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Commit d9f92f9f authored by Mauro Carvalho Chehab's avatar Mauro Carvalho Chehab
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Documentation/devices.rst: convert it to ReST markup 

- use a quote block for the big device major/minor list;
- use tables for the other device tables;
- fix the chapter/section/subsection markups;
- use ``foo`` for monotonic;
- use .. attention:: for the attention note to developers;
- use cross-references where needed;
- cleanup whitespaces;
- add it to the user's book.
Signed-off-by: default avatarMauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@s-opensource.com>
parent 953ab835
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Documentation/devices.txt
View file @ d9f92f9f
LINUX ALLOCATED DEVICES (4.x+ version)
Linux allocated devices (4.x+ version)
======================================
This list is the Linux Device List, the official registry of allocated
device numbers and /dev directory nodes for the Linux operating
device numbers and ``/dev`` directory nodes for the Linux operating
system.
The LaTeX version of this document is no longer maintained, nor is
the document that used to reside at lanana.org. This version in the
mainline Linux kernel is the master document. Updates shall be sent
as patches to the kernel maintainers (see the SubmittingPatches document).
as patches to the kernel maintainers (see the
:ref:`Documentation/SubmittingPatches <submittingpatches>` document).
Specifically explore the sections titled "CHAR and MISC DRIVERS", and
"BLOCK LAYER" in the MAINTAINERS file to find the right maintainers
to involve for character and block devices.
......@@ -26,32 +28,35 @@ permission of the authors, assuming the authors can be contacted without
an unreasonable effort.
**** DEVICE DRIVERS AUTHORS PLEASE READ THIS ****
.. attention::
Linux now has extensive support for dynamic allocation of device numbering
and can use sysfs and udev (systemd) to handle the naming needs. There are
still some exceptions in the serial and boot device area. Before asking
for a device number make sure you actually need one.
DEVICE DRIVERS AUTHORS PLEASE READ THIS
To have a major number allocated, or a minor number in situations
where that applies (e.g. busmice), please submit a patch and send to
the authors as indicated above.
Linux now has extensive support for dynamic allocation of device numbering
and can use ``sysfs`` and ``udev`` (``systemd``) to handle the naming needs.
There are still some exceptions in the serial and boot device area. Before
asking for a device number make sure you actually need one.
Keep the description of the device *in the same format
as this list*. The reason for this is that it is the only way we have
found to ensure we have all the requisite information to publish your
device and avoid conflicts.
To have a major number allocated, or a minor number in situations
where that applies (e.g. busmice), please submit a patch and send to
the authors as indicated above.
Finally, sometimes we have to play "namespace police." Please don't be
offended. We often get submissions for /dev names that would be bound
to cause conflicts down the road. We are trying to avoid getting in a
situation where we would have to suffer an incompatible forward
change. Therefore, please consult with us *before* you make your
device names and numbers in any way public, at least to the point
where it would be at all difficult to get them changed.
Keep the description of the device *in the same format
as this list*. The reason for this is that it is the only way we have
found to ensure we have all the requisite information to publish your
device and avoid conflicts.
Your cooperation is appreciated.
Finally, sometimes we have to play "namespace police." Please don't be
offended. We often get submissions for ``/dev`` names that would be bound
to cause conflicts down the road. We are trying to avoid getting in a
situation where we would have to suffer an incompatible forward
change. Therefore, please consult with us **before** you make your
device names and numbers in any way public, at least to the point
where it would be at all difficult to get them changed.
Your cooperation is appreciated.
::
0 Unnamed devices (e.g. non-device mounts)
0 = reserved as null device number
......@@ -1718,18 +1723,18 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
99 block JavaStation flash disk
0 = /dev/jsfd JavaStation flash disk
100 char Telephony for Linux
100 char Telephony for Linux
0 = /dev/phone0 First telephony device
1 = /dev/phone1 Second telephony device
...
101 char Motorola DSP 56xxx board
101 char Motorola DSP 56xxx board
0 = /dev/mdspstat Status information
1 = /dev/mdsp1 First DSP board I/O controls
...
16 = /dev/mdsp16 16th DSP board I/O controls
101 block AMI HyperDisk RAID controller
101 block AMI HyperDisk RAID controller
0 = /dev/amiraid/ar0 First array whole disk
16 = /dev/amiraid/ar1 Second array whole disk
...
......@@ -1742,9 +1747,9 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
15 = /dev/amiraid/ar?p15 15th partition
102 char
102 char
102 block Compressed block device
102 block Compressed block device
0 = /dev/cbd/a First compressed block device, whole device
16 = /dev/cbd/b Second compressed block device, whole device
...
......@@ -1754,7 +1759,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
103 char Arla network file system
103 char Arla network file system
0 = /dev/nnpfs0 First NNPFS device
1 = /dev/nnpfs1 Second NNPFS device
......@@ -1765,12 +1770,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
write to <arla-drinkers@stacken.kth.se> or see
http://www.stacken.kth.se/project/arla/
103 block Audit device
103 block Audit device
0 = /dev/audit Audit device
104 char Flash BIOS support
104 char Flash BIOS support
104 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, first controller
104 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, first controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c0d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c0d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1780,12 +1785,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
105 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller
105 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller
0 = /dev/ttyV0 First VS-1000 port
1 = /dev/ttyV1 Second VS-1000 port
...
105 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, second controller
105 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, second controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c1d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c1d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1795,12 +1800,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
106 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller - alternate devices
106 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cuv0 First VS-1000 port
1 = /dev/cuv1 Second VS-1000 port
...
106 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, third controller
106 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, third controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c2d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c2d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1810,10 +1815,10 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
107 char 3Dfx Voodoo Graphics device
107 char 3Dfx Voodoo Graphics device
0 = /dev/3dfx Primary 3Dfx graphics device
107 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, fourth controller
107 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, fourth controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c3d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c3d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1823,10 +1828,10 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
108 char Device independent PPP interface
108 char Device independent PPP interface
0 = /dev/ppp Device independent PPP interface
108 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, fifth controller
108 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, fifth controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c4d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c4d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1836,9 +1841,9 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
109 char Reserved for logical volume manager
109 char Reserved for logical volume manager
109 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, sixth controller
109 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, sixth controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c5d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c5d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1848,12 +1853,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
110 char miroMEDIA Surround board
110 char miroMEDIA Surround board
0 = /dev/srnd0 First miroMEDIA Surround board
1 = /dev/srnd1 Second miroMEDIA Surround board
...
