`go mod init` + build/test that fetched in dependencies.

It was address-of error (the type) instead of &err.

https://github.com/golang/go/issues/36503
https://github.com/golang/go/issues/36448

They are there for 6 months already without being considered for real
and so the progress is very unlikely, but still...

Generate g for ~ Go 1.15beta1 (go1.14beta1-1729-gc0e8e405c0)
Compared to Go1.14 there are no changes.

Regenerated files stay without changes for Go1.14 and previous releases.

Provide race.Enabled for programs to know whether they were built with
race detector or not.

Code originates from https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/wendelin.core/tree/25c3184d/wcfs/internal/race
See also: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/36477.

So that Go1.13 and golang.org/x/xerrors understand the wrapping:
https://blog.golang.org/go1.13-errors

Preserve Cause for compatibility with github.com/pkg/errors.

Add xsync.WorkGroup that is similar to https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sync/errgroup,
but amends it with a bit better (imho) design where work context is
explicitly passed into worker (see also [1]). This mirrors sync.WorkGroup that we
already have at Pygolang side [2].

[1] https://github.com/golang/go/issues/34510
[2] https://pypi.org/project/pygolang/#concurrency

I need this to support sysread(/head/watch) cancellation in WCFS
filesystem [1,2,3].

[1] wendelin.core@b17aeb8c
[2] wendelin.core@f05271b1
[3] wendelin.core@5ba816da

Rework Pipe to create (xio.Reader, xio.Writer) instead of (io.Reader,
io.Writer) and teach xio.Pipe{Reader,Writer} to accept ctx argument and
handle cancellation.

I need this to support sysread(/head/watch) cancellation in WCFS
filesystem [1,2,3]. See also [4].

[1] wendelin.core@b17aeb8c
[2] wendelin.core@f05271b1
[3] wendelin.core@5ba816da
[4] https://github.com/golang/go/issues/20280

Just make it compile by trivially adapting the code to refer thing from
io package. Change license reference to the place where Go license lives
in go123 (LICENSE-go, added in ad78da1b "xflag: Add counting flag from
go.git internals").

This is pristine copy of pipe.go + tests from Go go1.14beta1-24-g075c20cea8 .
We'll adapt copied code to xio and add cancellation support in further commits.

Done toprovide uniform API in xio package.
Compensate for API change in places where xio.CountReader was used.

In many cases IO needs to be able to be canceled. For example in WCFS
filesystem I need to cancel handling sysread(/head/watch) when FUSE
INTERRUPT request comes in [1,2,3]. The READ handler for /head/watch
inside WCFS is interally implemented via io.Pipe which does not provide
read/write cancellattion besides "destructive" close.

Standard Go answer for cancellations is via contexts. So as a first step
let's add corresponding interfaces - xio.Reader, xio.Writer etc - that
are io analogs that add support for contexts.

For compatibility with legacy code that work with only io.X (e.g.  only
with io.Reader), in spirit of [4], add BindCtx which binds xio.X
instance with context and converts it into io.X. Add WithCtx -
corresponding inverse operation that converts io.X back into xio.X and
for general io.X adds cancellation handling on a best-effort basis.

[1] wendelin.core@b17aeb8c
[2] wendelin.core@f05271b1
[3] wendelin.core@5ba816da
[4] https://github.com/golang/go/issues/20280
[5] https://github.com/golang/go/issues/16522

Generate g for ~ Go 1.14beta1 (go1.14beta1-10-g5c6f42773c)
Compared to Go1.13 there are several changed to g, _defer and timer
related to:

- non-cooperative preemption (https://golang.org/issue/10958, https://golang.org/issue/24543);
- inlined defers (https://golang.org/issue/14939, https://golang.org/issue/34481);
- timers rework to be integrated with network poller (https://golang.org/issue/6239, https://golang.org/issue/27707):

Regenerated files stay without changes for Go1.13 and previous releases.

