item.cc

/* Copyright (C) 2000 MySQL AB & MySQL Finland AB & TCX DataKonsult AB

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
   (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA */


#ifdef USE_PRAGMA_IMPLEMENTATION
#pragma implementation				// gcc: Class implementation
#endif
#include "mysql_priv.h"
#include <m_ctype.h>
#include "my_dir.h"
#include "sp_rcontext.h"
#include "sp_head.h"
#include "sql_trigger.h"
#include "sql_select.h"

static void mark_as_dependent(THD *thd,
			      SELECT_LEX *last, SELECT_LEX *current,
			      Item_ident *item);

const String my_null_string("NULL", 4, default_charset_info);

/****************************************************************************/

/* Hybrid_type_traits {_real} */

void Hybrid_type_traits::fix_length_and_dec(Item *item, Item *arg) const
{
  item->decimals= NOT_FIXED_DEC;
  item->max_length= item->float_length(arg->decimals);
}

static const Hybrid_type_traits real_traits_instance;

const Hybrid_type_traits *Hybrid_type_traits::instance()
{
  return &real_traits_instance;
}


my_decimal *
Hybrid_type_traits::val_decimal(Hybrid_type *val, my_decimal *to) const
{
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, val->real, val->dec_buf);
  return val->dec_buf;
}


String *
Hybrid_type_traits::val_str(Hybrid_type *val, String *to, uint8 decimals) const
{
  to->set(val->real, decimals, &my_charset_bin);
  return to;
}

/* Hybrid_type_traits_decimal */
static const Hybrid_type_traits_decimal decimal_traits_instance;

const Hybrid_type_traits_decimal *Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::instance()
{
  return &decimal_traits_instance;
}


void
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::fix_length_and_dec(Item *item, Item *arg) const
{
  item->decimals= arg->decimals;
  item->max_length= min(arg->max_length + DECIMAL_LONGLONG_DIGITS,
                        DECIMAL_MAX_STR_LENGTH);
}


void Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::set_zero(Hybrid_type *val) const
{
  my_decimal_set_zero(&val->dec_buf[0]);
  val->used_dec_buf_no= 0;
}


void Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::add(Hybrid_type *val, Field *f) const
{
  my_decimal_add(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR,
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no ^ 1],
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                 f->val_decimal(&val->dec_buf[2]));
  val->used_dec_buf_no^= 1;
}


void Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::div(Hybrid_type *val, ulonglong u) const
{
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, u, TRUE, &val->dec_buf[2]);
  /* XXX: what is '4' for scale? */
  my_decimal_div(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR,
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no ^ 1],
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                 &val->dec_buf[2], 4);
  val->used_dec_buf_no^= 1;
}


longlong
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::val_int(Hybrid_type *val, bool unsigned_flag) const
{
  longlong result;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                 unsigned_flag, &result);
  return result;
}


double
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::val_real(Hybrid_type *val) const
{
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                    &val->real);
  return val->real;
}


String *
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::val_str(Hybrid_type *val, String *to,
                                    uint8 decimals) const
{
  my_decimal_round(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                   decimals, FALSE, &val->dec_buf[2]);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[2], 0, 0, 0, to);
  return to;
}

/* Hybrid_type_traits_integer */
static const Hybrid_type_traits_integer integer_traits_instance;

const Hybrid_type_traits_integer *Hybrid_type_traits_integer::instance()
{
  return &integer_traits_instance;
}

void
Hybrid_type_traits_integer::fix_length_and_dec(Item *item, Item *arg) const
{
  item->decimals= 0;
  item->max_length= 21;
  item->unsigned_flag= 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************
** Item functions
*****************************************************************************/

/* Init all special items */

void item_init(void)
{
  item_user_lock_init();
}


/*
TODO: make this functions class dependent
*/

bool Item::val_bool()
{
  switch(result_type()) {
  case INT_RESULT:
    return val_int() != 0;
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *val= val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    if (val)
      return !my_decimal_is_zero(val);
    return 0;
  }
  case REAL_RESULT:
  case STRING_RESULT:
    return val_real() != 0.0;
  case ROW_RESULT:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return 0;                                   // Wrong (but safe)
  }
}


String *Item::val_string_from_real(String *str)
{
  double nr= val_real();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;					/* purecov: inspected */
  str->set(nr,decimals, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_int(String *str)
{
  longlong nr= val_int();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  if (unsigned_flag)
    str->set((ulonglong) nr, &my_charset_bin);
  else
    str->set(nr, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_decimal(String *str)
{
  my_decimal dec_buf, *dec= val_decimal(&dec_buf);
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  my_decimal_round(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, dec, decimals, FALSE, &dec_buf);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &dec_buf, 0, 0, 0, str);
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_real(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  double nr= val_real();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, nr, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_int(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  longlong nr= val_int();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, nr, unsigned_flag, decimal_value);
  return decimal_value;
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_string(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  String *res;
  char *end_ptr;
  if (!(res= val_str(&str_value)))
    return 0;                                   // NULL or EOM

  end_ptr= (char*) res->ptr()+ res->length();
  if (str2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR & ~E_DEC_BAD_NUM,
                     res->ptr(), res->length(), res->charset(),
                     decimal_value) & E_DEC_BAD_NUM)
  {
    push_warning_printf(current_thd, MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                        ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE,
                        ER(ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE), "DECIMAL",
                        str_value.c_ptr());
  }
  return decimal_value;
}


double Item::val_real_from_decimal()
{
  /* Note that fix_fields may not be called for Item_avg_field items */
  double result;
  my_decimal value_buff, *dec_val= val_decimal(&value_buff);
  if (null_value)
    return 0.0;
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, dec_val, &result);
  return result;
}


longlong Item::val_int_from_decimal()
{
  /* Note that fix_fields may not be called for Item_avg_field items */
  longlong result;
  my_decimal value, *dec_val= val_decimal(&value);
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, dec_val, unsigned_flag, &result);
  return result;
}