110 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, seventh controller
110 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, seventh controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c6d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c6d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1863,9 +1868,9 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
111 char
111 char
111 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, eighth controller
111 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, eighth controller
0 = /dev/cciss/c7d0 First logical drive, whole disk
16 = /dev/cciss/c7d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
...
......@@ -1875,7 +1880,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
112 char ISI serial card
112 char ISI serial card
0 = /dev/ttyM0 First ISI port
1 = /dev/ttyM1 Second ISI port
...
......@@ -1883,7 +1888,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
There is currently a device-naming conflict between
these and PAM multimodems (major 78).
112 block IBM iSeries virtual disk
112 block IBM iSeries virtual disk
0 = /dev/iseries/vda First virtual disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/iseries/vdb Second virtual disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -1896,17 +1901,17 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 7.
113 char ISI serial card - alternate devices
113 char ISI serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cum0 Callout device for ttyM0
1 = /dev/cum1 Callout device for ttyM1
...
113 block IBM iSeries virtual CD-ROM
113 block IBM iSeries virtual CD-ROM
0 = /dev/iseries/vcda First virtual CD-ROM
1 = /dev/iseries/vcdb Second virtual CD-ROM
...
114 char Picture Elements ISE board
114 char Picture Elements ISE board
0 = /dev/ise0 First ISE board
1 = /dev/ise1 Second ISE board
...
......@@ -1919,7 +1924,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
I/O access to the board, the /dev/isex0 nodes command
nodes used to control the board.
114 block IDE BIOS powered software RAID interfaces such as the
114 block IDE BIOS powered software RAID interfaces such as the
Promise Fastrak
0 = /dev/ataraid/d0
......@@ -1936,7 +1941,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
115 char TI link cable devices (115 was formerly the console driver speaker)
115 char TI link cable devices (115 was formerly the console driver speaker)
0 = /dev/tipar0 Parallel cable on first parallel port
...
7 = /dev/tipar7 Parallel cable on seventh parallel port
......@@ -1949,7 +1954,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
47 = /dev/tiusb31 32nd USB cable
115 block NetWare (NWFS) Devices (0-255)
115 block NetWare (NWFS) Devices (0-255)
The NWFS (NetWare) devices are used to present a
collection of NetWare Mirror Groups or NetWare
......@@ -1966,9 +1971,9 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
255 = /dev/nwfs/v255 Last NetWare (NWFS) Logical Volume
116 char Advanced Linux Sound Driver (ALSA)
116 char Advanced Linux Sound Driver (ALSA)
116 block MicroMemory battery backed RAM adapter (NVRAM)
116 block MicroMemory battery backed RAM adapter (NVRAM)
Supports 16 boards, 15 partitions each.
Requested by neilb at cse.unsw.edu.au.
......@@ -1982,7 +1987,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
255= /dev/umem/d15p15 15th partition of 16th board.
117 char COSA/SRP synchronous serial card
117 char COSA/SRP synchronous serial card
0 = /dev/cosa0c0 1st board, 1st channel
1 = /dev/cosa0c1 1st board, 2nd channel
...
......@@ -1990,7 +1995,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
17 = /dev/cosa1c1 2nd board, 2nd channel
...
117 block Enterprise Volume Management System (EVMS)
117 block Enterprise Volume Management System (EVMS)
The EVMS driver uses a layered, plug-in model to provide
unparalleled flexibility and extensibility in managing
......@@ -2016,31 +2021,31 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
device names. For example, /dev/hda5 would become
/dev/evms/hda5.
118 char IBM Cryptographic Accelerator
118 char IBM Cryptographic Accelerator
0 = /dev/ica Virtual interface to all IBM Crypto Accelerators
1 = /dev/ica0 IBMCA Device 0
2 = /dev/ica1 IBMCA Device 1
...
119 char VMware virtual network control
119 char VMware virtual network control
0 = /dev/vnet0 1st virtual network
1 = /dev/vnet1 2nd virtual network
...
120-127 char LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
120-127 char LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
120-127 block LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
120-127 block LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
Allocated for local/experimental use. For devices not
assigned official numbers, these ranges should be
used in order to avoid conflicting with future assignments.
128-135 char Unix98 PTY masters
128-135 char Unix98 PTY masters
These devices should not have corresponding device
nodes; instead they should be accessed through the
/dev/ptmx cloning interface.
128 block SCSI disk devices (128-143)
128 block SCSI disk devices (128-143)
0 = /dev/sddy 129th SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sddz 130th SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdea 131th SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2051,7 +2056,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
129 block SCSI disk devices (144-159)
129 block SCSI disk devices (144-159)
0 = /dev/sdeo 145th SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdep 146th SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdeq 147th SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2062,9 +2067,9 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
130 char (Misc devices)
130 char (Misc devices)
130 block SCSI disk devices (160-175)
130 block SCSI disk devices (160-175)
0 = /dev/sdfe 161st SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdff 162nd SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdfg 163rd SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2075,7 +2080,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
131 block SCSI disk devices (176-191)
131 block SCSI disk devices (176-191)
0 = /dev/sdfu 177th SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdfv 178th SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdfw 179th SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2086,7 +2091,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
132 block SCSI disk devices (192-207)
132 block SCSI disk devices (192-207)
0 = /dev/sdgk 193rd SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdgl 194th SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdgm 195th SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2097,7 +2102,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
133 block SCSI disk devices (208-223)
133 block SCSI disk devices (208-223)
0 = /dev/sdha 209th SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdhb 210th SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdhc 211th SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2108,7 +2113,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
134 block SCSI disk devices (224-239)
134 block SCSI disk devices (224-239)
0 = /dev/sdhq 225th SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdhr 226th SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdhs 227th SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2119,7 +2124,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
135 block SCSI disk devices (240-255)
135 block SCSI disk devices (240-255)
0 = /dev/sdig 241st SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdih 242nd SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdih 243rd SCSI disk whole disk
......@@ -2130,7 +2135,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
136-143 char Unix98 PTY slaves
136-143 char Unix98 PTY slaves
0 = /dev/pts/0 First Unix98 pseudo-TTY
1 = /dev/pts/1 Second Unix98 pseudo-TTY
...
......@@ -2142,7 +2147,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
*most* distributions the appropriate options are
"mode=0620,gid=<gid of the "tty" group>".)