---- 8< ----
diff --git a/zruntime_g_go1.13.go b/zruntime_g_go1.14.go
index 76851fd..19cebae 100644
--- a/zruntime_g_go1.13.go
+++ b/zruntime_g_go1.14.go
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Code generated by g_typedef; DO NOT EDIT.

-// +build go1.13,!go1.14
+// +build go1.14,!go1.15

 package xruntime

@@ -32,12 +32,25 @@ type g struct {
 	schedlink    guintptr
 	waitsince    int64      // approx time when the g become blocked
 	waitreason   waitReason // if status==Gwaiting
+
 	preempt       bool // preemption signal, duplicates stackguard0 = stackpreempt
+	preemptStop   bool // transition to _Gpreempted on preemption; otherwise, just deschedule
+	preemptShrink bool // shrink stack at synchronous safe point
+
+	// asyncSafePoint is set if g is stopped at an asynchronous
+	// safe point. This means there are frames on the stack
+	// without precise pointer information.
+	asyncSafePoint bool
+
 	paniconfault bool // panic (instead of crash) on unexpected fault address
-	preemptscan    bool       // preempted g does scan for gc
 	gcscandone   bool // g has scanned stack; protected by _Gscan bit in status
-	gcscanvalid    bool       // false at start of gc cycle, true if G has not run since last scan; TODO: remove?
 	throwsplit   bool // must not split stack
+	// activeStackChans indicates that there are unlocked channels
+	// pointing into this goroutine's stack. If true, stack
+	// copying needs to acquire channel locks to protect these
+	// areas of the stack.
+	activeStackChans bool
+
 	raceignore     int8     // ignore race detection events
 	sysblocktraced bool     // StartTrace has emitted EvGoInSyscall about this goroutine
 	sysexitticks   int64    // cputicks when syscall has returned (for tracing)
@@ -76,18 +89,37 @@ type _panic struct {
 	argp      unsafe.Pointer // pointer to arguments of deferred call run during panic; cannot move - known to liblink
 	arg       interface{}    // argument to panic
 	link      *_panic        // link to earlier panic
+	pc        uintptr        // where to return to in runtime if this panic is bypassed
+	sp        unsafe.Pointer // where to return to in runtime if this panic is bypassed
 	recovered bool           // whether this panic is over
 	aborted   bool           // the panic was aborted
+	goexit    bool
 }
 type _defer struct {
 	siz     int32 // includes both arguments and results
 	started bool
 	heap    bool
+	// openDefer indicates that this _defer is for a frame with open-coded
+	// defers. We have only one defer record for the entire frame (which may
+	// currently have 0, 1, or more defers active).
+	openDefer bool
 	sp        uintptr  // sp at time of defer
-	pc      uintptr
-	fn      *funcval
+	pc        uintptr  // pc at time of defer
+	fn        *funcval // can be nil for open-coded defers
 	_panic    *_panic  // panic that is running defer
 	link      *_defer
+
+	// If openDefer is true, the fields below record values about the stack
+	// frame and associated function that has the open-coded defer(s). sp
+	// above will be the sp for the frame, and pc will be address of the
+	// deferreturn call in the function.
+	fd   unsafe.Pointer // funcdata for the function associated with the frame
+	varp uintptr        // value of varp for the stack frame
+	// framepc is the current pc associated with the stack frame. Together,
+	// with sp above (which is the sp associated with the stack frame),
+	// framepc/sp can be used as pc/sp pair to continue a stack trace via
+	// gentraceback().
+	framepc uintptr
 }
 type gobuf struct {
 	// The offsets of sp, pc, and g are known to (hard-coded in) libmach.
@@ -114,8 +146,10 @@ type funcval struct {
 	fn uintptr
 }
 type timer struct {
-	tb *timersBucket // the bucket the timer lives in
-	i  int           // heap index
+	// If this timer is on a heap, which P's heap it is on.
+	// puintptr rather than *p to match uintptr in the versions
+	// of this struct defined in other packages.
+	pp puintptr

 	// Timer wakes up at when, and then at when+period, ... (period > 0 only)
 	// each time calling f(arg, now) in the timer goroutine, so f must be
@@ -125,6 +159,12 @@ type timer struct {
 	f      func(interface{}, uintptr)
 	arg    interface{}
 	seq    uintptr
+
+	// What to set the when field to in timerModifiedXX status.
+	nextwhen int64
+
+	// The status field holds one of the values below.
+	status uint32
 }
 type guintptr uintptr
 type puintptr uintptr

Generate g for ~ Go 1.13beta2 (go1.13beta1-91-ga25c2878c7).
Compared to Go1.12 _defer gains `heap bool` member. No other shanges.

