arguments as type "object".  This way no explicit
+##    <PyObject*> casting is needed, and moreover Pyrex doesn't generate
+##    any funny reference counting.
+## (2) Declare output as object if a new reference is returned.
+## (3) Declare output as PyObject* if a borrowed reference is returned.
+##    
+## This way when you call objects, no cast is needed, and if the api
+## calls returns a new reference (which is about 95% of them), then
+## you can just assign to a variable of type object.  With borrowed
+## references if you do an explicit typecast to <object>, Pyrex generates an
+## INCREF and DECREF so you have to be careful.  However, you got a
+## borrowed reference in this case, so there's got to be another reference
+## to your object, so you're OK, as long as you relealize this
+## and use the result of an explicit cast to <object> as a borrowed
+## reference (and you can call Py_INCREF if you want to turn it
+## into another reference for some reason). 
+# 
+# "The reference count is important because today's computers have
+# a finite (and often severely limited) memory size; it counts how
+# many different places there are that have a reference to an
+# object. Such a place could be another object, or a global (or
+# static) C variable, or a local variable in some C function. When
+# an object's reference count becomes zero, the object is
+# deallocated. If it contains references to other objects, their
+# reference count is decremented. Those other objects may be
+# deallocated in turn, if this decrement makes their reference
+# count become zero, and so on. (There's an obvious problem with
+# objects that reference each other here; for now, the solution is
+# ``don't do that.'')
+#
+# Reference counts are always manipulated explicitly. The normal
+# way is to use the macro Py_INCREF() to increment an object's
+# reference count by one, and Py_DECREF() to decrement it by
+# one. The Py_DECREF() macro is considerably more complex than the
+# incref one, since it must check whether the reference count
+# becomes zero and then cause the object's deallocator to be
+# called. The deallocator is a function pointer contained in the
+# object's type structure. The type-specific deallocator takes
+# care of decrementing the reference counts for other objects
+# contained in the object if this is a compound object type, such
+# as a list, as well as performing any additional finalization
+# that's needed. There's no chance that the reference count can
+# overflow; at least as many bits are used to hold the reference
+# count as there are distinct memory locations in virtual memory
+# (assuming sizeof(long) >= sizeof(char*)). Thus, the reference
+# count increment is a simple operation.
+# 
+# It is not necessary to increment an object's reference count for
+# every local variable that contains a pointer to an object. In
+# theory, the object's reference count goes up by one when the
+# variable is made to point to it and it goes down by one when the
+# variable goes out of scope. However, these two cancel each other
+# out, so at the end the reference count hasn't changed. The only
+# real reason to use the reference count is to prevent the object
+# from being deallocated as long as our variable is pointing to
+# it. If we know that there is at least one other reference to the
+# object that lives at least as long as our variable, there is no
+# need to increment the reference count temporarily. An important
+# situation where this arises is in objects that are passed as
+# arguments to C functions in an extension module that are called
+# from Python; the call mechanism guarantees to hold a reference
+# to every argument for the duration of the call.
+#
+# However, a common pitfall is to extract an object from a list
+# and hold on to it for a while without incrementing its reference
+# count. Some other operation might conceivably remove the object
+# from the list, decrementing its reference count and possible
+# deallocating it. The real danger is that innocent-looking
+# operations may invoke arbitrary Python code which could do this;
+# there is a code path which allows control to flow back to the
+# user from a Py_DECREF(), so almost any operation is potentially
+# dangerous.
+#
+# A safe approach is to always use the generic operations
+# (functions whose name begins with "PyObject_", "PyNumber_",
+# "PySequence_" or "PyMapping_"). These operations always
+# increment the reference count of the object they return. This
+# leaves the caller with the responsibility to call Py_DECREF()
+# when they are done with the result; this soon becomes second
+# nature.
+#
+# Now you should read http://docs.python.org/api/refcountDetails.html
+# just to be sure you understand what is going on.
+#
+#################################################################
+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ctypedef void PyTypeObject
+    ctypedef struct FILE
+
+
+include 'python_ref.pxi'
+include 'python_exc.pxi'
+include 'python_module.pxi'
+include 'python_mem.pxi'
+include 'python_tuple.pxi'
+include 'python_list.pxi'
+include 'python_object.pxi'
+include 'python_sequence.pxi'
+include 'python_mapping.pxi'
+include 'python_iterator.pxi'
+include 'python_type.pxi'
+include 'python_number.pxi'
+include 'python_int.pxi'
+include 'python_bool.pxi'
+include 'python_long.pxi'
+include 'python_float.pxi'
+include 'python_complex.pxi'
+include 'python_string.pxi'
+include 'python_dict.pxi'
+include 'python_instance.pxi'
+include 'python_function.pxi'
+include 'python_method.pxi'
+include 'python_set.pxi'

Includes/python_bool.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.2.2 Boolean Objects
+    ############################################################################
+
+    # Booleans in Python are implemented as a subclass of
+    # integers. There are only two booleans, Py_False and Py_True. As
+    # such, the normal creation and deletion functions don't apply to
+    # booleans. The following macros are available, however.
+
+    bint PyBool_Check(object o)
+    # Return true if o is of type PyBool_Type.
+
+    #PyObject* Py_False
+    # The Python False object. This object has no methods. It needs to
+    # be treated just like any other object with respect to reference
+    # counts.
+
+    #PyObject* Py_True
+    # The Python True object. This object has no methods. It needs to
+    # be treated just like any other object with respect to reference
+    # counts.
+
+    # Py_RETURN_FALSE
+    # Return Py_False from a function, properly incrementing its reference count. 
+
+    # Py_RETURN_TRUE
+    # Return Py_True from a function, properly incrementing its reference count. 
+
+    object PyBool_FromLong(long v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new reference to Py_True or Py_False depending on the truth value of v. 
+

Includes/python_complex.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ctypedef struct Py_complex
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.2.5.2 Complex Numbers as Python Objects
+    ############################################################################
+
+    # PyComplexObject
+    # This subtype of PyObject represents a Python complex number object. 
+
+    # PyTypeObject PyComplex_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python complex
+    # number type. It is the same object as complex and
+    # types.ComplexType.
+
+    bint PyComplex_Check(object p)
+    # Return true if its argument is a PyComplexObject or a subtype of
+    # PyComplexObject.
+
+    bint PyComplex_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if its argument is a PyComplexObject, but not a subtype of PyComplexObject.
+
+    object PyComplex_FromCComplex(Py_complex v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a new Python complex number object from a C Py_complex value. 
+
+    object PyComplex_FromDoubles(double real, double imag)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyComplexObject object from real and imag. 
+
+    double PyComplex_RealAsDouble(object op)
+    # Return the real part of op as a C double. 
+
+    double PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(object op)
+    # Return the imaginary part of op as a C double. 
+
+    Py_complex PyComplex_AsCComplex(object op)
+    # Return the Py_complex value of the complex number op. 