Item::Item():
  rsize(0), name(0), orig_name(0), name_length(0), fixed(0),
  is_autogenerated_name(TRUE),
  collation(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE)
{
  marker= 0;
  maybe_null=null_value=with_sum_func=unsigned_flag=0;
  decimals= 0; max_length= 0;
  with_subselect= 0;
  cmp_context= (Item_result)-1;

  /* Put item in free list so that we can free all items at end */
  THD *thd= current_thd;
  next= thd->free_list;
  thd->free_list= this;
  /*
    Item constructor can be called during execution other then SQL_COM
    command => we should check thd->lex->current_select on zero (thd->lex
    can be uninitialised)
  */
  if (thd->lex->current_select)
  {
    enum_parsing_place place= 
      thd->lex->current_select->parsing_place;
    if (place == SELECT_LIST ||
	place == IN_HAVING)
      thd->lex->current_select->select_n_having_items++;
  }
}

/*
  Constructor used by Item_field, Item_*_ref & aggregate (sum) functions.
  Used for duplicating lists in processing queries with temporary
  tables
*/
Item::Item(THD *thd, Item *item):
  rsize(0),
  str_value(item->str_value),
  name(item->name),
  orig_name(item->orig_name),
  max_length(item->max_length),
  marker(item->marker),
  decimals(item->decimals),
  maybe_null(item->maybe_null),
  null_value(item->null_value),
  unsigned_flag(item->unsigned_flag),
  with_sum_func(item->with_sum_func),
  fixed(item->fixed),
  collation(item->collation),
  cmp_context(item->cmp_context)
{
  next= thd->free_list;				// Put in free list
  thd->free_list= this;
}


uint Item::decimal_precision() const
{
  Item_result restype= result_type();

  if ((restype == DECIMAL_RESULT) || (restype == INT_RESULT))
    return min(my_decimal_length_to_precision(max_length, decimals, unsigned_flag),
               DECIMAL_MAX_PRECISION);
  return min(max_length, DECIMAL_MAX_PRECISION);
}


void Item::print_item_w_name(String *str)
{
  print(str);
  if (name)
  {
    THD *thd= current_thd;
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" AS "));
    append_identifier(thd, str, name, (uint) strlen(name));
  }
}


void Item::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item::cleanup");
  fixed=0;
  marker= 0;
  if (orig_name)
    name= orig_name;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


/*
  cleanup() item if it is 'fixed'

  SYNOPSIS
    cleanup_processor()
    arg - a dummy parameter, is not used here
*/

bool Item::cleanup_processor(byte *arg)
{
  if (fixed)
    cleanup();
  return FALSE;
}


/*
  rename item (used for views, cleanup() return original name)

  SYNOPSIS
    Item::rename()
    new_name	new name of item;
*/

void Item::rename(char *new_name)
{
  /*
    we can compare pointers to names here, because if name was not changed,
    pointer will be same
  */
  if (!orig_name && new_name != name)
    orig_name= name;
  name= new_name;
}


Item_ident::Item_ident(Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                       const char *db_name_arg,const char *table_name_arg,
		       const char *field_name_arg)
  :orig_db_name(db_name_arg), orig_table_name(table_name_arg),
   orig_field_name(field_name_arg), context(context_arg),
   db_name(db_name_arg), table_name(table_name_arg),
   field_name(field_name_arg),
   alias_name_used(FALSE), cached_field_index(NO_CACHED_FIELD_INDEX),
   cached_table(0), depended_from(0)
{
  name = (char*) field_name_arg;
}


/* Constructor used by Item_field & Item_*_ref (see Item comment) */

Item_ident::Item_ident(THD *thd, Item_ident *item)
  :Item(thd, item),
   orig_db_name(item->orig_db_name),
   orig_table_name(item->orig_table_name), 
   orig_field_name(item->orig_field_name),
   context(item->context),
   db_name(item->db_name),
   table_name(item->table_name),
   field_name(item->field_name),
   alias_name_used(item->alias_name_used),
   cached_field_index(item->cached_field_index),
   cached_table(item->cached_table),
   depended_from(item->depended_from)
{}

void Item_ident::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_ident::cleanup");
#ifdef CANT_BE_USED_AS_MEMORY_IS_FREED
		       db_name ? db_name : "(null)",
                       orig_db_name ? orig_db_name : "(null)",
		       table_name ? table_name : "(null)",
                       orig_table_name ? orig_table_name : "(null)",
		       field_name ? field_name : "(null)",
                       orig_field_name ? orig_field_name : "(null)"));
#endif
  Item::cleanup();
  db_name= orig_db_name; 
  table_name= orig_table_name;
  field_name= orig_field_name;
  depended_from= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

bool Item_ident::remove_dependence_processor(byte * arg)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_ident::remove_dependence_processor");
  if (depended_from == (st_select_lex *) arg)
    depended_from= 0;
  DBUG_RETURN(0);
}


/*
  Store the pointer to this item field into a list if not already there.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_field::collect_item_field_processor()
    arg  pointer to a List<Item_field>

  DESCRIPTION
    The method is used by Item::walk to collect all unique Item_field objects
    from a tree of Items into a set of items represented as a list.

  IMPLEMENTATION
    Item_cond::walk() and Item_func::walk() stop the evaluation of the
    processor function for its arguments once the processor returns
    true.Therefore in order to force this method being called for all item
    arguments in a condition the method must return false.