Pygolang does it. However my comment on Go issue tracker about this
topic got no feedback at all:

https://github.com/golang/go/issues/30694#issuecomment-483820400

As of Go1.12 the check for whether particular trace event is enabled or
not is inlined into caller. For example:

	---- 8< ---- (connection.go)
	//trace:event traceMsgSendPre(l *NodeLink, connId uint32, msg proto.Msg)

	func (link *NodeLink) sendMsg(connId uint32, msg proto.Msg) error {
		traceMsgSendPre(link, connId, msg)

		buf := msgPack(connId, msg)
		return link.sendPkt(buf)
	}

	---- 8< ---- (ztrace.go)
	// traceevent: traceMsgSendPre(l *NodeLink, connId uint32, msg proto.Msg)

	type _t_traceMsgSendPre struct {
	        tracing.Probe
	        probefunc     func(l *NodeLink, connId uint32, msg proto.Msg)
	}

	var _traceMsgSendPre *_t_traceMsgSendPre

	func traceMsgSendPre(l *NodeLink, connId uint32, msg proto.Msg) {
	        if _traceMsgSendPre != nil {
	                _traceMsgSendPre_run(l, connId, msg)
	        }
	}

	func _traceMsgSendPre_run(l *NodeLink, connId uint32, msg proto.Msg) {
	        for p := _traceMsgSendPre; p != nil; p = (*_t_traceMsgSendPre)(unsafe.Pointer(p.Next())) {
	                p.probefunc(l, connId, msg)
	        }
	}

	---- 8< ---- (connection.o)
	TEXT lab·nexedi·com∕kirr∕neo∕go∕neo∕neonet·(*NodeLink).sendMsg(SB), ABIInternal, $40-48 // connection.go:1368
	        // MOVQ    (TLS), CX (stack growth prologue)
	        // CMPQ    SP, 16(CX)
	        // JLS     177
	        // SUBQ    $40, SP
	        // MOVQ    BP, 32(SP) (BP save)
	        // LEAQ    32(SP), BP (BP init)
	        // FUNCDATA $0, gclocals·dbae954985b577993f0eafab1347dd21(SB) (args)
	        FUNCDATA   $1, gclocals·f6bd6b3389b872033d462029172c8612(SB) (locals)
	        FUNCDATA   $3, gclocals·47f0f3578d0f16ef296c57af2564832c(SB)
	        PCDATA     $2, $0             // connection.go:1369
	        PCDATA     $0, $0
	        XCHGL      AX, AX
	        CMPQ       lab·nexedi·com∕kirr∕neo∕go∕neo∕neonet·_traceMsgSendPre(SB), $0	<-- inlined traceMsgSendPre
	        JNE        pc130              // ztrace.go:50					<--
	pc44:
	        MOVL       connId+56(SP), AX  // connection.go:1371				<-- normal path
	        MOVL       AX, (SP)
	        MOVQ       msg+64(SP), AX
	        MOVQ       AX, 8(SP)
	        PCDATA     $2, $1
	        PCDATA     $0, $1
	        MOVQ       msg+72(SP), AX
	        PCDATA     $2, $0
	        MOVQ       AX, 16(SP)
	        CALL       lab·nexedi·com∕kirr∕neo∕go∕neo∕neonet·msgPack(SB)
	        PCDATA     $2, $1
	        MOVQ       24(SP), AX
	        PCDATA     $2, $2             // connection.go:1372
	        PCDATA     $0, $2
	        MOVQ       link+48(SP), CX
	        PCDATA     $2, $1
	        MOVQ       CX, (SP)
	        PCDATA     $2, $0
	        MOVQ       AX, 8(SP)
	        CALL       lab·nexedi·com∕kirr∕neo∕go∕neo∕neonet·(*NodeLink).sendPkt(SB)
	        PCDATA     $2, $1
	        MOVQ       24(SP), AX
	        MOVQ       16(SP), CX
	        PCDATA     $0, $3
	        MOVQ       CX, _r2+80(SP)
	        PCDATA     $2, $0
	        MOVQ       AX, _r2+88(SP)
	        // MOVQ    32(SP), BP (BP restore)
	        // ADDQ    $40, SP (SP restore)
	        RET
	pc130:											<-- slow path (tracepoint attached)
	        PCDATA     $2, $1             // ztrace.go:51
	        PCDATA     $0, $0
	        MOVQ       link+48(SP), AX
	        PCDATA     $2, $0
	        MOVQ       AX, (SP)
	        MOVL       connId+56(SP), CX
	        MOVL       CX, 8(SP)
	        MOVQ       msg+64(SP), DX
	        MOVQ       DX, 16(SP)
	        PCDATA     $2, $3
	        MOVQ       msg+72(SP), BX
	        PCDATA     $2, $0
	        MOVQ       BX, 24(SP)
	        CALL       lab·nexedi·com∕kirr∕neo∕go∕neo∕neonet·_traceMsgSendPre_run(SB)
	        JMP        pc44
	        // NOP (stack growth)
	        // PCDATA  $0, $-1            // connection.go:1368
	        // PCDATA  $2, $-1
	        // CALL    runtime.morestack_noctxt(SB)
	        // JMP     0