Includes/python_dict.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.4.1 Dictionary Objects
+    ############################################################################
+    # PyDictObject
+    # This subtype of PyObject represents a Python dictionary object. 
+    # PyTypeObject PyDict_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python dictionary type. This is exposed to Python programs as dict and types.DictType. 
+
+    bint PyDict_Check(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a dict object or an instance of a subtype of
+    # the dict type. 
+
+    bint PyDict_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a dict object, but not an instance of a
+    # subtype of the dict type.
+
+    object PyDict_New()
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new empty dictionary, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    object PyDictProxy_New(object dict)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a proxy object for a mapping which enforces read-only
+    # behavior. This is normally used to create a proxy to prevent
+    # modification of the dictionary for non-dynamic class types. 
+
+    void PyDict_Clear(object p)
+    # Empty an existing dictionary of all key-value pairs. 
+
+    int PyDict_Contains(object p, object key)
+    # Determine if dictionary p contains key. If an item in p is
+    # matches key, return 1, otherwise return 0. On error, return
+    # -1. This is equivalent to the Python expression "key in p". 
+
+    object PyDict_Copy(object p)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new dictionary that contains the same key-value pairs as p.
+
+    int PyDict_SetItem(object p, object key, object val)
+    # Insert value into the dictionary p with a key of key. key must
+    # be hashable; if it isn't, TypeError will be raised. Return 0 on
+    # success or -1 on failure.
+
+    int PyDict_SetItemString(object p, char *key, object val)
+    # Insert value into the dictionary p using key as a key. key
+    # should be a char*. The key object is created using
+    # PyString_FromString(key). Return 0 on success or -1 on failure.
+
+    int PyDict_DelItem(object p, object key)
+    # Remove the entry in dictionary p with key key. key must be
+    # hashable; if it isn't, TypeError is raised. Return 0 on success
+    # or -1 on failure.
+
+    int PyDict_DelItemString(object p, char *key)
+    # Remove the entry in dictionary p which has a key specified by
+    # the string key. Return 0 on success or -1 on failure.
+
+    PyObject* PyDict_GetItem(object p, object key)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the object from dictionary p which has a key key. Return
+    # NULL if the key key is not present, but without setting an
+    # exception.
+
+    PyObject* PyDict_GetItemString(object p, char *key)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # This is the same as PyDict_GetItem(), but key is specified as a
+    # char*, rather than a PyObject*.
+
+    object PyDict_Items(object p)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a PyListObject containing all the items from the
+    # dictionary, as in the dictionary method items() (see the Python
+    # Library Reference).
+
+    object PyDict_Keys(object p)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a PyListObject containing all the keys from the
+    # dictionary, as in the dictionary method keys() (see the Python
+    # Library Reference).
+
+    object PyDict_Values(object p)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a PyListObject containing all the values from the
+    # dictionary p, as in the dictionary method values() (see the
+    # Python Library Reference).
+
+    Py_ssize_t PyDict_Size(object p)
+    # Return the number of items in the dictionary. This is equivalent to "len(p)" on a dictionary.
+
+    int PyDict_Next(object p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject* *pkey, PyObject* *pvalue)
+    # Iterate over all key-value pairs in the dictionary p. The int
+    # referred to by ppos must be initialized to 0 prior to the first
+    # call to this function to start the iteration; the function
+    # returns true for each pair in the dictionary, and false once all
+    # pairs have been reported. The parameters pkey and pvalue should
+    # either point to PyObject* variables that will be filled in with
+    # each key and value, respectively, or may be NULL. Any references
+    # returned through them are borrowed. ppos should not be altered
+    # during iteration. Its value represents offsets within the
+    # internal dictionary structure, and since the structure is
+    # sparse, the offsets are not consecutive.
+    # For example:
+    #
+    #object key, *value;
+    #int pos = 0;
+    #
+    #while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
+    #   /* do something interesting with the values... */
+    #    ...
+    #}
+    # The dictionary p should not be mutated during iteration. It is
+    # safe (since Python 2.1) to modify the values of the keys as you
+    # iterate over the dictionary, but only so long as the set of keys
+    # does not change. For example:
+    # object key, *value;
+    # int pos = 0;
+    # while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
+    #    int i = PyInt_AS_LONG(value) + 1;
+    #    object o = PyInt_FromLong(i);
+    #    if (o == NULL)
+    #        return -1;
+    #    if (PyDict_SetItem(self->dict, key, o) < 0) {
+    #        Py_DECREF(o);
+    #        return -1;
+    #    }
+    #    Py_DECREF(o);
+    # }
+
+    int PyDict_Merge(object a, object b, int override)
+    # Iterate over mapping object b adding key-value pairs to
+    # dictionary a. b may be a dictionary, or any object supporting
+    # PyMapping_Keys() and PyObject_GetItem(). If override is true,
+    # existing pairs in a will be replaced if a matching key is found
+    # in b, otherwise pairs will only be added if there is not a
+    # matching key in a. Return 0 on success or -1 if an exception was
+    # raised.
+
+    int PyDict_Update(object a, object b)
+    # This is the same as PyDict_Merge(a, b, 1) in C, or a.update(b)
+    # in Python. Return 0 on success or -1 if an exception was raised.
+
+    int PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(object a, object seq2, int override)
+    # Update or merge into dictionary a, from the key-value pairs in
+    # seq2. seq2 must be an iterable object producing iterable objects
+    # of length 2, viewed as key-value pairs. In case of duplicate
+    # keys, the last wins if override is true, else the first
+    # wins. Return 0 on success or -1 if an exception was
+    # raised. Equivalent Python (except for the return value):
+    #
+    #def PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(a, seq2, override):
+    #    for key, value in seq2:
+    #        if override or key not in a:
+    #            a[key] = value

Includes/python_float.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.2.3 
+    ############################################################################
+    # PyFloatObject
+    # This subtype of PyObject represents a Python floating point object. 
+    # PyTypeObject PyFloat_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python floating point type. This is the same object as float and types.FloatType. 
+
+    bint PyFloat_Check(object p)
+    # Return true if its argument is a PyFloatObject or a subtype of
+    # PyFloatObject.
+
+    bint PyFloat_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if its argument is a PyFloatObject, but not a
+    # subtype of PyFloatObject. 
+
+    object PyFloat_FromString(object str, char **pend)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a PyFloatObject object based on the string value in str,
+    # or NULL on failure. The pend argument is ignored. It remains
+    # only for backward compatibility.
+
+    object PyFloat_FromDouble(double v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a PyFloatObject object from v, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    double PyFloat_AsDouble(object pyfloat)
+    # Return a C double representation of the contents of pyfloat. 
+
+    double PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(object pyfloat)
+    # Return a C double representation of the contents of pyfloat, but without error checking.

Includes/python_function.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.5.3 Function Objects
+    ############################################################################
+    # There are a few functions specific to Python functions.
+    # PyFunctionObject
+    # The C structure used for functions. 
+    # PyTypeObject PyFunction_Type
+    # This is an instance of PyTypeObject and represents the Python
+    # function type. It is exposed to Python programmers as
+    # types.FunctionType.
+
+    bint PyFunction_Check(object o)
+    # Return true if o is a function object (has type
+    # PyFunction_Type). The parameter must not be NULL.
+
+    object PyFunction_New(object code, object globals)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new function object associated with the code object
+    # code. globals must be a dictionary with the global variables
+    # accessible to the function.
+    # The function's docstring, name and __module__ are retrieved from
+    # the code object, the argument defaults and closure are set to
+    # NULL.
+
+    PyObject* PyFunction_GetCode(object op)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the code object associated with the function object op. 
+
+    PyObject* PyFunction_GetGlobals(object op)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the globals dictionary associated with the function object op. 
+
+    PyObject* PyFunction_GetModule(object op)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the __module__ attribute of the function object op. This
+    # is normally a string containing the module name, but can be set
+    # to any other object by Python code.
+
+    PyObject* PyFunction_GetDefaults(object op)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the argument default values of the function object
+    # op. This can be a tuple of arguments or NULL.
+
+    int PyFunction_SetDefaults(object op, object defaults)
+    # Set the argument default values for the function object
+    # op. defaults must be Py_None or a tuple.
+    # Raises SystemError and returns -1 on failure. 
+
+    PyObject* PyFunction_GetClosure(object op)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the closure associated with the function object op. This
+    # can be NULL or a tuple of cell objects.
+
+    int PyFunction_SetClosure(object op, object closure)
+    # Set the closure associated with the function object op. closure
+    # must be Py_None or a tuple of cell objects.
+    # Raises SystemError and returns -1 on failure. 

Includes/python_instance.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.5.2 Instance Objects
+    ############################################################################
+    # PyTypeObject PyInstance_Type
+    # Type object for class instances. 
+    # int PyInstance_Check(PyObject *obj)
+    # Return true if obj is an instance. 
+
+    object PyInstance_New(PyObject* cls, object arg, object kw)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a new instance of a specific class. The parameters arg
+    # and kw are used as the positional and keyword parameters to the
+    # object's constructor.
+
+    object PyInstance_NewRaw(object cls, object dict)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a new instance of a specific class without calling its
+    # constructor. class is the class of new object. The dict
+    # parameter will be used as the object's __dict__; if NULL, a new
+    # dictionary will be created for the instance.