  RETURN
    FALSE to force the evaluation of collect_item_field_processor
          for the subsequent items.
*/

bool Item_field::collect_item_field_processor(byte *arg)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_field::collect_item_field_processor");
  DBUG_PRINT("info", ("%s", field->field_name ? field->field_name : "noname"));
  List<Item_field> *item_list= (List<Item_field>*) arg;
  List_iterator<Item_field> item_list_it(*item_list);
  Item_field *curr_item;
  while ((curr_item= item_list_it++))
  {
    if (curr_item->eq(this, 1))
      DBUG_RETURN(FALSE); /* Already in the set. */
  }
  item_list->push_back(this);
  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}


/*
  Check if an Item_field references some field from a list of fields.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_field::find_item_in_field_list_processor
    arg   Field being compared, arg must be of type Field

  DESCRIPTION
    Check whether the Item_field represented by 'this' references any
    of the fields in the keyparts passed via 'arg'. Used with the
    method Item::walk() to test whether any keypart in a sequence of
    keyparts is referenced in an expression.

  RETURN
    TRUE  if 'this' references the field 'arg'
    FALSE otherwise
*/

bool Item_field::find_item_in_field_list_processor(byte *arg)
{
  KEY_PART_INFO *first_non_group_part= *((KEY_PART_INFO **) arg);
  KEY_PART_INFO *last_part= *(((KEY_PART_INFO **) arg) + 1);
  KEY_PART_INFO *cur_part;

  for (cur_part= first_non_group_part; cur_part != last_part; cur_part++)
  {
    if (field->eq(cur_part->field))
      return TRUE;
  }
  return FALSE;
}


bool Item::check_cols(uint c)
{
  if (c != 1)
  {
    my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), c);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}


void Item::set_name(const char *str, uint length, CHARSET_INFO *cs)
{
  if (!length)
  {
    /* Empty string, used by AS or internal function like last_insert_id() */
    name= (char*) str;
    name_length= 0;
    return;
  }
  if (cs->ctype)
  {
    uint orig_len= length;
    /*
      This will probably need a better implementation in the future:
      a function in CHARSET_INFO structure.
    */
    while (length && !my_isgraph(cs,*str))
    {						// Fix problem with yacc
      length--;
      str++;
    }
    if (orig_len != length && !is_autogenerated_name)
      push_warning_printf(current_thd, MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                          ER_REMOVED_SPACES, ER(ER_REMOVED_SPACES),
                          str + length - orig_len);

  }
  if (!my_charset_same(cs, system_charset_info))
  {
    uint32 res_length;
    name= sql_strmake_with_convert(str, name_length= length, cs,
				   MAX_ALIAS_NAME, system_charset_info,
				   &res_length);
  }
  else
    name= sql_strmake(str, (name_length= min(length,MAX_ALIAS_NAME)));
}


/*
  This function is called when:
  - Comparing items in the WHERE clause (when doing where optimization)
  - When trying to find an ORDER BY/GROUP BY item in the SELECT part
*/

bool Item::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  /*
    Note, that this is never TRUE if item is a Item_param:
    for all basic constants we have special checks, and Item_param's
    type() can be only among basic constant types.
  */
  return type() == item->type() && name && item->name &&
    !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,name,item->name);
}


Item *Item::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_func_conv_charset *conv= new Item_func_conv_charset(this, tocs, 1);
  return conv->safe ? conv : NULL;
}


/*
  Created mostly for mysql_prepare_table(). Important
  when a string ENUM/SET column is described with a numeric default value:

  CREATE TABLE t1(a SET('a') DEFAULT 1);

  We cannot use generic Item::safe_charset_converter(), because
  the latter returns a non-fixed Item, so val_str() crashes afterwards.
  Override Item_num method, to return a fixed item.
*/
Item *Item_num::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  char buf[64];
  String *s, tmp(buf, sizeof(buf), &my_charset_bin);
  s= val_str(&tmp);
  if ((conv= new Item_string(s->ptr(), s->length(), s->charset())))
  {
    conv->str_value.copy();
    conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  }
  return conv;
}


Item *Item_static_float_func::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  char buf[64];
  String *s, tmp(buf, sizeof(buf), &my_charset_bin);
  s= val_str(&tmp);
  if ((conv= new Item_static_string_func(func_name, s->ptr(), s->length(),
                                         s->charset())))
  {
    conv->str_value.copy();
    conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  }
  return conv;
}


Item *Item_string::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  uint conv_errors;
  String tmp, cstr, *ostr= val_str(&tmp);
  cstr.copy(ostr->ptr(), ostr->length(), ostr->charset(), tocs, &conv_errors);
  if (conv_errors || !(conv= new Item_string(cstr.ptr(), cstr.length(),
                                             cstr.charset(),
                                             collation.derivation)))
  {
    /*
      Safe conversion is not possible (or EOM).
      We could not convert a string into the requested character set
      without data loss. The target charset does not cover all the
      characters from the string. Operation cannot be done correctly.
    */
    return NULL;
  }
  conv->str_value.copy();
  /* Ensure that no one is going to change the result string */
  conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  return conv;
}


Item *Item_param::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  if (const_item())
  {
    uint cnv_errors;
    String *ostr= val_str(&cnvstr);
    cnvitem->str_value.copy(ostr->ptr(), ostr->length(),
                            ostr->charset(), tocs, &cnv_errors);
    if (cnv_errors)
       return NULL;
    cnvitem->str_value.mark_as_const();
    cnvitem->max_length= cnvitem->str_value.numchars() * tocs->mbmaxlen;
    return cnvitem;
  }
  return NULL;
}


Item *Item_static_string_func::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  uint conv_errors;
  String tmp, cstr, *ostr= val_str(&tmp);
  cstr.copy(ostr->ptr(), ostr->length(), ostr->charset(), tocs, &conv_errors);
  if (conv_errors ||
      !(conv= new Item_static_string_func(func_name,
                                          cstr.ptr(), cstr.length(),
                                          cstr.charset(),
                                          collation.derivation)))
  {
    /*
      Safe conversion is not possible (or EOM).
      We could not convert a string into the requested character set
      without data loss. The target charset does not cover all the
      characters from the string. Operation cannot be done correctly.
    */
    return NULL;
  }
  conv->str_value.copy();
  /* Ensure that no one is going to change the result string */
  conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  return conv;
}


bool Item_string::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (type() == item->type() && item->basic_const_item())
  {
    if (binary_cmp)
      return !stringcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value);
    return (collation.collation == item->collation.collation &&
	    !sortcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value, collation.collation));
  }
  return 0;
}