This continues b46436bd (tracing/runtime: Try to add support for Go1.12):

Move `+build ...` constraint in assembly files to the top, as suggested
by Russ Cox:

	https://github.com/golang/go/issues/31410#issuecomment-482599134

Then go stops complaining about it.

The build constraint had no effect previously, but it was not caught
because getg is used only on race builds and I was testing on amd64
only, which is practically almost the only ISA supported by race
detector as of Go1.11 .

Generate g for Go 1.12; no changes here compared to Go 1.11, however
go1.12 build build fails because of +build in .s file:

	# lab.nexedi.com/kirr/go123/tracing/internal/xruntime
	./runtime_g_amd64.s:3:1: +build comment must appear before package clause and be followed by a blank line

Build problem reported upstream:

	https://github.com/golang/go/issues/31410

Pygolang, starting from 0.0.0.dev8, deprecates @method(cls) in favour of @func(cls):

	pygolang@942ee900

- sqliteutil moved to -> sqlitex (https://github.com/crawshaw/sqlite/commit/e68ccf033b)
- Poll moved from sqlite to sqlitex (https://github.com/crawshaw/sqlite/commit/1967107395)
- Poll now takes full context, not only done channel (https://github.com/crawshaw/sqlite/commit/93b88b3c5c)

To -> pygolang@32a21d5b

Pygolang, starting from 0.0.0.dev5 provides working defer.

We will hopefully need it in the future to test external python code
similarly to when testing in-process go code with the help of
tracepoints. See module description for details (tracetest is not yet
done).

There is no yet Go client API for interacting with such-traced python
program. For the record: manually inspecting traced python process could
be done via e.g.

	socat EXEC:"./pyruntraced 3 neo.trace.py -- ../../../t/backup-play/N1-writer",fdin=3,fdout=3 TCP:localhost:8888

and telnetting to localhost:8888 from another xterm.

This patch brings lonet implementation in Python with the idea that Go
and Python programs could interoperate via lonet network and thus mixed
Go/Python application cluster could be tested.

Implementation quality is lower compared to Go version, but still it
should be more or less ok.

Provide infrastructure, similar to what we already have in xerr, to Python
programs: to wrap errors with error context and to extract the cause
from a wrapped error.

We will need it in the next patch.