Includes/python_int.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Integer Objects
+    ############################################################################
+    # PyTypeObject PyInt_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python plain
+    # integer type. This is the same object as int and types.IntType.
+
+    bint PyInt_Check(object  o)
+    # Return true if o is of type PyInt_Type or a subtype of
+    # PyInt_Type.
+
+    bint PyInt_CheckExact(object  o)
+    # Return true if o is of type PyInt_Type, but not a subtype of
+    # PyInt_Type.
+
+    object PyInt_FromString(char *str, char **pend, int base)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyIntObject or PyLongObject based on the string
+    # value in str, which is interpreted according to the radix in
+    # base. If pend is non-NULL, *pend will point to the first
+    # character in str which follows the representation of the
+    # number. If base is 0, the radix will be determined based on the
+    # leading characters of str: if str starts with '0x' or '0X',
+    # radix 16 will be used; if str starts with '0', radix 8 will be
+    # used; otherwise radix 10 will be used. If base is not 0, it must
+    # be between 2 and 36, inclusive. Leading spaces are ignored. If
+    # there are no digits, ValueError will be raised. If the string
+    # represents a number too large to be contained within the
+    # machine's long int type and overflow warnings are being
+    # suppressed, a PyLongObject will be returned. If overflow
+    # warnings are not being suppressed, NULL will be returned in this
+    # case.
+
+    object PyInt_FromLong(long ival)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a new integer object with a value of ival.
+    # The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for
+    # all integers between -5 and 256, when you create an int in that
+    # range you actually just get back a reference to the existing
+    # object. So it should be possible to change the value of 1. I
+    # suspect the behaviour of Python in this case is undefined. :-)
+
+    object PyInt_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t ival)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a new integer object with a value of ival. If the value
+    # exceeds LONG_MAX, a long integer object is returned.
+
+    long PyInt_AsLong(object io)
+    # Will first attempt to cast the object to a PyIntObject, if it is
+    # not already one, and then return its value. If there is an
+    # error, -1 is returned, and the caller should check
+    # PyErr_Occurred() to find out whether there was an error, or
+    # whether the value just happened to be -1.
+
+    long PyInt_AS_LONG(object io)
+    # Return the value of the object io. No error checking is performed. 
+
+    unsigned long PyInt_AsUnsignedLongMask(object io)
+    # Will first attempt to cast the object to a PyIntObject or
+    # PyLongObject, if it is not already one, and then return its
+    # value as unsigned long. This function does not check for
+    # overflow. 
+
+    ctypedef unsigned long long PY_LONG_LONG
+    PY_LONG_LONG PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(object io)
+    # Will first attempt to cast the object to a PyIntObject or
+    # PyLongObject, if it is not already one, and then return its
+    # value as unsigned long long, without checking for overflow. 
+
+    Py_ssize_t PyInt_AsSsize_t(object io)
+    # Will first attempt to cast the object to a PyIntObject or
+    # PyLongObject, if it is not already one, and then return its
+    # value as Py_ssize_t.
+
+    long PyInt_GetMax()
+    # Return the system's idea of the largest integer it can handle
+    # (LONG_MAX, as defined in the system header files).

Includes/python_iterator.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 6.5 Iterator Protocol
+    ############################################################################
+    int PyIter_Check(object o)
+    # Return true if the object o supports the iterator protocol. 
+
+    object PyIter_Next(object o)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the next value from the iteration o. If the object is an
+    # iterator, this retrieves the next value from the iteration, and
+    # returns NULL with no exception set if there are no remaining
+    # items. If the object is not an iterator, TypeError is raised, or
+    # if there is an error in retrieving the item, returns NULL and
+    # passes along the exception.
+
+    # To write a loop which iterates over an iterator, the C code should look something like this:
+    # PyObject *iterator = PyObject_GetIter(obj);
+    # PyObject *item;
+    # if (iterator == NULL) {
+    # /* propagate error */
+    # }
+    # while (item = PyIter_Next(iterator)) {
+    # /* do something with item */
+    # ...
+    # /* release reference when done */
+    # Py_DECREF(item);
+    # }
+    # Py_DECREF(iterator);
+    # if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    # /* propagate error */
+    # }
+    # else {
+    # /* continue doing useful work */
+    # }

Includes/python_list.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Lists
+    ############################################################################
+    object PyList_New(Py_ssize_t len)
+    # Return a new list of length len on success, or NULL on
+    # failure. Note: If length is greater than zero, the returned list
+    # object's items are set to NULL. Thus you cannot use abstract API
+    # functions such as PySequence_SetItem() or expose the object to
+    # Python code before setting all items to a real object with
+    # PyList_SetItem().
+    
+    bint PyList_Check(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a list object or an instance of a subtype of the list type.
+    
+    bint PyList_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a list object, but not an instance of a subtype of the list type.
+
+    Py_ssize_t PyList_Size(object list)
+    # Return the length of the list object in list; this is equivalent to "len(list)" on a list object. 
+
+    Py_ssize_t PyList_GET_SIZE(object list)
+    # Macro form of PyList_Size() without error checking. 
+
+    PyObject* PyList_GetItem(object list, Py_ssize_t index)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.  
+    # Return the object at position pos in the list pointed to by
+    # p. The position must be positive, indexing from the end of the
+    # list is not supported. If pos is out of bounds, return NULL and
+    # set an IndexError exception.
+
+    PyObject* PyList_GET_ITEM(object list, Py_ssize_t i)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Macro form of PyList_GetItem() without error checking. 
+
+    int PyList_SetItem(object list, Py_ssize_t index, object item)
+    # Set the item at index index in list to item. Return 0 on success
+    # or -1 on failure. Note: This function ``steals'' a reference to
+    # item and discards a reference to an item already in the list at
+    # the affected position.
+
+    void PyList_SET_ITEM(object list, Py_ssize_t i, object o)
+    # Macro form of PyList_SetItem() without error checking. This is
+    # normally only used to fill in new lists where there is no
+    # previous content. Note: This function ``steals'' a reference to
+    # item, and, unlike PyList_SetItem(), does not discard a reference
+    # to any item that it being replaced; any reference in list at
+    # position i will be *leaked*.
+
+    int PyList_Insert(object list, Py_ssize_t index, object item)
+    # Insert the item item into list list in front of index
+    # index. Return 0 if successful; return -1 and set an exception if
+    # unsuccessful. Analogous to list.insert(index, item).
+
+    int PyList_Append(object list, object item)
+    # Append the object item at the end of list list. Return 0 if
+    # successful; return -1 and set an exception if
+    # unsuccessful. Analogous to list.append(item).
+
+    object PyList_GetSlice(object list, Py_ssize_t low, Py_ssize_t high)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a list of the objects in list containing the objects
+    # between low and high. Return NULL and set an exception if
+    # unsuccessful. Analogous to list[low:high].
+
+    int PyList_SetSlice(object list, Py_ssize_t low, Py_ssize_t high, object itemlist)
+    # Set the slice of list between low and high to the contents of
+    # itemlist. Analogous to list[low:high] = itemlist. The itemlist
+    # may be NULL, indicating the assignment of an empty list (slice
+    # deletion). Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.
+
+    int PyList_Sort(object list)
+    # Sort the items of list in place. Return 0 on success, -1 on
+    # failure. This is equivalent to "list.sort()".
+
+    int PyList_Reverse(object list)
+    # Reverse the items of list in place. Return 0 on success, -1 on
+    # failure. This is the equivalent of "list.reverse()".
+
+    object PyList_AsTuple(object list)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new tuple object containing the contents of list;
+    # equivalent to "tuple(list)".
+
+