/*
  Get the value of the function as a TIME structure.
  As a extra convenience the time structure is reset on error!
 */

bool Item::get_date(TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  char buff[40];
  String tmp(buff,sizeof(buff), &my_charset_bin),*res;
  if (!(res=val_str(&tmp)) ||
      str_to_datetime_with_warn(res->ptr(), res->length(),
                                ltime, fuzzydate) <= MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_ERROR)
  {
    bzero((char*) ltime,sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
  Get time of first argument.
  As a extra convenience the time structure is reset on error!
 */

bool Item::get_time(TIME *ltime)
{
  char buff[40];
  String tmp(buff,sizeof(buff),&my_charset_bin),*res;
  if (!(res=val_str(&tmp)) ||
      str_to_time_with_warn(res->ptr(), res->length(), ltime))
  {
    bzero((char*) ltime,sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

CHARSET_INFO *Item::default_charset()
{
  return current_thd->variables.collation_connection;
}


int Item::save_in_field_no_warnings(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  int res;
  THD *thd= field->table->in_use;
  enum_check_fields tmp= thd->count_cuted_fields;
  thd->count_cuted_fields= CHECK_FIELD_IGNORE;
  res= save_in_field(field, no_conversions);
  thd->count_cuted_fields= tmp;
  return res;
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_sp_variable methods
*****************************************************************************/

Item_sp_variable::Item_sp_variable(char *sp_var_name_str,
                                   uint sp_var_name_length)
  :m_thd(0)
#ifndef DBUG_OFF
   , m_sp(0)
#endif
{
  m_name.str= sp_var_name_str;
  m_name.length= sp_var_name_length;
}


bool Item_sp_variable::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **)
{
  Item *it;

  m_thd= thd; /* NOTE: this must be set before any this_xxx() */
  it= this_item();

  DBUG_ASSERT(it->fixed);

  max_length= it->max_length;
  decimals= it->decimals;
  unsigned_flag= it->unsigned_flag;
  fixed= 1;
  collation.set(it->collation.collation, it->collation.derivation);

  return FALSE;
}


double Item_sp_variable::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  double ret= it->val_real();
  null_value= it->null_value;
  return ret;
}


longlong Item_sp_variable::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  longlong ret= it->val_int();
  null_value= it->null_value;
  return ret;
}


String *Item_sp_variable::val_str(String *sp)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  String *res= it->val_str(sp);

  null_value= it->null_value;

  if (!res)
    return NULL;

  /*
    This way we mark returned value of val_str as const,
    so that various functions (e.g. CONCAT) won't try to
    modify the value of the Item. Analogous mechanism is
    implemented for Item_param.
    Without this trick Item_splocal could be changed as a
    side-effect of expression computation. Here is an example
    of what happens without it: suppose x is varchar local
    variable in a SP with initial value 'ab' Then
      select concat(x,'c');
    would change x's value to 'abc', as Item_func_concat::val_str()
    would use x's internal buffer to compute the result.
    This is intended behaviour of Item_func_concat. Comments to
    Item_param class contain some more details on the topic.
  */

  if (res != &str_value)
    str_value.set(res->ptr(), res->length(), res->charset());
  else
    res->mark_as_const();

  return &str_value;
}


my_decimal *Item_sp_variable::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  my_decimal *val= it->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  null_value= it->null_value;
  return val;
}


bool Item_sp_variable::is_null()
{
  return this_item()->is_null();
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_splocal methods
*****************************************************************************/

Item_splocal::Item_splocal(const LEX_STRING &sp_var_name,
                           uint sp_var_idx,
                           enum_field_types sp_var_type,
                           uint pos_in_q)
  :Item_sp_variable(sp_var_name.str, sp_var_name.length),
   m_var_idx(sp_var_idx), pos_in_query(pos_in_q)
{
  maybe_null= TRUE;

  m_type= sp_map_item_type(sp_var_type);
  m_result_type= sp_map_result_type(sp_var_type);
}


Item *
Item_splocal::this_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->spcont->sp);

  return m_thd->spcont->get_item(m_var_idx);
}

const Item *
Item_splocal::this_item() const
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->spcont->sp);

  return m_thd->spcont->get_item(m_var_idx);
}


Item **
Item_splocal::this_item_addr(THD *thd, Item **)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == thd->spcont->sp);

  return thd->spcont->get_item_addr(m_var_idx);
}


void Item_splocal::print(String *str)
{
  str->reserve(m_name.length+8);
  str->append(m_name.str, m_name.length);
  str->append('@');
  str->qs_append(m_var_idx);
}


bool Item_splocal::set_value(THD *thd, sp_rcontext *ctx, Item **it)
{
  return ctx->set_variable(thd, get_var_idx(), it);
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_case_expr methods
*****************************************************************************/

Item_case_expr::Item_case_expr(int case_expr_id)
  :Item_sp_variable((char *) STRING_WITH_LEN("case_expr")),
   m_case_expr_id(case_expr_id)
{
}


Item *
Item_case_expr::this_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->spcont->sp);

  return m_thd->spcont->get_case_expr(m_case_expr_id);
}



const Item *
Item_case_expr::this_item() const
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->spcont->sp);

  return m_thd->spcont->get_case_expr(m_case_expr_id);
}


Item **
Item_case_expr::this_item_addr(THD *thd, Item **)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == thd->spcont->sp);

  return thd->spcont->get_case_expr_addr(m_case_expr_id);
}


void Item_case_expr::print(String *str)
{
  VOID(str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("case_expr@")));
  str->qs_append(m_case_expr_id);
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_name_const methods
*****************************************************************************/

double Item_name_const::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  double ret= value_item->val_real();
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return ret;
}


longlong Item_name_const::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  longlong ret= value_item->val_int();
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return ret;
}