Let's start with substitute for %q that is lacking in python.
The implementation is copied from zodbtools from here:

https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/blob/2801fae9/zodbtools/util.py#L39

It is not good for golang to depend on zodbtools and the function is
minor. In the future maybe zodbtools in turn will change to import qq
from golang.

- `go` spawns lightweight thread.
- `chan` and `select` provide channels with Go semantic.
- `method` allows to define methods separate from class.
- `gimport` allows to import python modules by full path in a Go workspace.

The focus of first draft was on usage interface and on correctness, not speed.
In particular select should be fully working.

If there is a chance I will maybe try to followup with gevent-based
implementation in the future.

Lonet is the virtnet network that, contrary to pipenet, could be used
when there are several OS-level processes involved.

It uses SQLite for its registry and native OS-level TCP over loopback
for data exchange. There is small text-based connection handshake
protocol prelude that have to be carried out when a connection is tried
to be established to host via its subnetwork, but after it data exchange
goes directly through OS TCP stack.

Lonet documentation follows:

"""
Package lonet provides TCP network simulated on top of localhost TCP loopback.

For testing distributed systems it is sometimes handy to imitate network of
several TCP hosts. It is also handy that ports allocated on Dial/Listen/Accept on
that hosts be predictable - that would help tests to verify network events
against expected sequence. When whole system could be imitated in 1 OS-level
process, package lab.nexedi.com/kirr/go123/xnet/pipenet serves the task via
providing TCP-like synchronous in-memory network of net.Pipes. However
pipenet cannot be used for cases where tested system consists of 2 or more
OS-level processes. This is where lonet comes into play:

Similarly to pipenet addresses on lonet are host:port pairs and several
hosts could be created with different names. A host is xnet.Networker and
so can be worked with similarly to regular TCP network access-point with
Dial/Listen/Accept. Host's ports allocation is predictable: ports of a host
are contiguous integer sequence starting from 1 that are all initially free,
and whenever autobind is requested the first free port of the host will be
used.

Internally lonet network maintains registry of hosts so that lonet
addresses could be resolved to OS-level addresses, for example α:1 and β:1
to 127.0.0.1:4567 and 127.0.0.1:8765, and once lonet connection is
established it becomes served by OS-level TCP connection over loopback.

Example:

net, err := lonet.Join(ctx, "mynet")
hα, err := net.NewHost(ctx, "α")
hβ, err := net.NewHost(ctx, "β")

// starts listening on address "α:10"
l, err := hα.Listen(":10")
go func() {
 csrv, err := l.Accept()   // csrv will have LocalAddr "α:1"
}()
ccli, err := hβ.Dial(ctx, "α:10") // ccli will be connection between "β:1" - "α:1"

Once again lonet is similar to pipenet, but since it works via OS TCP stack
it could be handy for testing networked application when there are several
OS-level processes involved.
"""

"""
Lonet organization

For every lonet network there is a registry with information about hosts
available on the network, and for each host its OS-level listening address.
The registry is kept as SQLite database under

/<tmp>/lonet/<network>/registry.db

Whenever host α needs to establish connection to address on host β, it
queries the registry for β and further talks to β on that address.
Correspondingly when a host joins the network, it announces itself to the
registry so that other hosts could see it.

Handshake protocol

After α establishes OS-level connection to β via main β address, it sends
request to further establish lonet connection on top of that:

> lonet "<network>" dial "<α:portα>" "<β:portβ>"\n

β checks whether portβ is listening, and if yes, accepts the connection on
corresponding on-β listener with giving feedback to α that connection was
accepted:

< lonet "<network>" connected "<β:portβ'>"\n

After that connection is considered to be lonet-established and all further
exchange on it is directly controlled by corresponding lonet-level
Read/Write on α and β.

If, on the other hand, lonet-level connection cannot be established, β replies:

< lonet "<networkβ>" E "<error>"\n

where <error> could be:

- connection refused if <β:portβ> is not listening
- network mismatch if β thinks it works on different lonet network than α
- protocol error if β thinks that α send incorrect dial request
- ...
"""

As we are going to implement another virtual network it would be good to
share common code between implementations. For this generalize pipenet
implementation to also cover the case when one does not own full network
and owns only some hosts of it.