Includes/python_long.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ctypedef long PY_LONG_LONG
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.2.3 Long Integer Objects
+    ############################################################################
+    # PyLongObject
+    # This subtype of PyObject represents a Python long integer object. 
+    # PyTypeObject PyLong_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python long integer
+    # type. This is the same object as long and types.LongType.
+
+    bint PyLong_Check(object p)
+    # Return true if its argument is a PyLongObject or a subtype of PyLongObject. 
+
+    bint PyLong_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if its argument is a PyLongObject, but not a subtype of PyLongObject.
+
+    object PyLong_FromLong(long v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyLongObject object from v, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    object PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyLongObject object from a C unsigned long, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    object PyLong_FromLongLong(PY_LONG_LONG v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyLongObject object from a C long long, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    object PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(PY_LONG_LONG v)
+    #PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyLongObject object from a C unsigned long long, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    object PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyLongObject object from the integer part of v, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    object PyLong_FromString(char *str, char **pend, int base)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new PyLongObject based on the string value in str,
+    # which is interpreted according to the radix in base. If pend is
+    # non-NULL, *pend will point to the first character in str which
+    # follows the representation of the number. If base is 0, the
+    # radix will be determined based on the leading characters of str:
+    # if str starts with '0x' or '0X', radix 16 will be used; if str
+    # starts with '0', radix 8 will be used; otherwise radix 10 will
+    # be used. If base is not 0, it must be between 2 and 36,
+    # inclusive. Leading spaces are ignored. If there are no digits,
+    # ValueError will be raised.
+
+    
+    # object PyLong_FromUnicode(Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t length, int base)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Convert a sequence of Unicode digits to a Python long integer
+    # value. The first parameter, u, points to the first character of
+    # the Unicode string, length gives the number of characters, and
+    # base is the radix for the conversion. The radix must be in the
+    # range [2, 36]; if it is out of range, ValueError will be
+    # raised. 
+
+    object PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Create a Python integer or long integer from the pointer p. The
+    # pointer value can be retrieved from the resulting value using
+    # PyLong_AsVoidPtr().  If the integer is larger than LONG_MAX, a
+    # positive long integer is returned.
+
+    long PyLong_AsLong(object pylong)
+    # Return a C long representation of the contents of pylong. If
+    # pylong is greater than LONG_MAX, an OverflowError is raised.
+
+    unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(object pylong)
+    # Return a C unsigned long representation of the contents of
+    # pylong. If pylong is greater than ULONG_MAX, an OverflowError is
+    # raised.
+
+    PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsLongLong(object pylong)
+    # Return a C long long from a Python long integer. If pylong
+    # cannot be represented as a long long, an OverflowError will be
+    # raised.
+
+    PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(object pylong)
+    #unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(object pylong)
+    # Return a C unsigned long long from a Python long integer. If
+    # pylong cannot be represented as an unsigned long long, an
+    # OverflowError will be raised if the value is positive, or a
+    # TypeError will be raised if the value is negative. 
+
+    unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(object io)
+    # Return a C unsigned long from a Python long integer, without
+    # checking for overflow. 
+
+    PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(object io)
+    #unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(object io)
+    # Return a C unsigned long long from a Python long integer,
+    # without checking for overflow.
+
+
+    double PyLong_AsDouble(object pylong)
+    # Return a C double representation of the contents of pylong. If
+    # pylong cannot be approximately represented as a double, an
+    # OverflowError exception is raised and -1.0 will be returned.
+
+    void* PyLong_AsVoidPtr(object pylong)
+    # Convert a Python integer or long integer pylong to a C void
+    # pointer. If pylong cannot be converted, an OverflowError will be
+    # raised. This is only assured to produce a usable void pointer
+    # for values created with PyLong_FromVoidPtr(). For values outside
+    # 0..LONG_MAX, both signed and unsigned integers are acccepted.

Includes/python_mapping.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 6.4 Mapping Protocol
+    ############################################################################
+
+    bint PyMapping_Check(object o)
+    # Return 1 if the object provides mapping protocol, and 0
+    # otherwise. This function always succeeds.
+
+    Py_ssize_t PyMapping_Length(object o)
+    # Returns the number of keys in object o on success, and -1 on
+    # failure. For objects that do not provide mapping protocol, this
+    # is equivalent to the Python expression "len(o)".
+
+    int PyMapping_DelItemString(object o, char *key)
+    # Remove the mapping for object key from the object o. Return -1
+    # on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statement "del
+    # o[key]".
+
+    int PyMapping_DelItem(object o, object key)
+    # Remove the mapping for object key from the object o. Return -1
+    # on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statement "del
+    # o[key]".
+
+    bint PyMapping_HasKeyString(object o, char *key)
+    # On success, return 1 if the mapping object has the key key and 0
+    # otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression
+    # "o.has_key(key)". This function always succeeds.
+
+    bint PyMapping_HasKey(object o, object key)
+    # Return 1 if the mapping object has the key key and 0
+    # otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression
+    # "o.has_key(key)". This function always succeeds.
+
+    object PyMapping_Keys(object o)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # On success, return a list of the keys in object o. On failure,
+    # return NULL. This is equivalent to the Python expression
+    # "o.keys()".
+
+    object PyMapping_Values(object o)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # On success, return a list of the values in object o. On failure,
+    # return NULL. This is equivalent to the Python expression
+    # "o.values()".
+
+    object PyMapping_Items(object o)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # On success, return a list of the items in object o, where each
+    # item is a tuple containing a key-value pair. On failure, return
+    # NULL. This is equivalent to the Python expression "o.items()".
+
+    object PyMapping_GetItemString(object o, char *key)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return element of o corresponding to the object key or NULL on
+    # failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
+    # "o[key]".
+
+    int PyMapping_SetItemString(object o, char *key, object v)
+    # Map the object key to the value v in object o. Returns -1 on
+    # failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement "o[key]
+    # = v".
+

Includes/python_mem.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef unsigned long size_t
+    
+    #####################################################################
+    # 9.2 Memory Interface
+    #####################################################################
+    # You are definitely *supposed* to use these: "In most situations,
+    # however, it is recommended to allocate memory from the Python
+    # heap specifically because the latter is under control of the
+    # Python memory manager. For example, this is required when the
+    # interpreter is extended with new object types written in
+    # C. Another reason for using the Python heap is the desire to
+    # inform the Python memory manager about the memory needs of the
+    # extension module. Even when the requested memory is used
+    # exclusively for internal, highly-specific purposes, delegating
+    # all memory requests to the Python memory manager causes the
+    # interpreter to have a more accurate image of its memory
+    # footprint as a whole. Consequently, under certain circumstances,
+    # the Python memory manager may or may not trigger appropriate
+    # actions, like garbage collection, memory compaction or other
+    # preventive procedures. Note that by using the C library
+    # allocator as shown in the previous example, the allocated memory
+    # for the I/O buffer escapes completely the Python memory
+    # manager."
+
+    # The following function sets, modeled after the ANSI C standard,
+    # but specifying behavior when requesting zero bytes, are
+    # available for allocating and releasing memory from the Python
+    # heap:
+
+    void* PyMem_Malloc(size_t n)
+    # Allocates n bytes and returns a pointer of type void* to the
+    # allocated memory, or NULL if the request fails. Requesting zero
+    # bytes returns a distinct non-NULL pointer if possible, as if
+    # PyMem_Malloc(1) had been called instead. The memory will not
+    # have been initialized in any way.
+
+    void* PyMem_Realloc(void *p, size_t n)
+    # Resizes the memory block pointed to by p to n bytes. The
+    # contents will be unchanged to the minimum of the old and the new
+    # sizes. If p is NULL, the call is equivalent to PyMem_Malloc(n);
+    # else if n is equal to zero, the memory block is resized but is
+    # not freed, and the returned pointer is non-NULL. Unless p is
+    # NULL, it must have been returned by a previous call to
+    # PyMem_Malloc() or PyMem_Realloc().
+
+    void PyMem_Free(void *p)
+    # Frees the memory block pointed to by p, which must have been
+    # returned by a previous call to PyMem_Malloc() or
+    # PyMem_Realloc(). Otherwise, or if PyMem_Free(p) has been called
+    # before, undefined behavior occurs. If p is NULL, no operation is
+    # performed.
+
+    # The following type-oriented macros are provided for
+    # convenience. Note that TYPE refers to any C type.
+
+    # TYPE* PyMem_New(TYPE, size_t n)
+    # Same as PyMem_Malloc(), but allocates (n * sizeof(TYPE)) bytes
+    # of memory. Returns a pointer cast to TYPE*. The memory will not
+    # have been initialized in any way.
+
+    # TYPE* PyMem_Resize(void *p, TYPE, size_t n)
+    # Same as PyMem_Realloc(), but the memory block is resized to (n *
+    # sizeof(TYPE)) bytes. Returns a pointer cast to TYPE*.
+
+    void PyMem_Del(void *p)
+    # Same as PyMem_Free(). 
+
+    # In addition, the following macro sets are provided for calling
+    # the Python memory allocator directly, without involving the C
+    # API functions listed above. However, note that their use does
+    # not preserve binary compatibility across Python versions and is
+    # therefore deprecated in extension modules.
+
+    # PyMem_MALLOC(), PyMem_REALLOC(), PyMem_FREE().
+    # PyMem_NEW(), PyMem_RESIZE(), PyMem_DEL().