String *Item_name_const::val_str(String *sp)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  String *ret= value_item->val_str(sp);
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return ret;
}


my_decimal *Item_name_const::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  my_decimal *val= value_item->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return val;
}


bool Item_name_const::is_null()
{
  return value_item->is_null();
}

Item::Type Item_name_const::type() const
{
  return value_item->type();
}


bool Item_name_const::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **ref)
{
  char buf[128];
  String *item_name;
  String s(buf, sizeof(buf), &my_charset_bin);
  s.length(0);

  if (value_item->fix_fields(thd, &value_item) ||
      name_item->fix_fields(thd, &name_item))
    return TRUE;
  if (!(value_item->const_item() && name_item->const_item()))
    return TRUE;

  if (!(item_name= name_item->val_str(&s)))
    return TRUE; /* Can't have a NULL name */

  set_name(item_name->ptr(), (uint) item_name->length(), system_charset_info);
  max_length= value_item->max_length;
  decimals= value_item->decimals;
  fixed= 1;
  return FALSE;
}


void Item_name_const::print(String *str)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("NAME_CONST("));
  name_item->print(str);
  str->append(',');
  value_item->print(str);
  str->append(')');
}


/*
  Move SUM items out from item tree and replace with reference

  SYNOPSIS
    split_sum_func2()
    thd			Thread handler
    ref_pointer_array	Pointer to array of reference fields
    fields		All fields in select
    ref			Pointer to item
    skip_registered     <=> function be must skipped for registered SUM items

  NOTES
   This is from split_sum_func2() for items that should be split

   All found SUM items are added FIRST in the fields list and
   we replace the item with a reference.

   thd->fatal_error() may be called if we are out of memory
*/


void Item::split_sum_func2(THD *thd, Item **ref_pointer_array,
                           List<Item> &fields, Item **ref, 
                           bool skip_registered)
{
  /* An item of type Item_sum  is registered <=> ref_by != 0 */ 
  if (type() == SUM_FUNC_ITEM && skip_registered && 
      ((Item_sum *) this)->ref_by)
    return;                                                 
  if (type() != SUM_FUNC_ITEM && with_sum_func)
  {
    /* Will split complicated items and ignore simple ones */
    split_sum_func(thd, ref_pointer_array, fields);
  }
  else if ((type() == SUM_FUNC_ITEM || (used_tables() & ~PARAM_TABLE_BIT)) &&
           (type() != REF_ITEM ||
           ((Item_ref*)this)->ref_type() == Item_ref::VIEW_REF))
  {
    /*
      Replace item with a reference so that we can easily calculate
      it (in case of sum functions) or copy it (in case of fields)

      The test above is to ensure we don't do a reference for things
      that are constants (PARAM_TABLE_BIT is in effect a constant)
      or already referenced (for example an item in HAVING)
      Exception is Item_direct_view_ref which we need to convert to
      Item_ref to allow fields from view being stored in tmp table.
    */
    uint el= fields.elements;
    Item *new_item, *real_itm= real_item();

    ref_pointer_array[el]= real_itm;
    if (!(new_item= new Item_ref(&thd->lex->current_select->context,
                                 ref_pointer_array + el, 0, name)))
      return;                                   // fatal_error is set
    fields.push_front(real_itm);
    thd->change_item_tree(ref, new_item);
  }
}


/*
   Aggregate two collations together taking
   into account their coercibility (aka derivation):

   0 == DERIVATION_EXPLICIT  - an explicitly written COLLATE clause
   1 == DERIVATION_NONE      - a mix of two different collations
   2 == DERIVATION_IMPLICIT  - a column
   3 == DERIVATION_COERCIBLE - a string constant

   The most important rules are:

   1. If collations are the same:
      chose this collation, and the strongest derivation.

   2. If collations are different:
     - Character sets may differ, but only if conversion without
       data loss is possible. The caller provides flags whether
       character set conversion attempts should be done. If no
       flags are substituted, then the character sets must be the same.
       Currently processed flags are:
         MY_COLL_ALLOW_SUPERSET_CONV  - allow conversion to a superset
         MY_COLL_ALLOW_COERCIBLE_CONV - allow conversion of a coercible value
     - two EXPLICIT collations produce an error, e.g. this is wrong:
       CONCAT(expr1 collate latin1_swedish_ci, expr2 collate latin1_german_ci)
     - the side with smaller derivation value wins,
       i.e. a column is stronger than a string constant,
       an explicit COLLATE clause is stronger than a column.
     - if derivations are the same, we have DERIVATION_NONE,
       we'll wait for an explicit COLLATE clause which possibly can
       come from another argument later: for example, this is valid,
       but we don't know yet when collecting the first two arguments:
         CONCAT(latin1_swedish_ci_column,
                latin1_german1_ci_column,
                expr COLLATE latin1_german2_ci)
*/
bool DTCollation::aggregate(DTCollation &dt, uint flags)
{
  if (!my_charset_same(collation, dt.collation))
  {
    /* 
       We do allow to use binary strings (like BLOBS)
       together with character strings.
       Binaries have more precedence than a character
       string of the same derivation.
    */
    if (collation == &my_charset_bin)
    {
      if (derivation <= dt.derivation)
	; // Do nothing
      else
      {
	set(dt); 
      }
    }
    else if (dt.collation == &my_charset_bin)
    {
      if (dt.derivation <= derivation)
      {
        set(dt);
      }
      else
       ; // Do nothing
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_SUPERSET_CONV) &&
             collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE &&
             (derivation < dt.derivation ||
             (derivation == dt.derivation &&
             !(dt.collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE))))
    {
      // Do nothing
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_SUPERSET_CONV) &&
             dt.collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE &&
             (dt.derivation < derivation ||
              (dt.derivation == derivation &&
             !(collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE))))
    {
      set(dt);
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_COERCIBLE_CONV) &&
             derivation < dt.derivation &&
             dt.derivation >= DERIVATION_SYSCONST)
    {
      // Do nothing;
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_COERCIBLE_CONV) &&
             dt.derivation < derivation &&
             derivation >= DERIVATION_SYSCONST)
    {
      set(dt);
    }
    else
    {
      // Cannot apply conversion
      set(0, DERIVATION_NONE);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else if (derivation < dt.derivation)
  {
    // Do nothing
  }
  else if (dt.derivation < derivation)
  {
    set(dt);
  }
  else
  { 
    if (collation == dt.collation)
    {
      // Do nothing
    }
    else 
    {
      if (derivation == DERIVATION_EXPLICIT)
      {
	set(0, DERIVATION_NONE);
	return 1;
      }
      if (collation->state & MY_CS_BINSORT)
        return 0;
      if (dt.collation->state & MY_CS_BINSORT)
      {
        set(dt);
        return 0;
      }
      CHARSET_INFO *bin= get_charset_by_csname(collation->csname, 
                                               MY_CS_BINSORT,MYF(0));
      set(bin, DERIVATION_NONE);
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/******************************/
static
void my_coll_agg_error(DTCollation &c1, DTCollation &c2, const char *fname)
{
  my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_2COLLATIONS,MYF(0),
           c1.collation->name,c1.derivation_name(),
           c2.collation->name,c2.derivation_name(),
           fname);
}