136 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; ninth controller
136 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; ninth controller
0 = /dev/rd/c8d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c8d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2150,7 +2155,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
137 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; tenth controller
137 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; tenth controller
0 = /dev/rd/c9d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c9d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2158,7 +2163,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
138 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; eleventh controller
138 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; eleventh controller
0 = /dev/rd/c10d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c10d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2166,7 +2171,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
139 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; twelfth controller
139 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; twelfth controller
0 = /dev/rd/c11d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c11d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2174,7 +2179,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
140 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; thirteenth controller
140 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; thirteenth controller
0 = /dev/rd/c12d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c12d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2182,7 +2187,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
141 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fourteenth controller
141 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fourteenth controller
0 = /dev/rd/c13d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c13d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2190,7 +2195,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
142 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fifteenth controller
142 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fifteenth controller
0 = /dev/rd/c14d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c14d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2198,7 +2203,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
143 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; sixteenth controller
143 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; sixteenth controller
0 = /dev/rd/c15d0 First disk, whole disk
8 = /dev/rd/c15d1 Second disk, whole disk
...
......@@ -2206,7 +2211,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Partitions are handled as for major 48.
144 char Encapsulated PPP
144 char Encapsulated PPP
0 = /dev/pppox0 First PPP over Ethernet
...
63 = /dev/pppox63 64th PPP over Ethernet
......@@ -2216,11 +2221,11 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
The SST 5136-DN DeviceNet interface driver has been
relocated to major 183 due to an unfortunate conflict.
144 block Expansion Area #1 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
144 block Expansion Area #1 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
0 = mounted device 256
255 = mounted device 511
145 char SAM9407-based soundcard
145 char SAM9407-based soundcard
0 = /dev/sam0_mixer
1 = /dev/sam0_sequencer
2 = /dev/sam0_midi00
......@@ -2241,66 +2246,66 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
addons, which are sam9407 specific. OSS can be
operated simultaneously, taking care of the codec.
145 block Expansion Area #2 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
145 block Expansion Area #2 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
0 = mounted device 512
255 = mounted device 767
146 char SYSTRAM SCRAMNet mirrored-memory network
146 char SYSTRAM SCRAMNet mirrored-memory network
0 = /dev/scramnet0 First SCRAMNet device
1 = /dev/scramnet1 Second SCRAMNet device
...
146 block Expansion Area #3 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
146 block Expansion Area #3 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
0 = mounted device 768
255 = mounted device 1023
147 char Aureal Semiconductor Vortex Audio device
147 char Aureal Semiconductor Vortex Audio device
0 = /dev/aureal0 First Aureal Vortex
1 = /dev/aureal1 Second Aureal Vortex
...
147 block Distributed Replicated Block Device (DRBD)
147 block Distributed Replicated Block Device (DRBD)
0 = /dev/drbd0 First DRBD device
1 = /dev/drbd1 Second DRBD device
...
148 char Technology Concepts serial card
148 char Technology Concepts serial card
0 = /dev/ttyT0 First TCL port
1 = /dev/ttyT1 Second TCL port
...
149 char Technology Concepts serial card - alternate devices
149 char Technology Concepts serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cut0 Callout device for ttyT0
1 = /dev/cut0 Callout device for ttyT1
...
150 char Real-Time Linux FIFOs
150 char Real-Time Linux FIFOs
0 = /dev/rtf0 First RTLinux FIFO
1 = /dev/rtf1 Second RTLinux FIFO
...
151 char DPT I2O SmartRaid V controller
151 char DPT I2O SmartRaid V controller
0 = /dev/dpti0 First DPT I2O adapter
1 = /dev/dpti1 Second DPT I2O adapter
...
152 char EtherDrive Control Device
152 char EtherDrive Control Device
0 = /dev/etherd/ctl Connect/Disconnect an EtherDrive
1 = /dev/etherd/err Monitor errors
2 = /dev/etherd/raw Raw AoE packet monitor
152 block EtherDrive Block Devices
152 block EtherDrive Block Devices
0 = /dev/etherd/0 EtherDrive 0
...
255 = /dev/etherd/255 EtherDrive 255
153 char SPI Bus Interface (sometimes referred to as MicroWire)
153 char SPI Bus Interface (sometimes referred to as MicroWire)
0 = /dev/spi0 First SPI device on the bus
1 = /dev/spi1 Second SPI device on the bus
...
15 = /dev/spi15 Sixteenth SPI device on the bus
153 block Enhanced Metadisk RAID (EMD) storage units
153 block Enhanced Metadisk RAID (EMD) storage units
0 = /dev/emd/0 First unit
1 = /dev/emd/0p1 Partition 1 on First unit
2 = /dev/emd/0p2 Partition 2 on First unit
......@@ -2316,41 +2321,41 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
154 char Specialix RIO serial card
154 char Specialix RIO serial card
0 = /dev/ttySR0 First RIO port
...
255 = /dev/ttySR255 256th RIO port
155 char Specialix RIO serial card - alternate devices
155 char Specialix RIO serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cusr0 Callout device for ttySR0
...
255 = /dev/cusr255 Callout device for ttySR255
156 char Specialix RIO serial card
156 char Specialix RIO serial card
0 = /dev/ttySR256 257th RIO port
...
255 = /dev/ttySR511 512th RIO port
157 char Specialix RIO serial card - alternate devices
157 char Specialix RIO serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cusr256 Callout device for ttySR256
...
255 = /dev/cusr511 Callout device for ttySR511
158 char Dialogic GammaLink fax driver
158 char Dialogic GammaLink fax driver
0 = /dev/gfax0 GammaLink channel 0
1 = /dev/gfax1 GammaLink channel 1
...
159 char RESERVED
159 char RESERVED
159 block RESERVED
159 block RESERVED
160 char General Purpose Instrument Bus (GPIB)
160 char General Purpose Instrument Bus (GPIB)
0 = /dev/gpib0 First GPIB bus
1 = /dev/gpib1 Second GPIB bus
...
160 block Carmel 8-port SATA Disks on First Controller
160 block Carmel 8-port SATA Disks on First Controller
0 = /dev/carmel/0 SATA disk 0 whole disk
1 = /dev/carmel/0p1 SATA disk 0 partition 1
...
......@@ -2365,7 +2370,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 31.
161 char IrCOMM devices (IrDA serial/parallel emulation)
161 char IrCOMM devices (IrDA serial/parallel emulation)
0 = /dev/ircomm0 First IrCOMM device
1 = /dev/ircomm1 Second IrCOMM device
...