Includes/python_method.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.5.4 Method Objects
+    ############################################################################
+
+    # There are some useful functions that are useful for working with method objects.
+    # PyTypeObject PyMethod_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python method type. This is exposed to Python programs as types.MethodType. 
+
+    bint PyMethod_Check(object o)
+    # Return true if o is a method object (has type
+    # PyMethod_Type). The parameter must not be NULL.
+
+    object PyMethod_New(object func, object self, object cls)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new method object, with func being any callable object;
+    # this is the function that will be called when the method is
+    # called. If this method should be bound to an instance, self
+    # should be the instance and class should be the class of self,
+    # otherwise self should be NULL and class should be the class
+    # which provides the unbound method..
+
+    PyObject* PyMethod_Class(object meth)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the class object from which the method meth was created;
+    # if this was created from an instance, it will be the class of
+    # the instance.
+
+    PyObject* PyMethod_GET_CLASS(object meth)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Macro version of PyMethod_Class() which avoids error checking. 
+
+    PyObject* PyMethod_Function(object meth)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the function object associated with the method meth. 
+
+    PyObject* PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(object meth)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Macro version of PyMethod_Function() which avoids error checking. 
+
+    PyObject* PyMethod_Self(object meth)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the instance associated with the method meth if it is bound, otherwise return NULL. 
+
+    PyObject* PyMethod_GET_SELF(object meth)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Macro version of PyMethod_Self() which avoids error checking. 

Includes/python_module.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ctypedef struct _inittab
+
+    #####################################################################
+    # 5.3 Importing Modules
+    #####################################################################
+    object PyImport_ImportModule(char *name)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # This is a simplified interface to PyImport_ImportModuleEx()
+    # below, leaving the globals and locals arguments set to
+    # NULL. When the name argument contains a dot (when it specifies a
+    # submodule of a package), the fromlist argument is set to the
+    # list ['*'] so that the return value is the named module rather
+    # than the top-level package containing it as would otherwise be
+    # the case. (Unfortunately, this has an additional side effect
+    # when name in fact specifies a subpackage instead of a submodule:
+    # the submodules specified in the package's __all__ variable are
+    # loaded.) Return a new reference to the imported module, or NULL
+    # with an exception set on failure.
+
+    object PyImport_ImportModuleEx(char *name, object globals, object locals, object fromlist)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+
+    # Import a module. This is best described by referring to the
+    # built-in Python function __import__(), as the standard
+    # __import__() function calls this function directly.
+
+    # The return value is a new reference to the imported module or
+    # top-level package, or NULL with an exception set on failure
+    # (before Python 2.4, the module may still be created in this
+    # case). Like for __import__(), the return value when a submodule
+    # of a package was requested is normally the top-level package,
+    # unless a non-empty fromlist was given. Changed in version 2.4:
+    # failing imports remove incomplete module objects.
+
+    object PyImport_Import(object name)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # This is a higher-level interface that calls the current ``import
+    # hook function''. It invokes the __import__() function from the
+    # __builtins__ of the current globals. This means that the import
+    # is done using whatever import hooks are installed in the current
+    # environment, e.g. by rexec or ihooks.
+
+    object PyImport_ReloadModule(object m)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Reload a module. This is best described by referring to the
+    # built-in Python function reload(), as the standard reload()
+    # function calls this function directly. Return a new reference to
+    # the reloaded module, or NULL with an exception set on failure
+    # (the module still exists in this case).
+
+    PyObject* PyImport_AddModule(char *name)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the module object corresponding to a module name. The
+    # name argument may be of the form package.module. First check the
+    # modules dictionary if there's one there, and if not, create a
+    # new one and insert it in the modules dictionary. Return NULL
+    # with an exception set on failure. Note: This function does not
+    # load or import the module; if the module wasn't already loaded,
+    # you will get an empty module object. Use PyImport_ImportModule()
+    # or one of its variants to import a module. Package structures
+    # implied by a dotted name for name are not created if not already
+    # present.
+
+    object PyImport_ExecCodeModule(char *name, object co)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Given a module name (possibly of the form package.module) and a
+    # code object read from a Python bytecode file or obtained from
+    # the built-in function compile(), load the module. Return a new
+    # reference to the module object, or NULL with an exception set if
+    # an error occurred. Name is removed from sys.modules in error
+    # cases, and even if name was already in sys.modules on entry to
+    # PyImport_ExecCodeModule(). Leaving incompletely initialized
+    # modules in sys.modules is dangerous, as imports of such modules
+    # have no way to know that the module object is an unknown (and
+    # probably damaged with respect to the module author's intents)
+    # state.
+    # This function will reload the module if it was already
+    # imported. See PyImport_ReloadModule() for the intended way to
+    # reload a module.
+    # If name points to a dotted name of the form package.module, any
+    # package structures not already created will still not be
+    # created.
+
+
+    long PyImport_GetMagicNumber()
+    # Return the magic number for Python bytecode files (a.k.a. .pyc
+    # and .pyo files). The magic number should be present in the first
+    # four bytes of the bytecode file, in little-endian byte order.
+
+    PyObject* PyImport_GetModuleDict()
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the dictionary used for the module administration
+    # (a.k.a. sys.modules). Note that this is a per-interpreter
+    # variable.
+
+
+    int PyImport_ImportFrozenModule(char *name)
+    # Load a frozen module named name. Return 1 for success, 0 if the
+    # module is not found, and -1 with an exception set if the
+    # initialization failed. To access the imported module on a
+    # successful load, use PyImport_ImportModule(). (Note the misnomer
+    # -- this function would reload the module if it was already
+    # imported.)
+
+
+    int PyImport_ExtendInittab(_inittab *newtab)
+    # Add a collection of modules to the table of built-in
+    # modules. The newtab array must end with a sentinel entry which
+    # contains NULL for the name field; failure to provide the
+    # sentinel value can result in a memory fault. Returns 0 on
+    # success or -1 if insufficient memory could be allocated to
+    # extend the internal table. In the event of failure, no modules
+    # are added to the internal table. This should be called before
+    # Py_Initialize().
+
+    #####################################################################
+    # 7.5.5 Module Objects
+    #####################################################################
+    # PyTypeObject PyModule_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python module
+    # type. This is exposed to Python programs as types.ModuleType.
+
+    bint PyModule_Check(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a module object, or a subtype of a module
+    # object.
+
+    bint PyModule_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a module object, but not a subtype of PyModule_Type. 
+
+    object PyModule_New( char *name)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new module object with the __name__ attribute set to
+    # name. Only the module's __doc__ and __name__ attributes are
+    # filled in; the caller is responsible for providing a __file__
+    # attribute.
+
+    PyObject* PyModule_GetDict(object module)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the dictionary object that implements module's namespace;
+    # this object is the same as the __dict__ attribute of the module
+    # object. This function never fails. It is recommended extensions
+    # use other PyModule_*() and PyObject_*() functions rather than
+    # directly manipulate a module's __dict__.
+
+    char* PyModule_GetName(object module)
+    # Return module's __name__ value. If the module does not provide
+    # one, or if it is not a string, SystemError is raised and NULL is
+    # returned.
+
+    char* PyModule_GetFilename(object module)
+    # Return the name of the file from which module was loaded using
+    # module's __file__ attribute. If this is not defined, or if it is
+    # not a string, raise SystemError and return NULL.
+
+    int PyModule_AddObject(object module,  char *name, object value)
+    # Add an object to module as name. This is a convenience function
+    # which can be used from the module's initialization
+    # function. This steals a reference to value. Return -1 on error,
+    # 0 on success. 
+
+    int PyModule_AddIntant(object module,  char *name, long value)
+    # Add an integer ant to module as name. This convenience
+    # function can be used from the module's initialization
+    # function. Return -1 on error, 0 on success. 
+
+    int PyModule_AddStringant(object module,  char *name,  char *value)
+    # Add a string constant to module as name. This convenience
+    # function can be used from the module's initialization
+    # function. The string value must be null-terminated. Return -1 on
+    # error, 0 on success. 

