• Eric Biggers's avatar
    crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support · 059c2a4d
    Eric Biggers authored
    Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode.  Adiantum was designed by
    Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper:
    
        Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors
        (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf)
    
    See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview.
    
    Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for
    fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated
    crypto instructions.  Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12
    stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash
    function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single
    16-byte block.  On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much
    faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors
    Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption,
    and decryption about 5 times faster.
    
    Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction.  Our
    earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a
    different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only.  Adiantum's
    εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function
    like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's;
    consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC.
    
    This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as
    secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure.  Like HPolyC,
    Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256,
    subject to a security bound.  XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction
    to ChaCha12.  Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only
    trust ChaCha12 and AES-256.  Note that the εA∆U hash function is only
    used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken".
    
    Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any
    plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice
    versa.  No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing
    the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes.  Adiantum also supports
    arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16
    bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing".
    
    For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in
    order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices.
    Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks
    on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial
    security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's.  12-round Salsa20 is
    also the eSTREAM recommendation.  For the block cipher, Adiantum uses
    AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and
    needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis
    making it the obvious first choice.  Nevertheless, for flexibility this
    patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with
    XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher.
    
    We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt,
    where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes
    such as AES-XTS.  A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile
    devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries,
    as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES
    instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7.  Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too
    slow to be viable on these devices.  We did find that some "lightweight"
    block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as
    not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial.
    
    The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to
    use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each
    time it is overwritten.  Even restricting the threat model to offline
    attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't
    guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling.
    Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a
    "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest
    possible security model for length-preserving encryption.
    
    Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the
    ideal solution.  But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems
    runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data
    journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance.
    Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed.
    Signed-off-by: default avatarEric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
    Reviewed-by: default avatarArd Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarHerbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
    059c2a4d
testmgr.h 1.23 MB