static
void my_coll_agg_error(DTCollation &c1, DTCollation &c2, DTCollation &c3,
                       const char *fname)
{
  my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_3COLLATIONS,MYF(0),
  	   c1.collation->name,c1.derivation_name(),
	   c2.collation->name,c2.derivation_name(),
	   c3.collation->name,c3.derivation_name(),
	   fname);
}


static
void my_coll_agg_error(Item** args, uint count, const char *fname,
                       int item_sep)
{
  if (count == 2)
    my_coll_agg_error(args[0]->collation, args[item_sep]->collation, fname);
  else if (count == 3)
    my_coll_agg_error(args[0]->collation, args[item_sep]->collation,
                      args[2*item_sep]->collation, fname);
  else
    my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_NCOLLATIONS,MYF(0),fname);
}


bool agg_item_collations(DTCollation &c, const char *fname,
                         Item **av, uint count, uint flags, int item_sep)
{
  uint i;
  Item **arg;
  c.set(av[0]->collation);
  for (i= 1, arg= &av[item_sep]; i < count; i++, arg++)
  {
    if (c.aggregate((*arg)->collation, flags))
    {
      my_coll_agg_error(av, count, fname, item_sep);
      return TRUE;
    }
  }
  if ((flags & MY_COLL_DISALLOW_NONE) &&
      c.derivation == DERIVATION_NONE)
  {
    my_coll_agg_error(av, count, fname, item_sep);
    return TRUE;
  }
  return FALSE;
}


bool agg_item_collations_for_comparison(DTCollation &c, const char *fname,
                                        Item **av, uint count, uint flags)
{
  return (agg_item_collations(c, fname, av, count,
                              flags | MY_COLL_DISALLOW_NONE, 1));
}


/* 
  Collect arguments' character sets together.
  We allow to apply automatic character set conversion in some cases.
  The conditions when conversion is possible are:
  - arguments A and B have different charsets
  - A wins according to coercibility rules
    (i.e. a column is stronger than a string constant,
     an explicit COLLATE clause is stronger than a column)
  - character set of A is either superset for character set of B,
    or B is a string constant which can be converted into the
    character set of A without data loss.
    
  If all of the above is true, then it's possible to convert
  B into the character set of A, and then compare according
  to the collation of A.
  
  For functions with more than two arguments:

    collect(A,B,C) ::= collect(collect(A,B),C)

  Since this function calls THD::change_item_tree() on the passed Item **
  pointers, it is necessary to pass the original Item **'s, not copies.
  Otherwise their values will not be properly restored (see BUG#20769).
  If the items are not consecutive (eg. args[2] and args[5]), use the
  item_sep argument, ie.

    agg_item_charsets(coll, fname, &args[2], 2, flags, 3)

*/

bool agg_item_charsets(DTCollation &coll, const char *fname,
                       Item **args, uint nargs, uint flags, int item_sep)
{
  Item **arg, *safe_args[2];
  if (agg_item_collations(coll, fname, args, nargs, flags, item_sep))
    return TRUE;

  /*
    For better error reporting: save the first and the second argument.
    We need this only if the the number of args is 3 or 2:
    - for a longer argument list, "Illegal mix of collations"
      doesn't display each argument's characteristics.
    - if nargs is 1, then this error cannot happen.
  */
  if (nargs >=2 && nargs <= 3)
  {
    safe_args[0]= args[0];
    safe_args[1]= args[item_sep];
  }

  THD *thd= current_thd;
  Query_arena *arena, backup;
  bool res= FALSE;
  uint i;
  /*
    In case we're in statement prepare, create conversion item
    in its memory: it will be reused on each execute.
  */
  arena= thd->is_stmt_prepare() ? thd->activate_stmt_arena_if_needed(&backup)
                                : NULL;

  for (i= 0, arg= args; i < nargs; i++, arg+= item_sep)
  {
    Item* conv;
    uint32 dummy_offset;
    if (!String::needs_conversion(0, coll.collation,
                                  (*arg)->collation.collation,
                                  &dummy_offset))
      continue;