Includes/python_parse.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    #####################################################################
+    # 5.5 Parsing arguments and building values
+    #####################################################################
+    ctypedef struct va_list
+    int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *args, char *format, ...)
+    int PyArg_VaParse(PyObject *args, char *format, va_list vargs)
+    int PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, char *format, char *keywords[], ...)
+    int PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, char *format, char *keywords[], va_list vargs)
+    int PyArg_Parse(PyObject *args, char *format, ...)
+    int PyArg_UnpackTuple(PyObject *args, char *name, Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, ...)
+

Includes/python_ref.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ctypedef void PyTypeObject
+    ctypedef struct FILE    
+
+
+    #####################################################################
+    # 3. Reference Counts
+    #####################################################################
+    # The macros in this section are used for managing reference counts of Python objects.
+    void Py_INCREF(object o)
+    # Increment the reference count for object o. The object must not
+    # be NULL; if you aren't sure that it isn't NULL, use
+    # Py_XINCREF().
+
+    void Py_XINCREF(object o)
+    # Increment the reference count for object o. The object may be NULL, in which case the macro has no effect. 
+
+    void Py_DECREF(object o)
+    # Decrement the reference count for object o. The object must not
+    # be NULL; if you aren't sure that it isn't NULL, use
+    # Py_XDECREF(). If the reference count reaches zero, the object's
+    # type's deallocation function (which must not be NULL) is
+    # invoked.
+
+    # Warning: The deallocation function can cause arbitrary Python
+    # code to be invoked (e.g. when a class instance with a __del__()
+    # method is deallocated). While exceptions in such code are not
+    # propagated, the executed code has free access to all Python
+    # global variables. This means that any object that is reachable
+    # from a global variable should be in a consistent state before
+    # Py_DECREF() is invoked. For example, code to delete an object
+    # from a list should copy a reference to the deleted object in a
+    # temporary variable, update the list data structure, and then
+    # call Py_DECREF() for the temporary variable.
+
+    void Py_XDECREF(object o)
+    # Decrement the reference count for object o. The object may be
+    # NULL, in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the
+    # effect is the same as for Py_DECREF(), and the same warning
+    # applies.
+
+    void Py_CLEAR(object o)
+    # Decrement the reference count for object o. The object may be
+    # NULL, in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the
+    # effect is the same as for Py_DECREF(), except that the argument
+    # is also set to NULL. The warning for Py_DECREF() does not apply
+    # with respect to the object passed because the macro carefully
+    # uses a temporary variable and sets the argument to NULL before
+    # decrementing its reference count.
+    # It is a good idea to use this macro whenever decrementing the
+    # value of a variable that might be traversed during garbage
+    # collection.
+

Includes/python_sequence.pxi

+    ############################################################################
+    # 6.3 Sequence Protocol
+    ############################################################################
+
+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+
+    bint PySequence_Check(object o)
+    # Return 1 if the object provides sequence protocol, and 0
+    # otherwise. This function always succeeds.
+
+    Py_ssize_t PySequence_Size(object o)
+    # Returns the number of objects in sequence o on success, and -1
+    # on failure. For objects that do not provide sequence protocol,
+    # this is equivalent to the Python expression "len(o)".
+
+    Py_ssize_t PySequence_Length(object o)
+    # Alternate name for PySequence_Size(). 
+
+    object PySequence_Concat(object o1, object o2)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the concatenation of o1 and o2 on success, and NULL on
+    # failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression "o1 +
+    # o2".
+
+    object PySequence_Repeat(object o, Py_ssize_t count)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the result of repeating sequence object o count times, or
+    # NULL on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
+    # "o * count".
+
+    object PySequence_InPlaceConcat(object o1, object o2)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the concatenation of o1 and o2 on success, and NULL on
+    # failure. The operation is done in-place when o1 supports
+    # it. This is the equivalent of the Python expression "o1 += o2".
+
+    object PySequence_InPlaceRepeat(object o, Py_ssize_t count)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the result of repeating sequence object o count times, or
+    # NULL on failure. The operation is done in-place when o supports
+    # it. This is the equivalent of the Python expression "o *=
+    # count".
+
+    object PySequence_GetItem(object o, Py_ssize_t i)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the ith element of o, or NULL on failure. This is the
+    # equivalent of the Python expression "o[i]".
+
+    object PySequence_GetSlice(object o, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the slice of sequence object o between i1 and i2, or NULL
+    # on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
+    # "o[i1:i2]".
+
+    int PySequence_SetItem(object o, Py_ssize_t i, object v)
+    # Assign object v to the ith element of o. Returns -1 on
+    # failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement "o[i] =
+    # v". This function does not steal a reference to v.
+
+    int PySequence_DelItem(object o, Py_ssize_t i)
+    # Delete the ith element of object o. Returns -1 on failure. This
+    # is the equivalent of the Python statement "del o[i]".
+
+    int PySequence_SetSlice(object o, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2, object v)
+    # Assign the sequence object v to the slice in sequence object o
+    # from i1 to i2. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
+    # "o[i1:i2] = v".
+
+    int PySequence_DelSlice(object o, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2)
+    # Delete the slice in sequence object o from i1 to i2. Returns -1
+    # on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement "del
+    # o[i1:i2]".
+
+    int PySequence_Count(object o, object value)
+    # Return the number of occurrences of value in o, that is, return
+    # the number of keys for which o[key] == value. On failure, return
+    # -1. This is equivalent to the Python expression
+    # "o.count(value)".
+
+    int PySequence_Contains(object o, object value)
+    # Determine if o contains value. If an item in o is equal to
+    # value, return 1, otherwise return 0. On error, return -1. This
+    # is equivalent to the Python expression "value in o".
+
+    int PySequence_Index(object o, object value)
+    # Return the first index i for which o[i] == value. On error,
+    # return -1. This is equivalent to the Python expression
+    # "o.index(value)".
+
+    object PySequence_List(object o)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a list object with the same contents as the arbitrary
+    # sequence o. The returned list is guaranteed to be new.
+
+    object PySequence_Tuple(object o)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a tuple object with the same contents as the arbitrary
+    # sequence o or NULL on failure. If o is a tuple, a new reference
+    # will be returned, otherwise a tuple will be constructed with the
+    # appropriate contents. This is equivalent to the Python
+    # expression "tuple(o)".
+
+    object PySequence_Fast(object o, char *m)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Returns the sequence o as a tuple, unless it is already a tuple
+    # or list, in which case o is returned. Use
+    # PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM() to access the members of the
+    # result. Returns NULL on failure. If the object is not a
+    # sequence, raises TypeError with m as the message text.
+
+    PyObject* PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(object o, Py_ssize_t i)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the ith element of o, assuming that o was returned by
+    # PySequence_Fast(), o is not NULL, and that i is within bounds.
+
+    PyObject** PySequence_Fast_ITEMS(object o)
+    # Return the underlying array of PyObject pointers. Assumes that o
+    # was returned by PySequence_Fast() and o is not NULL. 
+
+    object PySequence_ITEM(object o, Py_ssize_t i)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return the ith element of o or NULL on failure. Macro form of
+    # PySequence_GetItem() but without checking that
+    # PySequence_Check(o) is true and without adjustment for negative
+    # indices.
+
+    int PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(object o)
+    # Returns the length of o, assuming that o was returned by
+    # PySequence_Fast() and that o is not NULL. The size can also be
+    # gotten by calling PySequence_Size() on o, but
+    # PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE() is faster because it can assume o is
+    # a list or tuple.
+
+