......@@ -2373,7 +2378,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
17 = /dev/irlpt1 Second IrLPT device
...
161 block Carmel 8-port SATA Disks on Second Controller
161 block Carmel 8-port SATA Disks on Second Controller
0 = /dev/carmel/8 SATA disk 8 whole disk
1 = /dev/carmel/8p1 SATA disk 8 partition 1
...
......@@ -2388,7 +2393,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 31.
162 char Raw block device interface
162 char Raw block device interface
0 = /dev/rawctl Raw I/O control device
1 = /dev/raw/raw1 First raw I/O device
2 = /dev/raw/raw2 Second raw I/O device
......@@ -2396,9 +2401,9 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
max minor number of raw device is set by kernel config
MAX_RAW_DEVS or raw module parameter 'max_raw_devs'
163 char
163 char
164 char Chase Research AT/PCI-Fast serial card
164 char Chase Research AT/PCI-Fast serial card
0 = /dev/ttyCH0 AT/PCI-Fast board 0, port 0
...
15 = /dev/ttyCH15 AT/PCI-Fast board 0, port 15
......@@ -2412,67 +2417,67 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
63 = /dev/ttyCH63 AT/PCI-Fast board 3, port 15
165 char Chase Research AT/PCI-Fast serial card - alternate devices
165 char Chase Research AT/PCI-Fast serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cuch0 Callout device for ttyCH0
...
63 = /dev/cuch63 Callout device for ttyCH63
166 char ACM USB modems
166 char ACM USB modems
0 = /dev/ttyACM0 First ACM modem
1 = /dev/ttyACM1 Second ACM modem
...
167 char ACM USB modems - alternate devices
167 char ACM USB modems - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cuacm0 Callout device for ttyACM0
1 = /dev/cuacm1 Callout device for ttyACM1
...
168 char Eracom CSA7000 PCI encryption adaptor
168 char Eracom CSA7000 PCI encryption adaptor
0 = /dev/ecsa0 First CSA7000
1 = /dev/ecsa1 Second CSA7000
...
169 char Eracom CSA8000 PCI encryption adaptor
169 char Eracom CSA8000 PCI encryption adaptor
0 = /dev/ecsa8-0 First CSA8000
1 = /dev/ecsa8-1 Second CSA8000
...
170 char AMI MegaRAC remote access controller
170 char AMI MegaRAC remote access controller
0 = /dev/megarac0 First MegaRAC card
1 = /dev/megarac1 Second MegaRAC card
...
171 char Reserved for IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
171 char Reserved for IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
172 char Moxa Intellio serial card
172 char Moxa Intellio serial card
0 = /dev/ttyMX0 First Moxa port
1 = /dev/ttyMX1 Second Moxa port
...
127 = /dev/ttyMX127 128th Moxa port
128 = /dev/moxactl Moxa control port
173 char Moxa Intellio serial card - alternate devices
173 char Moxa Intellio serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cumx0 Callout device for ttyMX0
1 = /dev/cumx1 Callout device for ttyMX1
...
127 = /dev/cumx127 Callout device for ttyMX127
174 char SmartIO serial card
174 char SmartIO serial card
0 = /dev/ttySI0 First SmartIO port
1 = /dev/ttySI1 Second SmartIO port
...
175 char SmartIO serial card - alternate devices
175 char SmartIO serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cusi0 Callout device for ttySI0
1 = /dev/cusi1 Callout device for ttySI1
...
176 char nCipher nFast PCI crypto accelerator
176 char nCipher nFast PCI crypto accelerator
0 = /dev/nfastpci0 First nFast PCI device
1 = /dev/nfastpci1 First nFast PCI device
...
177 char TI PCILynx memory spaces
177 char TI PCILynx memory spaces
0 = /dev/pcilynx/aux0 AUX space of first PCILynx card
...
15 = /dev/pcilynx/aux15 AUX space of 16th PCILynx card
......@@ -2483,12 +2488,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
47 = /dev/pcilynx/ram15 RAM space of 16th PCILynx card
178 char Giganet cLAN1xxx virtual interface adapter
178 char Giganet cLAN1xxx virtual interface adapter
0 = /dev/clanvi0 First cLAN adapter
1 = /dev/clanvi1 Second cLAN adapter
...
179 block MMC block devices
179 block MMC block devices
0 = /dev/mmcblk0 First SD/MMC card
1 = /dev/mmcblk0p1 First partition on first MMC card
8 = /dev/mmcblk1 Second SD/MMC card
......@@ -2500,12 +2505,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
bump the offset between each card to be the configured
value instead of the default 8.
179 char CCube DVXChip-based PCI products
179 char CCube DVXChip-based PCI products
0 = /dev/dvxirq0 First DVX device
1 = /dev/dvxirq1 Second DVX device
...
180 char USB devices
180 char USB devices
0 = /dev/usb/lp0 First USB printer
...
15 = /dev/usb/lp15 16th USB printer
......@@ -2539,23 +2544,23 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
209 = /dev/usb/yurex16 16th USB Yurex device
180 block USB block devices
180 block USB block devices
0 = /dev/uba First USB block device
8 = /dev/ubb Second USB block device
16 = /dev/ubc Third USB block device
...
181 char Conrad Electronic parallel port radio clocks
181 char Conrad Electronic parallel port radio clocks
0 = /dev/pcfclock0 First Conrad radio clock
1 = /dev/pcfclock1 Second Conrad radio clock
...
182 char Picture Elements THR2 binarizer
182 char Picture Elements THR2 binarizer
0 = /dev/pethr0 First THR2 board
1 = /dev/pethr1 Second THR2 board
...
183 char SST 5136-DN DeviceNet interface
183 char SST 5136-DN DeviceNet interface
0 = /dev/ss5136dn0 First DeviceNet interface
1 = /dev/ss5136dn1 Second DeviceNet interface
...
......@@ -2563,12 +2568,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
This device used to be assigned to major number 144.
It had to be moved due to an unfortunate conflict.
184 char Picture Elements' video simulator/sender
184 char Picture Elements' video simulator/sender
0 = /dev/pevss0 First sender board
1 = /dev/pevss1 Second sender board
...
185 char InterMezzo high availability file system
185 char InterMezzo high availability file system
0 = /dev/intermezzo0 First cache manager
1 = /dev/intermezzo1 Second cache manager
...
