Fixes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4861

Patch is against 0.29.x branch (to fix both versions of the
documentation).

By explicitly setting the result type

* MNT: always require va_start to have two arguments

https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/93215 chance CPython to always use the
2-input version of va_start and dropped defining HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES.  This
resulted in the 1-argument version being used when compiling cython source
which fails

This makes cython also always use the 2-argument version.

* Remove blank line

* FIX: version gate 2-argument va_start checking to py311

See https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/4764

Move from deprecated find_loader() to find_spec() for setting up the import time package path (GH-4764)

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4763

This reverts commit 74073417.

This reverts commit 74073417.

Move from deprecated find_loader() to find_spec() for setting up the import time package path (GH-4764)

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4763

They prevent explicitly calling the base-class __contains__.

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4785

Fix version detection and compile/runtime Python version warning with double-digit versions such as Py3.10 (GH-4777)

See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2542#issuecomment-1121484721

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4637
See See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3556

* Acquire the GIL in nogil functions only when strictly needed on function exit, e.g. for cleaning up temp variables from with-gil blocks or adding tracebacks.

See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3554

* Make the GIL-avoidance in 7d99b0f0 actually work in nogil functions and not just nogil sections.

See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3558

This means that reverse operators (e.g. `__radd__`) won't be
hidden by the automatic wrapper that `PyType_Ready()` produces if
the forward method exists. Although they won't work as
in Python, they will be possible to look up and call explicitly.
This should make it easier to write code that's compatible with
Cython 0.29.x and Cython 3 (where reverse operators will be full supported).

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4750

Fixes a bug introduced by https://github.com/cython/cython/commit/ae4ade8daeae206db68583f2f4b9c1cbce9cba75 for PyPy.

PR 4703 was an incomplete backport of the changes needed for #3554 and generates incorrect C code.

See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3554
Reverts https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/4703

This reverts commit d395a56f.

It causes issues while profiling or debugging where global variables can end up inadvertently changed.

Fixes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4609

The condition should only evaluate to True when assigning __dict__, but it currently does for _, d, i, etc. as well as resulting in the following potential issues:

* Non-member are being assigned to the object instead of raising.
* The one-field rule can be bypassed.
* Valid members that pass the condition are being assigned raw and are never cast to the specified type.

The presence of this generic special method should not prevent Cython from making a class pickleable.

Fixes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4730

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4722

Disable "CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC" for Pyston. It was previously only enabled for CPython and should only have been enabled additionally for recent PyPy versions.

Stop using "PyBytesObject.ob_shash" in Py3.11, where it is deprecated. It was just an optimisation that isn't very important for byte strings any more.

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4721

Acquire the GIL in nogil functions only when strictly needed on function exit, e.g. for cleaning up temp variables from with-gil blocks or adding tracebacks.

Closes GH-3554
Closes GH-4637

Unconditionally adding `/D_USE_MATH_DEFINES` via cmdline triggers `-Wmacro-redefined` in cython-generated code.