Includes/python_set.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.5.14 Set Objects
+    ############################################################################
+
+    # This section details the public API for set and frozenset
+    # objects. Any functionality not listed below is best accessed
+    # using the either the abstract object protocol (including
+    # PyObject_CallMethod(), PyObject_RichCompareBool(),
+    # PyObject_Hash(), PyObject_Repr(), PyObject_IsTrue(),
+    # PyObject_Print(), and PyObject_GetIter()) or the abstract number
+    # protocol (including PyNumber_Add(), PyNumber_Subtract(),
+    # PyNumber_Or(), PyNumber_Xor(), PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(),
+    # PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract(), PyNumber_InPlaceOr(), and
+    # PyNumber_InPlaceXor()).
+
+    # PySetObject
+    # This subtype of PyObject is used to hold the internal data for
+    # both set and frozenset objects. It is like a PyDictObject in
+    # that it is a fixed size for small sets (much like tuple storage)
+    # and will point to a separate, variable sized block of memory for
+    # medium and large sized sets (much like list storage). None of
+    # the fields of this structure should be considered public and are
+    # subject to change. All access should be done through the
+    # documented API rather than by manipulating the values in the
+    # structure.
+
+    # PyTypeObject PySet_Type
+    # This is an instance of PyTypeObject representing the Python set type. 
+
+    # PyTypeObject PyFrozenSet_Type
+    # This is an instance of PyTypeObject representing the Python frozenset type. 
+
+    # The following type check macros work on pointers to any Python
+    # object. Likewise, the constructor functions work with any
+    # iterable Python object.
+
+    bint PyAnySet_Check(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a set object, a frozenset object, or an
+    # instance of a subtype.
+
+    bint PyAnySet_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a set object or a frozenset object but not
+    # an instance of a subtype.
+
+    bint PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(object p)
+    # Return true if p is a frozenset object but not an instance of a subtype. 
+
+    PySet_New(object iterable)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new set containing objects returned by the
+    # iterable. The iterable may be NULL to create a new empty
+    # set. Return the new set on success or NULL on failure. Raise
+    # TypeError if iterable is not actually iterable. The constructor
+    # is also useful for copying a set (c=set(s)).
+
+    PyFrozenSet_New(object iterable)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new frozenset containing objects returned by the
+    # iterable. The iterable may be NULL to create a new empty
+    # frozenset. Return the new set on success or NULL on
+    # failure. Raise TypeError if iterable is not actually iterable.
+
+    # The following functions and macros are available for instances of set or frozenset or instances of their subtypes.
+
+    int PySet_Size(object anyset)
+    # Return the length of a set or frozenset object. Equivalent to
+    # "len(anyset)". Raises a PyExc_SystemError if anyset is not a
+    # set, frozenset, or an instance of a subtype.
+
+    int PySet_GET_SIZE(object anyset)
+    # Macro form of PySet_Size() without error checking. 
+
+    int PySet_Contains(object anyset, object key)
+    # Return 1 if found, 0 if not found, and -1 if an error is
+    # encountered. Unlike the Python __contains__() method, this
+    # function does not automatically convert unhashable sets into
+    # temporary frozensets. Raise a TypeError if the key is
+    # unhashable. Raise PyExc_SystemError if anyset is not a set,
+    # frozenset, or an instance of a subtype.
+
+    # The following functions are available for instances of set or
+    # its subtypes but not for instances of frozenset or its subtypes.
+
+    int PySet_Add(object set, object key)
+    # Add key to a set instance. Does not apply to frozenset
+    # instances. Return 0 on success or -1 on failure. Raise a
+    # TypeError if the key is unhashable. Raise a MemoryError if there
+    # is no room to grow. Raise a SystemError if set is an not an
+    # instance of set or its subtype.
+
+    int PySet_Discard(object set, object key)
+    # Return 1 if found and removed, 0 if not found (no action taken),
+    # and -1 if an error is encountered. Does not raise KeyError for
+    # missing keys. Raise a TypeError if the key is unhashable. Unlike
+    # the Python discard() method, this function does not
+    # automatically convert unhashable sets into temporary
+    # frozensets. Raise PyExc_SystemError if set is an not an instance
+    # of set or its subtype.
+
+    PySet_Pop(object set)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new reference to an arbitrary object in the set, and
+    # removes the object from the set. Return NULL on failure. Raise
+    # KeyError if the set is empty. Raise a SystemError if set is an
+    # not an instance of set or its subtype.
+
+    int PySet_Clear(object set)
+    # Empty an existing set of all elements. 
+

Includes/python_string.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ctypedef struct va_list
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.3.1 String Objects
+    ############################################################################
+    # These functions raise TypeError when expecting a string
+    # parameter and are called with a non-string parameter.
+    # PyStringObject
+    # This subtype of PyObject represents a Python string object. 
+    # PyTypeObject PyString_Type
+    # This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python string type;
+    # it is the same object as str and types.StringType in the Python
+    # layer. 
+
+    bint PyString_Check(object o)
+    # Return true if the object o is a string object or an instance of
+    # a subtype of the string type. 
+
+    bint PyString_CheckExact(object o)
+    # Return true if the object o is a string object, but not an instance of a subtype of the string type. 
+
+    object PyString_FromString(char *v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new string object with the value v on success, and NULL
+    # on failure. The parameter v must not be NULL; it will not be
+    # checked.
+
+    object PyString_FromStringAndSize(char *v, Py_ssize_t len)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new string object with the value v and length len on
+    # success, and NULL on failure. If v is NULL, the contents of the
+    # string are uninitialized.
+
+    object PyString_FromFormat(char *format, ...)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Take a C printf()-style format string and a variable number of
+    # arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python string and
+    # return a string with the values formatted into it. The variable
+    # arguments must be C types and must correspond exactly to the
+    # format characters in the format string. The following format
+    # characters are allowed:
+    # Format Characters 	Type 	Comment
+    # %% 	n/a 	The literal % character.
+    # %c 	int 	A single character, represented as an C int.
+    # %d 	int 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%d").
+    # %u 	unsigned int 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%u").
+    # %ld 	long 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%ld").
+    # %lu 	unsigned long 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%lu").
+    # %zd 	Py_ssize_t 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%zd").
+    # %zu 	size_t 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%zu").
+    # %i 	int 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%i").
+    # %x 	int 	Exactly equivalent to printf("%x").
+    # %s 	char* 	A null-terminated C character array.
+
+    # %p 	void* 	The hex representation of a C pointer.
+    #    Mostly equivalent to printf("%p") except that it is guaranteed to
+    #    start with the literal 0x regardless of what the platform's printf
+    #    yields.
+    # An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the
+    # format string to be copied as-is to the result string, and any
+    # extra arguments discarded.
+
+    object PyString_FromFormatV(char *format, va_list vargs)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Identical to PyString_FromFormat() except that it takes exactly two arguments. 
+
+    Py_ssize_t PyString_Size(object string)
+    # Return the length of the string in string object string. 
+
+    Py_ssize_t PyString_GET_SIZE(object string)
+    # Macro form of PyString_Size() but without error checking. 
+
+    char* PyString_AsString(object string)
+    # Return a NUL-terminated representation of the contents of
+    # string. The pointer refers to the internal buffer of string, not
+    # a copy. The data must not be modified in any way, unless the
+    # string was just created using PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
+    # size). It must not be deallocated. If string is a Unicode
+    # object, this function computes the default encoding of string
+    # and operates on that. If string is not a string object at all,
+    # PyString_AsString() returns NULL and raises TypeError.
+
+    char* PyString_AS_STRING(object string)
+    # Macro form of PyString_AsString() but without error
+    # checking. Only string objects are supported; no Unicode objects
+    # should be passed.
+
+    int PyString_AsStringAndSize(object obj, char **buffer, Py_ssize_t *length)
+    # Return a NULL-terminated representation of the contents of the
+    # object obj through the output variables buffer and length.
+    #
+    # The function accepts both string and Unicode objects as
+    # input. For Unicode objects it returns the default encoded
+    # version of the object. If length is NULL, the resulting buffer
+    # may not contain NUL characters; if it does, the function returns
+    # -1 and a TypeError is raised.
+    
+    # The buffer refers to an internal string buffer of obj, not a
+    # copy. The data must not be modified in any way, unless the
+    # string was just created using PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
+    # size). It must not be deallocated. If string is a Unicode
+    # object, this function computes the default encoding of string
+    # and operates on that. If string is not a string object at all,
+    # PyString_AsStringAndSize() returns -1 and raises TypeError.
+
+    void PyString_Concat(PyObject **string, object newpart)
+    # Create a new string object in *string containing the contents of
+    # newpart appended to string; the caller will own the new
+    # reference. The reference to the old value of string will be
+    # stolen. If the new string cannot be created, the old reference
+    # to string will still be discarded and the value of *string will
+    # be set to NULL; the appropriate exception will be set.
+
+    void PyString_ConcatAndDel(PyObject **string, object newpart)
+    # Create a new string object in *string containing the contents of
+    # newpart appended to string. This version decrements the
+    # reference count of newpart.
+
+    int _PyString_Resize(PyObject **string, Py_ssize_t newsize)
+    # A way to resize a string object even though it is
+    # ``immutable''. Only use this to build up a brand new string
+    # object; don't use this if the string may already be known in
+    # other parts of the code. It is an error to call this function if
+    # the refcount on the input string object is not one. Pass the
+    # address of an existing string object as an lvalue (it may be
+    # written into), and the new size desired. On success, *string
+    # holds the resized string object and 0 is returned; the address
+    # in *string may differ from its input value. If the reallocation
+    # fails, the original string object at *string is deallocated,
+    # *string is set to NULL, a memory exception is set, and -1 is
+    # returned.
+
+    object PyString_Format(object format, object args)
+    # Return value: New reference.  Return a new string object from
+    # format and args. Analogous to format % args. The args argument
+    # must be a tuple.
+
+    void PyString_InternInPlace(PyObject **string)
+    # Intern the argument *string in place. The argument must be the
+    # address of a pointer variable pointing to a Python string
+    # object. If there is an existing interned string that is the same
+    # as *string, it sets *string to it (decrementing the reference
+    # count of the old string object and incrementing the reference
+    # count of the interned string object), otherwise it leaves
+    # *string alone and interns it (incrementing its reference
+    # count). (Clarification: even though there is a lot of talk about
+    # reference counts, think of this function as
+    # reference-count-neutral; you own the object after the call if
+    # and only if you owned it before the call.)
+
+    object PyString_InternFromString(char *v)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # A combination of PyString_FromString() and
+    # PyString_InternInPlace(), returning either a new string object
+    # that has been interned, or a new (``owned'') reference to an
+    # earlier interned string object with the same value.
+
+    object PyString_Decode(char *s, Py_ssize_t size, char *encoding, char *errors)
+    #  Return value: New reference.
+    # Create an object by decoding size bytes of the encoded buffer s
+    # using the codec registered for encoding. encoding and errors
+    # have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the
+    # unicode() built-in function. The codec to be used is looked up
+    # using the Python codec registry. Return NULL if an exception was
+    # raised by the codec.
+
+    object PyString_AsDecodedObject(object str, char *encoding, char *errors)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Decode a string object by passing it to the codec registered for
+    # encoding and return the result as Python object. encoding and
+    # errors have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name
+    # in the string encode() method. The codec to be used is looked up
+    # using the Python codec registry. Return NULL if an exception was
+    # raised by the codec.
+
+    object PyString_Encode(char *s, Py_ssize_t size, char *encoding, char *errors)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Encode the char buffer of the given size by passing it to the
+    # codec registered for encoding and return a Python
+    # object. encoding and errors have the same meaning as the
+    # parameters of the same name in the string encode() method. The
+    # codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec
+    # registry. Return NULL if an exception was raised by the codec.
+
+    object PyString_AsEncodedObject(object str, char *encoding, char *errors)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Encode a string object using the codec registered for encoding
+    # and return the result as Python object. encoding and errors have
+    # the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the
+    # string encode() method. The codec to be used is looked up using
+    # the Python codec registry. Return NULL if an exception was
+    # raised by the codec.
+
+