......@@ -2576,48 +2581,48 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
See http://web.archive.org/web/20080115195241/
http://inter-mezzo.org/index.html
186 char Object-based storage control device
186 char Object-based storage control device
0 = /dev/obd0 First obd control device
1 = /dev/obd1 Second obd control device
...
See ftp://ftp.lustre.org/pub/obd for code and information.
187 char DESkey hardware encryption device
187 char DESkey hardware encryption device
0 = /dev/deskey0 First DES key
1 = /dev/deskey1 Second DES key
...
188 char USB serial converters
188 char USB serial converters
0 = /dev/ttyUSB0 First USB serial converter
1 = /dev/ttyUSB1 Second USB serial converter
...
189 char USB serial converters - alternate devices
189 char USB serial converters - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cuusb0 Callout device for ttyUSB0
1 = /dev/cuusb1 Callout device for ttyUSB1
...
190 char Kansas City tracker/tuner card
190 char Kansas City tracker/tuner card
0 = /dev/kctt0 First KCT/T card
1 = /dev/kctt1 Second KCT/T card
...
191 char Reserved for PCMCIA
191 char Reserved for PCMCIA
192 char Kernel profiling interface
192 char Kernel profiling interface
0 = /dev/profile Profiling control device
1 = /dev/profile0 Profiling device for CPU 0
2 = /dev/profile1 Profiling device for CPU 1
...
193 char Kernel event-tracing interface
193 char Kernel event-tracing interface
0 = /dev/trace Tracing control device
1 = /dev/trace0 Tracing device for CPU 0
2 = /dev/trace1 Tracing device for CPU 1
...
194 char linVideoStreams (LINVS)
194 char linVideoStreams (LINVS)
0 = /dev/mvideo/status0 Video compression status
1 = /dev/mvideo/stream0 Video stream
2 = /dev/mvideo/frame0 Single compressed frame
......@@ -2633,13 +2638,13 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
240 = /dev/mvideo/status15 16th device
...
195 char Nvidia graphics devices
195 char Nvidia graphics devices
0 = /dev/nvidia0 First Nvidia card
1 = /dev/nvidia1 Second Nvidia card
...
255 = /dev/nvidiactl Nvidia card control device
196 char Tormenta T1 card
196 char Tormenta T1 card
0 = /dev/tor/0 Master control channel for all cards
1 = /dev/tor/1 First DS0
2 = /dev/tor/2 Second DS0
......@@ -2649,24 +2654,24 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
50 = /dev/tor/50 Second pseudo-channel
...
197 char OpenTNF tracing facility
197 char OpenTNF tracing facility
0 = /dev/tnf/t0 Trace 0 data extraction
1 = /dev/tnf/t1 Trace 1 data extraction
...
128 = /dev/tnf/status Tracing facility status
130 = /dev/tnf/trace Tracing device
198 char Total Impact TPMP2 quad coprocessor PCI card
198 char Total Impact TPMP2 quad coprocessor PCI card
0 = /dev/tpmp2/0 First card
1 = /dev/tpmp2/1 Second card
...
199 char Veritas volume manager (VxVM) volumes
199 char Veritas volume manager (VxVM) volumes
0 = /dev/vx/rdsk/*/* First volume
1 = /dev/vx/rdsk/*/* Second volume
...
199 block Veritas volume manager (VxVM) volumes
199 block Veritas volume manager (VxVM) volumes
0 = /dev/vx/dsk/*/* First volume
1 = /dev/vx/dsk/*/* Second volume
...
......@@ -2674,7 +2679,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
The namespace in these directories is maintained by
the user space VxVM software.
200 char Veritas VxVM configuration interface
200 char Veritas VxVM configuration interface
0 = /dev/vx/config Configuration access node
1 = /dev/vx/trace Volume i/o trace access node
2 = /dev/vx/iod Volume i/o daemon access node
......@@ -2682,11 +2687,11 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
4 = /dev/vx/task Volume tasks access node
5 = /dev/vx/taskmon Volume tasks monitor daemon
201 char Veritas VxVM dynamic multipathing driver
201 char Veritas VxVM dynamic multipathing driver
0 = /dev/vx/rdmp/* First multipath device
1 = /dev/vx/rdmp/* Second multipath device
...
201 block Veritas VxVM dynamic multipathing driver
201 block Veritas VxVM dynamic multipathing driver
0 = /dev/vx/dmp/* First multipath device
1 = /dev/vx/dmp/* Second multipath device
...
......@@ -2694,12 +2699,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
The namespace in these directories is maintained by
the user space VxVM software.
202 char CPU model-specific registers
202 char CPU model-specific registers
0 = /dev/cpu/0/msr MSRs on CPU 0
1 = /dev/cpu/1/msr MSRs on CPU 1
...
202 block Xen Virtual Block Device
202 block Xen Virtual Block Device
0 = /dev/xvda First Xen VBD whole disk
16 = /dev/xvdb Second Xen VBD whole disk
32 = /dev/xvdc Third Xen VBD whole disk
......@@ -2710,12 +2715,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
partitions is 15.
203 char CPU CPUID information
203 char CPU CPUID information
0 = /dev/cpu/0/cpuid CPUID on CPU 0
1 = /dev/cpu/1/cpuid CPUID on CPU 1
...
204 char Low-density serial ports
204 char Low-density serial ports
0 = /dev/ttyLU0 LinkUp Systems L72xx UART - port 0
1 = /dev/ttyLU1 LinkUp Systems L72xx UART - port 1
2 = /dev/ttyLU2 LinkUp Systems L72xx UART - port 2
......@@ -2787,7 +2792,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
211 = /dev/ttyMAX2 MAX3100 serial port 2
212 = /dev/ttyMAX3 MAX3100 serial port 3
205 char Low-density serial ports (alternate device)
205 char Low-density serial ports (alternate device)
0 = /dev/culu0 Callout device for ttyLU0
1 = /dev/culu1 Callout device for ttyLU1
2 = /dev/culu2 Callout device for ttyLU2
......@@ -2823,7 +2828,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
82 = /dev/cuvr0 Callout device for ttyVR0
83 = /dev/cuvr1 Callout device for ttyVR1
206 char OnStream SC-x0 tape devices
206 char OnStream SC-x0 tape devices
0 = /dev/osst0 First OnStream SCSI tape, mode 0
1 = /dev/osst1 Second OnStream SCSI tape, mode 0
...