An example of such situation is when one process handles one group of
virtual hosts and another process handles another group of virtual
hosts. Below a group of virtual hosts handled as part of network is
called subnetwork.

If hosts are not created in one place, we need a way to communicate
information about new hosts in between subnetworks. This leads to using
some kind of "registry" (see Registry interface).

Then for the common code to be reused by a virtual network
implementation it has to provide its working in the form of Engine
interface to that common code. In turn the common code exposes another
- Notifier - interface for particular network implementation to notify
common code of events that come from outside to the subnetwork.

Pipenet is reworked to be just a client of the common virtnet
infrastructure.

Virtnet documentation follows:

"""
Package virtnet provides infrastructure for TCP-like virtual networks.

For testing distributed systems it is sometimes handy to imitate network of
several TCP hosts. It is also handy that ports allocated on Dial/Listen/Accept
on that hosts be predictable - that would help tests to verify network
events against expected sequence.

Package virtnet provides infrastructure for using and implementing such
TCP-like virtual networks.

Using virtnet networks

Addresses on a virtnet network are host:port pairs represented by Addr.
A network conceptually consists of several SubNetworks each being home for
multiple Hosts. Host is xnet.Networker and so can be worked with similarly
to regular TCP network access-point with Dial/Listen/Accept. Host's ports
allocation is predictable: ports of a host are contiguous integer sequence
starting from 1 that are all initially free, and whenever autobind is
requested the first free port of the host will be used.
Virtnet ensures that host names are unique throughout whole network.

To work with a virtnet network, one uses corresponding package for
particular virtnet network implementation. Such packages provide a way to
join particular network and after joining give back SubNetwork to user.
Starting from SubNetwork one can create Hosts and from those exchange data
throughout whole network.

Please see package lab.nexedi.com/kirr/go123/xnet/pipenet for particular
well-known virtnet-based network.

Implementing virtnet networks

To implement a virtnet-based network one need to implement Engine and Registry.

A virtnet network implementation should provide Engine and Registry
instances to SubNetwork when creating it. The subnetwork will use provided
engine and registry for its operations. A virtnet network implementation
receives instance of Notifier together with SubNetwork when creating it. The
network implementation should use provided Notifier to notify the subnetwork
to handle incoming events.

Please see Engine, Registry and Notifier documentation for details.
"""

Another virtnet-based network that is not limited to be used only in 1
OS process will follow next.

- clarify docstrings;
- unexport NetPrefix.

On TCP port(accepted) = port(listen), i.e.  When we connect
www.nexedi.com:80, remote addr of socket will have port 80.  Likewise on
server side accepted socket will have local port 80.  The connection
should be thus fully identified by src-dst address pair.

However currently pipenet, when accepting connection, allocates another
free port at acceptor side.

Quoting documentation:

"""
Package xcontext provides addons to std package context.

Merging contexts

Merge could be handy in situations where spawned job needs to be canceled
whenever any of 2 contexts becomes done. This frequently arises with service
methods that accept context as argument, and the service itself, on another
control line, could be instructed to become non-operational. For example:

	func (srv *Service) DoSomething(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
		defer xerr.Contextf(&err, "%s: do something", srv)

       		// srv.serveCtx is context that becomes canceled when srv is
       		// instructed to stop providing service.
       		origCtx := ctx
       		ctx, cancel := xcontext.Merge(ctx, srv.serveCtx)
       		defer cancel()

       		err = srv.doJob(ctx)
       		if err != nil {
       			if ctx.Err() != nil && origCtx.Err() == nil {
       				// error due to service shutdown
       				err = ErrServiceDown
       			}
       			return err
       		}

		...
	}
"""

- clarify Networker.Name on example of NetPlain;
- we don't need Networker.Addr since we have Networker.Name;
- format Dial/Listen docstrings so that they render properly under godoc;
- format list in NetTLS doc so that it renders properly under godoc.

profile/trace outputs + files left after `go test -c`.