WIP review apps

Closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/23484

[ci skip]

doc/ci/review_apps/index.md

+# Review apps
+
+> [Introduced][ce-21971] in GitLab 8.12. Further additions were made in GitLab 8.13.
+
+Review apps are automatically-created [environments] that run your code for each
+branch. That means [merge requests] can be reviewed in a live-running environment.
+
+They mostly make sense to be used with web applications.
+
+Review Apps can make a huge impact on your development flow. Reviewing anything
+from performance to interface changes becomes much easier with a live environment.
+
+>
+Inspired by [Heroku's Review Apps][heroku-apps] which itself was inspired by
+[Fourchette].
+
+## Dynamic environments
+
+You can now use predefined CI variables as a name for environments. In addition,
+you can specify a URL for the environment configuration in your .gitlab-ci.yml
+file.
+
+- Mapping branch with environment
+
+This issue describes dynamic environments implementation, mostly to be used with dynamically create applications.
+These application will be mostly used for Review Apps.
+
+## Assumptions
+
+1. We will allow to create dynamic environments from `.gitlab-ci.yml`, by allowing to specify environment variables: `review_apps_${CI_BUILD_REF_NAME}`,
+1. We will use multiple deployments of the same application per environment,
+1. The URL will be assigned to environment on the creation, and updated later if necessary,
+1. The URL will be specified in `.gitlab-ci.yml`, possibly introducing regexp for getting an URL from build log if required,
+1. We need some form to distinguish between production/staging and review app environment,
+1. We don't try to manage life cycle of deployments in the first iteration, possibly we will extend a Pipeline to add jobs that will be responsible either for cleaning up or removing old deployments and closing environments.
+
+## Configuration
+
+```
+review_apps:
+  environment:
+    name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
+    url: http://$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME.review.gitlab.com/
+```
+
+### Remarks
+
+1. We are limited to use only CI predefined variables, since this is not easy task to pass the URL from build,
+2. I do prefer nested `url:` since this allows us in the future to extend that with more `environment:` configuration or constraints, like: `required_variables:` or `access_level` of user allowed to use that.
+3. Following the problem from (1) we can extend `url:` with a `regexp` that will be used to fish a URL from build log.
+
+## Distinguish between production and review apps
+
+### Convention over configuration
+
+We would expect the environments to be of `type/name`:
+
+1. This would allow us to have a clear distinction between different environment types: `production/gitlab.com`, `staging/dev`, `review-apps/feature/branch`,
+2. Since we use a folder structure we could group all environments by `type` and strip that from environment name,
+3. We would be aware of some of these types and for example for `review-apps` show them differently in context of Merge Requests, ex. calculating `deployed ago` a little differently.
+3. We could easily group all `types` across from group from all projects.
+
+The `type/name` also plays nice with `Variables` and `Runners`, because we can limit their usage:
+
+1. We could extend the resources with a field that would allow us to filter for what types it can be used, ex.: `production/*` or `review-apps/*`
+2. We could limit runners to be used only by `review-apps/*`,
+
+## Destroying Review Apps
+
+
+## Examples
+
+- Use with NGINX
+- Use with Amazon S3
+- Use on Heroku with dpl
+- Use with OpenShift/kubernetes
+
+[ce-21971]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/21971
+[heroku-apps]: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/github-integration-review-apps
+[environments]: ../environments.md
+[merge requests]: ../../user/project/merge_requests.md
+[fourchette]: https://github.com/rainforestapp/fourchette