......@@ -2857,7 +2862,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
driver as well. The ADR-x0 drives are QIC-157
compliant and don't need osst.
207 char Compaq ProLiant health feature indicate
207 char Compaq ProLiant health feature indicate
0 = /dev/cpqhealth/cpqw Redirector interface
1 = /dev/cpqhealth/crom EISA CROM
2 = /dev/cpqhealth/cdt Data Table
......@@ -2871,17 +2876,17 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
10 = /dev/cpqhealth/cram CMOS interface
11 = /dev/cpqhealth/cpci PCI IRQ interface
208 char User space serial ports
208 char User space serial ports
0 = /dev/ttyU0 First user space serial port
1 = /dev/ttyU1 Second user space serial port
...
209 char User space serial ports (alternate devices)
209 char User space serial ports (alternate devices)
0 = /dev/cuu0 Callout device for ttyU0
1 = /dev/cuu1 Callout device for ttyU1
...
210 char SBE, Inc. sync/async serial card
210 char SBE, Inc. sync/async serial card
0 = /dev/sbei/wxcfg0 Configuration device for board 0
1 = /dev/sbei/dld0 Download device for board 0
2 = /dev/sbei/wan00 WAN device, port 0, board 0
......@@ -2906,12 +2911,12 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
Yes, each board is really spaced 10 (decimal) apart.
211 char Addinum CPCI1500 digital I/O card
211 char Addinum CPCI1500 digital I/O card
0 = /dev/addinum/cpci1500/0 First CPCI1500 card
1 = /dev/addinum/cpci1500/1 Second CPCI1500 card
...
212 char LinuxTV.org DVB driver subsystem
212 char LinuxTV.org DVB driver subsystem
0 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/video0 first video decoder of first card
1 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/audio0 first audio decoder of first card
2 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/sec0 (obsolete/unused)
......@@ -2929,34 +2934,34 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
196 = /dev/dvb/adapter3/video0 first video decoder of fourth card
216 char Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY devices
216 char Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY devices
0 = /dev/rfcomm0 First Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY device
1 = /dev/rfcomm1 Second Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY device
...
217 char Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY devices (alternate devices)
217 char Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY devices (alternate devices)
0 = /dev/curf0 Callout device for rfcomm0
1 = /dev/curf1 Callout device for rfcomm1
...
218 char The Logical Company bus Unibus/Qbus adapters
218 char The Logical Company bus Unibus/Qbus adapters
0 = /dev/logicalco/bci/0 First bus adapter
1 = /dev/logicalco/bci/1 First bus adapter
...
219 char The Logical Company DCI-1300 digital I/O card
219 char The Logical Company DCI-1300 digital I/O card
0 = /dev/logicalco/dci1300/0 First DCI-1300 card
1 = /dev/logicalco/dci1300/1 Second DCI-1300 card
...
220 char Myricom Myrinet "GM" board
220 char Myricom Myrinet "GM" board
0 = /dev/myricom/gm0 First Myrinet GM board
1 = /dev/myricom/gmp0 First board "root access"
2 = /dev/myricom/gm1 Second Myrinet GM board
3 = /dev/myricom/gmp1 Second board "root access"
...
221 char VME bus
221 char VME bus
0 = /dev/bus/vme/m0 First master image
1 = /dev/bus/vme/m1 Second master image
2 = /dev/bus/vme/m2 Third master image
......@@ -2971,38 +2976,38 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
same interface. For interface documentation see
http://www.vmelinux.org/.
224 char A2232 serial card
224 char A2232 serial card
0 = /dev/ttyY0 First A2232 port
1 = /dev/ttyY1 Second A2232 port
...
225 char A2232 serial card (alternate devices)
225 char A2232 serial card (alternate devices)
0 = /dev/cuy0 Callout device for ttyY0
1 = /dev/cuy1 Callout device for ttyY1
...
226 char Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI)
226 char Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI)
0 = /dev/dri/card0 First graphics card
1 = /dev/dri/card1 Second graphics card
...
227 char IBM 3270 terminal Unix tty access
227 char IBM 3270 terminal Unix tty access
1 = /dev/3270/tty1 First 3270 terminal
2 = /dev/3270/tty2 Seconds 3270 terminal
...
228 char IBM 3270 terminal block-mode access
228 char IBM 3270 terminal block-mode access
0 = /dev/3270/tub Controlling interface
1 = /dev/3270/tub1 First 3270 terminal
2 = /dev/3270/tub2 Second 3270 terminal
...
229 char IBM iSeries/pSeries virtual console
229 char IBM iSeries/pSeries virtual console
0 = /dev/hvc0 First console port
1 = /dev/hvc1 Second console port
...
230 char IBM iSeries virtual tape
230 char IBM iSeries virtual tape
0 = /dev/iseries/vt0 First virtual tape, mode 0
1 = /dev/iseries/vt1 Second virtual tape, mode 0
...
......@@ -3033,7 +3038,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
ioctl()'s can be used to rewind the tape regardless of
the device used to access it.
231 char InfiniBand
231 char InfiniBand
0 = /dev/infiniband/umad0
1 = /dev/infiniband/umad1
...
......@@ -3047,7 +3052,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
...
159 = /dev/infiniband/uverbs31 31st InfiniBand verbs device
232 char Biometric Devices
232 char Biometric Devices
0 = /dev/biometric/sensor0/fingerprint first fingerprint sensor on first device
1 = /dev/biometric/sensor0/iris first iris sensor on first device
2 = /dev/biometric/sensor0/retina first retina sensor on first device
......@@ -3060,7 +3065,7 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
20 = /dev/biometric/sensor2/fingerprint first fingerprint sensor on third device
...
233 char PathScale InfiniPath interconnect
233 char PathScale InfiniPath interconnect
0 = /dev/ipath Primary device for programs (any unit)
1 = /dev/ipath0 Access specifically to unit 0
2 = /dev/ipath1 Access specifically to unit 1
......@@ -3069,18 +3074,18 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
129 = /dev/ipath_sma Device used by Subnet Management Agent
130 = /dev/ipath_diag Device used by diagnostics programs
234-254 char RESERVED FOR DYNAMIC ASSIGNMENT
234-254 char RESERVED FOR DYNAMIC ASSIGNMENT
Character devices that request a dynamic allocation of major number will
take numbers starting from 254 and downward.
240-254 block LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
240-254 block LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
Allocated for local/experimental use. For devices not
assigned official numbers, these ranges should be
used in order to avoid conflicting with future assignments.