    if (!(conv= (*arg)->safe_charset_converter(coll.collation)))
    {
      if (nargs >=2 && nargs <= 3)
      {
        /* restore the original arguments for better error message */
        args[0]= safe_args[0];
        args[item_sep]= safe_args[1];
      }
      my_coll_agg_error(args, nargs, fname, item_sep);
      res= TRUE;
      break; // we cannot return here, we need to restore "arena".
    }
    if ((*arg)->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
      ((Item_field *)(*arg))->no_const_subst= 1;
    /*
      If in statement prepare, then we create a converter for two
      constant items, do it once and then reuse it.
      If we're in execution of a prepared statement, arena is NULL,
      and the conv was created in runtime memory. This can be
      the case only if the argument is a parameter marker ('?'),
      because for all true constants the charset converter has already
      been created in prepare. In this case register the change for
      rollback.
    */
    if (arena)
      *arg= conv;
    else
      thd->change_item_tree(arg, conv);
    /*
      We do not check conv->fixed, because Item_func_conv_charset which can
      be return by safe_charset_converter can't be fixed at creation
    */
    conv->fix_fields(thd, arg);
  }
  if (arena)
    thd->restore_active_arena(arena, &backup);
  return res;
}


void Item_ident_for_show::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  tmp_field->table_name= tmp_field->org_table_name= table_name;
  tmp_field->db_name= db_name;
  tmp_field->col_name= tmp_field->org_col_name= field->field_name;
  tmp_field->charsetnr= field->charset()->number;
  tmp_field->length=field->field_length;
  tmp_field->type=field->type();
  tmp_field->flags= field->table->maybe_null ? 
    (field->flags & ~NOT_NULL_FLAG) : field->flags;
  tmp_field->decimals= 0;
}

/**********************************************/

Item_field::Item_field(Field *f)
  :Item_ident(0, NullS, *f->table_name, f->field_name),
  item_equal(0), no_const_subst(0),
   have_privileges(0), any_privileges(0)
{
  set_field(f);
  /*
    field_name and talbe_name should not point to garbage
    if this item is to be reused
  */
  orig_table_name= orig_field_name= "";
}

Item_field::Item_field(THD *thd, Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                       Field *f)
  :Item_ident(context_arg, f->table->s->db, *f->table_name, f->field_name),
   item_equal(0), no_const_subst(0),
   have_privileges(0), any_privileges(0)
{
  /*
    We always need to provide Item_field with a fully qualified field
    name to avoid ambiguity when executing prepared statements like
    SELECT * from d1.t1, d2.t1; (assuming d1.t1 and d2.t1 have columns
    with same names).
    This is because prepared statements never deal with wildcards in
    select list ('*') and always fix fields using fully specified path
    (i.e. db.table.column).
    No check for OOM: if db_name is NULL, we'll just get
    "Field not found" error.
    We need to copy db_name, table_name and field_name because they must
    be allocated in the statement memory, not in table memory (the table
    structure can go away and pop up again between subsequent executions
    of a prepared statement).
  */
  if (thd->stmt_arena->is_stmt_prepare_or_first_sp_execute())
  {
    if (db_name)
      orig_db_name= thd->strdup(db_name);
    orig_table_name= thd->strdup(table_name);
    orig_field_name= thd->strdup(field_name);
    /*
      We don't restore 'name' in cleanup because it's not changed
      during execution. Still we need it to point to persistent
      memory if this item is to be reused.
    */
    name= (char*) orig_field_name;
  }
  set_field(f);
}


Item_field::Item_field(Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                       const char *db_arg,const char *table_name_arg,
                       const char *field_name_arg)
  :Item_ident(context_arg, db_arg,table_name_arg,field_name_arg),
   field(0), result_field(0), item_equal(0), no_const_subst(0),
   have_privileges(0), any_privileges(0)
{
  collation.set(DERIVATION_IMPLICIT);
}

// Constructor need to process subselect with temporary tables (see Item)
Item_field::Item_field(THD *thd, Item_field *item)
  :Item_ident(thd, item),
   field(item->field),
   result_field(item->result_field),
   item_equal(item->item_equal),
   no_const_subst(item->no_const_subst),
   have_privileges(item->have_privileges),
   any_privileges(item->any_privileges)
{
  collation.set(DERIVATION_IMPLICIT);
}

void Item_field::set_field(Field *field_par)
{
  field=result_field=field_par;			// for easy coding with fields
  maybe_null=field->maybe_null();
  decimals= field->decimals();
  max_length= field_par->max_length();
  table_name= *field_par->table_name;
  field_name= field_par->field_name;
  db_name= field_par->table->s->db;
  alias_name_used= field_par->table->alias_name_used;
  unsigned_flag=test(field_par->flags & UNSIGNED_FLAG);
  collation.set(field_par->charset(), DERIVATION_IMPLICIT);
  fixed= 1;
}


/*
  Reset this item to point to a field from the new temporary table.
  This is used when we create a new temporary table for each execution
  of prepared statement.
*/

void Item_field::reset_field(Field *f)
{
  set_field(f);
  /* 'name' is pointing at field->field_name of old field */
  name= (char*) f->field_name;
}

const char *Item_ident::full_name() const
{
  char *tmp;
  if (!table_name || !field_name)
    return field_name ? field_name : name ? name : "tmp_field";
  if (db_name && db_name[0])
  {
    tmp=(char*) sql_alloc((uint) strlen(db_name)+(uint) strlen(table_name)+
			  (uint) strlen(field_name)+3);
    strxmov(tmp,db_name,".",table_name,".",field_name,NullS);
  }
  else
  {
    if (table_name[0])
    {
      tmp= (char*) sql_alloc((uint) strlen(table_name) +
			     (uint) strlen(field_name) + 2);
      strxmov(tmp, table_name, ".", field_name, NullS);
    }
    else
      tmp= (char*) field_name;
  }
  return tmp;
}

void Item_ident::print(String *str)
{
  THD *thd= current_thd;
  char d_name_buff[MAX_ALIAS_NAME], t_name_buff[MAX_ALIAS_NAME];
  const char *d_name= db_name, *t_name= table_name;
  if (lower_case_table_names== 1 ||
      (lower_case_table_names == 2 && !alias_name_used))
  {
    if (table_name && table_name[0])
    {
      strmov(t_name_buff, table_name);
      my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, t_name_buff);
      t_name= t_name_buff;
    }
    if (db_name && db_name[0])
    {
      strmov(d_name_buff, db_name);
      my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, d_name_buff);
      d_name= d_name_buff;
    }
  }