Includes/python_tuple.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Tuples
+    ############################################################################
+
+    bint PyTuple_Check(object  p)
+    # Return true if p is a tuple object or an instance of a subtype
+    # of the tuple type.
+
+    bint PyTuple_CheckExact(object  p)
+    # Return true if p is a tuple object, but not an instance of a subtype of the tuple type.
+
+    object PyTuple_New(Py_ssize_t len)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new tuple object of size len, or NULL on failure. 
+
+    object PyTuple_Pack(Py_ssize_t n, ...)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Return a new tuple object of size n, or NULL on failure. The
+    # tuple values are initialized to the subsequent n C arguments
+    # pointing to Python objects. "PyTuple_Pack(2, a, b)" is
+    # equivalent to "Py_BuildValue("(OO)", a, b)".
+
+    int PyTuple_Size(object  p)
+    # Take a pointer to a tuple object, and return the size of that tuple. 
+
+    int PyTuple_GET_SIZE(object  p)
+    # Return the size of the tuple p, which must be non-NULL and point
+    # to a tuple; no error checking is performed.
+
+    PyObject* PyTuple_GetItem(object  p, Py_ssize_t pos)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Return the object at position pos in the tuple pointed to by
+    # p. If pos is out of bounds, return NULL and sets an IndexError
+    # exception.
+
+    PyObject* PyTuple_GET_ITEM(object  p, Py_ssize_t pos)
+    # Return value: Borrowed reference.
+    # Like PyTuple_GetItem(), but does no checking of its arguments. 
+
+    object PyTuple_GetSlice(object  p, Py_ssize_t low, Py_ssize_t high)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+    # Take a slice of the tuple pointed to by p from low to high and return it as a new tuple. 
+
+    int PyTuple_SetItem(object  p, Py_ssize_t pos, object  o)
+    # Insert a reference to object o at position pos of the tuple
+    # pointed to by p. Return 0 on success. Note: This function
+    # ``steals'' a reference to o.
+
+    void PyTuple_SET_ITEM(object  p, Py_ssize_t pos, object  o)
+    # Like PyTuple_SetItem(), but does no error checking, and should
+    # only be used to fill in brand new tuples. Note: This function
+    # ``steals'' a reference to o.
+
+    int _PyTuple_Resize(PyObject **p, Py_ssize_t newsize)
+    # Can be used to resize a tuple. newsize will be the new length of
+    # the tuple. Because tuples are supposed to be immutable, this
+    # should only be used if there is only one reference to the
+    # object. Do not use this if the tuple may already be known to
+    # some other part of the code. The tuple will always grow or
+    # shrink at the end. Think of this as destroying the old tuple and
+    # creating a new one, only more efficiently. Returns 0 on
+    # success. Client code should never assume that the resulting
+    # value of *p will be the same as before calling this function. If
+    # the object referenced by *p is replaced, the original *p is
+    # destroyed. On failure, returns -1 and sets *p to NULL, and
+    # raises MemoryError or SystemError.
+

Includes/python_type.pxi

+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    ctypedef void PyTypeObject
+    # The C structure of the objects used to describe built-in types. 
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # 7.1.1 Type Objects
+    ############################################################################
+
+    # PyObject* PyType_Type
+    # This is the type object for type objects; it is the same object
+    # as type and types.TypeType in the Python layer.
+
+    bint PyType_Check(object o)
+    # Return true if the object o is a type object, including
+    # instances of types derived from the standard type object. Return
+    # false in all other cases.
+
+    bint PyType_CheckExact(object o)
+    # Return true if the object o is a type object, but not a subtype
+    # of the standard type object. Return false in all other
+    # cases.
+
+    bint PyType_HasFeature(object o, int feature)
+    # Return true if the type object o sets the feature feature. Type
+    # features are denoted by single bit flags.
+
+    bint PyType_IS_GC(object o)
+    # Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle
+    # detector; this tests the type flag Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC. 
+
+    bint PyType_IsSubtype(object a, object b)
+    # Return true if a is a subtype of b. 
+
+    object PyType_GenericAlloc(object type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+
+    object PyType_GenericNew(object type, object args, object kwds)
+    # Return value: New reference.
+
+    bint PyType_Ready(object type)
+    # Finalize a type object. This should be called on all type
+    # objects to finish their initialization. This function is
+    # responsible for adding inherited slots from a type's base
+    # class. Return 0 on success, or return -1 and sets an exception
+    # on error.

Includes/stdio.pxi

+cdef extern from "stdio.h":
+    ctypedef struct FILE
+    int printf(char *format, ...)
+    int fprintf(FILE *stream, char *format, ...)
+    int sprintf(char *str, char *format, ...)
+    FILE *fopen(char *path, char *mode)
+    int fclose(FILE *strea)
+    cdef FILE *stdout
+    int scanf(char *format, ...)

Includes/stdlib.pxi

+
+cdef extern from "stdlib.h":
+    ctypedef unsigned long size_t 
+    void free(void *ptr)
+    void *malloc(size_t size)
+    void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
+    size_t strlen(char *s)
+    char *strcpy(char *dest, char *src)