255 char RESERVED
255 char RESERVED
255 block RESERVED
255 block RESERVED
This major is reserved to assist the expansion to a
larger number space. No device nodes with this major
......@@ -3088,25 +3093,25 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
(This is probably not true anymore, but I'll leave it
for now /Torben)
---LARGE MAJORS!!!!!---
---LARGE MAJORS!!!!!---
256 char Equinox SST multi-port serial boards
256 char Equinox SST multi-port serial boards
0 = /dev/ttyEQ0 First serial port on first Equinox SST board
127 = /dev/ttyEQ127 Last serial port on first Equinox SST board
128 = /dev/ttyEQ128 First serial port on second Equinox SST board
...
1027 = /dev/ttyEQ1027 Last serial port on eighth Equinox SST board
256 block Resident Flash Disk Flash Translation Layer
256 block Resident Flash Disk Flash Translation Layer
0 = /dev/rfda First RFD FTL layer
16 = /dev/rfdb Second RFD FTL layer
...
240 = /dev/rfdp 16th RFD FTL layer
257 char Phoenix Technologies Cryptographic Services Driver
257 char Phoenix Technologies Cryptographic Services Driver
0 = /dev/ptlsec Crypto Services Driver
257 block SSFDC Flash Translation Layer filesystem
257 block SSFDC Flash Translation Layer filesystem
0 = /dev/ssfdca First SSFDC layer
8 = /dev/ssfdcb Second SSFDC layer
16 = /dev/ssfdcc Third SSFDC layer
......@@ -3116,26 +3121,28 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
48 = /dev/ssfdcg 7th SSFDC layer
56 = /dev/ssfdch 8th SSFDC layer
258 block ROM/Flash read-only translation layer
258 block ROM/Flash read-only translation layer
0 = /dev/blockrom0 First ROM card's translation layer interface
1 = /dev/blockrom1 Second ROM card's translation layer interface
...
259 block Block Extended Major
259 block Block Extended Major
Used dynamically to hold additional partition minor
numbers and allow large numbers of partitions per device
259 char FPGA configuration interfaces
259 char FPGA configuration interfaces
0 = /dev/icap0 First Xilinx internal configuration
1 = /dev/icap1 Second Xilinx internal configuration
260 char OSD (Object-based-device) SCSI Device
260 char OSD (Object-based-device) SCSI Device
0 = /dev/osd0 First OSD Device
1 = /dev/osd1 Second OSD Device
...
255 = /dev/osd255 256th OSD Device
**** ADDITIONAL /dev DIRECTORY ENTRIES
Additional ``/dev/`` directory entries
--------------------------------------
This section details additional entries that should or may exist in
the /dev directory. It is preferred that symbolic links use the same
......@@ -3143,24 +3150,29 @@ form (absolute or relative) as is indicated here. Links are
classified as "hard" or "symbolic" depending on the preferred type of
link; if possible, the indicated type of link should be used.
Compulsory links
Compulsory links
++++++++++++++++
These links should exist on all systems:
=============== =============== =============== ===============================
/dev/fd /proc/self/fd symbolic File descriptors
/dev/stdin fd/0 symbolic stdin file descriptor
/dev/stdout fd/1 symbolic stdout file descriptor
/dev/stderr fd/2 symbolic stderr file descriptor
/dev/nfsd socksys symbolic Required by iBCS-2
/dev/X0R null symbolic Required by iBCS-2
=============== =============== =============== ===============================
Note: /dev/X0R is <letter X>-<digit 0>-<letter R>.
Note: ``/dev/X0R`` is <letter X>-<digit 0>-<letter R>.
Recommended links
Recommended links
+++++++++++++++++
It is recommended that these links exist on all systems:
=============== =============== =============== ===============================
/dev/core /proc/kcore symbolic Backward compatibility
/dev/ramdisk ram0 symbolic Backward compatibility
/dev/ftape qft0 symbolic Backward compatibility
......@@ -3168,14 +3180,17 @@ It is recommended that these links exist on all systems:
/dev/radio radio0 symbolic Backward compatibility
/dev/i2o* /dev/i2o/* symbolic Backward compatibility
/dev/scd? sr? hard Alternate SCSI CD-ROM name
=============== =============== =============== ===============================
Locally defined links
Locally defined links
+++++++++++++++++++++
The following links may be established locally to conform to the
configuration of the system. This is merely a tabulation of existing
practice, and does not constitute a recommendation. However, if they
exist, they should have the following uses.
=============== =============== =============== ===============================
/dev/mouse mouse port symbolic Current mouse device
/dev/tape tape device symbolic Current tape device
/dev/cdrom CD-ROM device symbolic Current CD-ROM device
......@@ -3184,38 +3199,46 @@ exist, they should have the following uses.
/dev/modem modem port symbolic Current dialout device
/dev/root root device symbolic Current root filesystem
/dev/swap swap device symbolic Current swap device
=============== =============== =============== ===============================
/dev/modem should not be used for a modem which supports dialin as
``/dev/modem`` should not be used for a modem which supports dialin as
well as dialout, as it tends to cause lock file problems. If it
exists, /dev/modem should point to the appropriate primary TTY device
exists, ``/dev/modem`` should point to the appropriate primary TTY device
(the use of the alternate callout devices is deprecated).
For SCSI devices, /dev/tape and /dev/cdrom should point to the
``cooked'' devices (/dev/st* and /dev/sr*, respectively), whereas
/dev/cdwriter and /dev/scanner should point to the appropriate generic
For SCSI devices, ``/dev/tape`` and ``/dev/cdrom`` should point to the
*cooked* devices (``/dev/st*`` and ``/dev/sr*``, respectively), whereas
``/dev/cdwriter`` and /dev/scanner should point to the appropriate generic
SCSI devices (/dev/sg*).
/dev/mouse may point to a primary serial TTY device, a hardware mouse
device, or a socket for a mouse driver program (e.g. /dev/gpmdata).
``/dev/mouse`` may point to a primary serial TTY device, a hardware mouse
device, or a socket for a mouse driver program (e.g. ``/dev/gpmdata``).
Sockets and pipes
Sockets and pipes
+++++++++++++++++
Non-transient sockets and named pipes may exist in /dev. Common entries are:
=============== =============== ===============================================
/dev/printer socket lpd local socket
/dev/log socket syslog local socket
/dev/gpmdata socket gpm mouse multiplexer
=============== =============== ===============================================
Mount points
Mount points
++++++++++++
The following names are reserved for mounting special filesystems
under /dev. These special filesystems provide kernel interfaces that
cannot be provided with standard device nodes.
=============== =============== ===============================================
/dev/pts devpts PTY slave filesystem
/dev/shm tmpfs POSIX shared memory maintenance access
=============== =============== ===============================================
**** TERMINAL DEVICES
Terminal devices
----------------
Terminal, or TTY devices are a special class of character devices. A
terminal device is any device that could act as a controlling terminal
......@@ -3232,42 +3255,44 @@ conventions include several historical warts; some of these are
Linux-specific, some were inherited from other systems, and some
reflect Linux outgrowing a borrowed convention.
A hash mark (#) in a device name is used here to indicate a decimal
A hash mark (``#``) in a device name is used here to indicate a decimal
number without leading zeroes.
Virtual consoles and the console device
Virtual consoles and the console device
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Virtual consoles are full-screen terminal displays on the system video
monitor. Virtual consoles are named /dev/tty#, with numbering
starting at /dev/tty1; /dev/tty0 is the current virtual console.
/dev/tty0 is the device that should be used to access the system video
monitor. Virtual consoles are named ``/dev/tty#``, with numbering
starting at ``/dev/tty1``; ``/dev/tty0`` is the current virtual console.
``/dev/tty0`` is the device that should be used to access the system video
card on those architectures for which the frame buffer devices
(/dev/fb*) are not applicable. Do not use /dev/console
(``/dev/fb*``) are not applicable. Do not use ``/dev/console``
for this purpose.
The console device, /dev/console, is the device to which system
The console device, ``/dev/console``, is the device to which system
messages should be sent, and on which logins should be permitted in
single-user mode. Starting with Linux 2.1.71, /dev/console is managed
single-user mode. Starting with Linux 2.1.71, ``/dev/console`` is managed
by the kernel; for previous versions it should be a symbolic link to
either /dev/tty0, a specific virtual console such as /dev/tty1, or to
a serial port primary (tty*, not cu*) device, depending on the
either ``/dev/tty0``, a specific virtual console such as ``/dev/tty1``, or to
a serial port primary (``tty*``, not ``cu*``) device, depending on the
configuration of the system.
Serial ports
Serial ports
++++++++++++
Serial ports are RS-232 serial ports and any device which simulates
one, either in hardware (such as internal modems) or in software (such
as the ISDN driver.) Under Linux, each serial ports has two device
names, the primary or callin device and the alternate or callout one.
Each kind of device is indicated by a different letter. For any
letter X, the names of the devices are /dev/ttyX# and /dev/cux#,
respectively; for historical reasons, /dev/ttyS# and /dev/ttyC#
correspond to /dev/cua# and /dev/cub#. In the future, it should be
letter X, the names of the devices are ``/dev/ttyX#`` and ``/dev/cux#``,
respectively; for historical reasons, ``/dev/ttyS#`` and ``/dev/ttyC#``
correspond to ``/dev/cua#`` and ``/dev/cub#``. In the future, it should be
expected that multiple letters will be used; all letters will be upper
case for the "tty" device (e.g. /dev/ttyDP#) and lower case for the
"cu" device (e.g. /dev/cudp#).
case for the "tty" device (e.g. ``/dev/ttyDP#``) and lower case for the
"cu" device (e.g. ``/dev/cudp#``).
The names /dev/ttyQ# and /dev/cuq# are reserved for local use.
The names ``/dev/ttyQ#`` and ``/dev/cuq#`` are reserved for local use.
The alternate devices provide for kernel-based exclusion and somewhat
different defaults than the primary devices. Their main purpose is to
......@@ -3276,7 +3301,7 @@ support for serial ports. Their use is deprecated, and they may be
removed from a future version of Linux.
Arbitration of serial ports is provided by the use of lock files with
the names /var/lock/LCK..ttyX#. The contents of the lock file should
the names ``/var/lock/LCK..ttyX#``. The contents of the lock file should
be the PID of the locking process as an ASCII number.
It is common practice to install links such as /dev/modem
......@@ -3287,9 +3312,9 @@ that a lock file be installed with the corresponding alternate
device. In order to avoid deadlocks, it is recommended that the locks
are acquired in the following order, and released in the reverse:
1. The symbolic link name, if any (/var/lock/LCK..modem)
2. The "tty" name (/var/lock/LCK..ttyS2)
3. The alternate device name (/var/lock/LCK..cua2)
1. The symbolic link name, if any (``/var/lock/LCK..modem``)
2. The "tty" name (``/var/lock/LCK..ttyS2``)
3. The alternate device name (``/var/lock/LCK..cua2``)
In the case of nested symbolic links, the lock files should be
installed in the order the symlinks are resolved.
......@@ -3300,13 +3325,14 @@ to create lock files for the corresponding alternate device names
should take into account the possibility of being used on a non-serial
port TTY, for which no alternate device would exist.
Pseudoterminals (PTYs)
Pseudoterminals (PTYs)
++++++++++++++++++++++
Pseudoterminals, or PTYs, are used to create login sessions or provide
other capabilities requiring a TTY line discipline (including SLIP or
PPP capability) to arbitrary data-generation processes. Each PTY has
a master side, named /dev/pty[p-za-e][0-9a-f], and a slave side, named
/dev/tty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]. The kernel arbitrates the use of PTYs by
a master side, named ``/dev/pty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]``, and a slave side, named
``/dev/tty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]``. The kernel arbitrates the use of PTYs by
allowing each master side to be opened only once.
Once the master side has been opened, the corresponding slave device
......@@ -3316,9 +3342,9 @@ of a bidirectional pipe with TTY capabilities.
Recent versions of the Linux kernels and GNU libc contain support for
the System V/Unix98 naming scheme for PTYs, which assigns a common
device, /dev/ptmx, to all the masters (opening it will automatically
give you a previously unassigned PTY) and a subdirectory, /dev/pts,
for the slaves; the slaves are named with decimal integers (/dev/pts/#
device, ``/dev/ptmx``, to all the masters (opening it will automatically
give you a previously unassigned PTY) and a subdirectory, ``/dev/pts``,
for the slaves; the slaves are named with decimal integers (``/dev/pts/#``
in our notation). This removes the problem of exhausting the
namespace and enables the kernel to automatically create the device
nodes for the slaves on demand using the "devpts" filesystem.
......
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