  if (!table_name || !field_name)
  {
    const char *nm= field_name ? field_name : name ? name : "tmp_field";
    append_identifier(thd, str, nm, (uint) strlen(nm));
    return;
  }
  if (db_name && db_name[0] && !alias_name_used)
  {
    if (!(cached_table && cached_table->belong_to_view &&
          cached_table->belong_to_view->compact_view_format))
    {
      append_identifier(thd, str, d_name, (uint)strlen(d_name));
      str->append('.');
    }
    append_identifier(thd, str, t_name, (uint)strlen(t_name));
    str->append('.');
    append_identifier(thd, str, field_name, (uint)strlen(field_name));
  }
  else
  {
    if (table_name[0])
    {
      append_identifier(thd, str, t_name, (uint) strlen(t_name));
      str->append('.');
      append_identifier(thd, str, field_name, (uint) strlen(field_name));
    }
    else
      append_identifier(thd, str, field_name, (uint) strlen(field_name));
  }
}

/* ARGSUSED */
String *Item_field::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  str->set_charset(str_value.charset());
  return field->val_str(str,&str_value);
}


double Item_field::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()))
    return 0.0;
  return field->val_real();
}


longlong Item_field::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return field->val_int();
}


my_decimal *Item_field::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if ((null_value= field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return field->val_decimal(decimal_value);
}


String *Item_field::str_result(String *str)
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  str->set_charset(str_value.charset());
  return result_field->val_str(str,&str_value);
}

bool Item_field::get_date(TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()) || field->get_date(ltime,fuzzydate))
  {
    bzero((char*) ltime,sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

bool Item_field::get_date_result(TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()) ||
      result_field->get_date(ltime,fuzzydate))
  {
    bzero((char*) ltime,sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

bool Item_field::get_time(TIME *ltime)
{
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()) || field->get_time(ltime))
  {
    bzero((char*) ltime,sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

double Item_field::val_result()
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()))
    return 0.0;
  return result_field->val_real();
}

longlong Item_field::val_int_result()
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return result_field->val_int();
}


my_decimal *Item_field::val_decimal_result(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return result_field->val_decimal(decimal_value);
}


bool Item_field::val_bool_result()
{
  if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
    return FALSE;
  switch (result_field->result_type()) {
  case INT_RESULT:
    return result_field->val_int() != 0;
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *val= result_field->val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    if (val)
      return !my_decimal_is_zero(val);
    return 0;
  }
  case REAL_RESULT:
  case STRING_RESULT:
    return result_field->val_real() != 0.0;
  case ROW_RESULT:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return 0;                                   // Shut up compiler
  }
}


bool Item_field::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (item->type() != FIELD_ITEM)
    return 0;
  
  Item_field *item_field= (Item_field*) item;
  if (item_field->field && field)
    return item_field->field == field;
  /*
    We may come here when we are trying to find a function in a GROUP BY
    clause from the select list.
    In this case the '100 % correct' way to do this would be to first
    run fix_fields() on the GROUP BY item and then retry this function, but
    I think it's better to relax the checking a bit as we will in
    most cases do the correct thing by just checking the field name.
    (In cases where we would choose wrong we would have to generate a
    ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR).
  */
  return (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, item_field->name,
			 field_name) &&
	  (!item_field->table_name || !table_name ||
	   (!my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, item_field->table_name,
			   table_name) &&
	    (!item_field->db_name || !db_name ||
	     (item_field->db_name && !strcmp(item_field->db_name,
					     db_name))))));
}


table_map Item_field::used_tables() const
{
  if (field->table->const_table)
    return 0;					// const item
  return (depended_from ? OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT : field->table->map);
}


Item *Item_field::get_tmp_table_item(THD *thd)
{
  Item_field *new_item= new Item_field(thd, this);
  if (new_item)
    new_item->field= new_item->result_field;
  return new_item;
}


/*
  Create an item from a string we KNOW points to a valid longlong
  end \0 terminated number string.
  This is always 'signed'. Unsigned values are created with Item_uint()
*/

Item_int::Item_int(const char *str_arg, uint length)
{
  char *end_ptr= (char*) str_arg + length;
  int error;
  value= my_strtoll10(str_arg, &end_ptr, &error);
  max_length= (uint) (end_ptr - str_arg);
  name= (char*) str_arg;
  fixed= 1;
}


my_decimal *Item_int::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, unsigned_flag, decimal_value);
  return decimal_value;
}

String *Item_int::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set(value, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}

void Item_int::print(String *str)
{
  // my_charset_bin is good enough for numbers
  str_value.set(value, &my_charset_bin);
  str->append(str_value);
}


Item_uint::Item_uint(const char *str_arg, uint length):
  Item_int(str_arg, length)
{
  unsigned_flag= 1;
}


Item_uint::Item_uint(const char *str_arg, longlong i, uint length):
  Item_int(str_arg, i, length)
{
  unsigned_flag= 1;
}


String *Item_uint::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set((ulonglong) value, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


void Item_uint::print(String *str)
{
  // latin1 is good enough for numbers
  str_value.set((ulonglong) value, default_charset());
  str->append(str_value);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(const char *str_arg, uint length,
                           CHARSET_INFO *charset)
{
  str2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, str_arg, length, charset, &decimal_value);
  name= (char*) str_arg;
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(decimal_value.intg + decimals,
                                             decimals, unsigned_flag);
}

Item_decimal::Item_decimal(longlong val, bool unsig)
{
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, val, unsig, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(decimal_value.intg + decimals,
                                             decimals, unsigned_flag);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(double val, int precision, int scale)
{
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, val, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(decimal_value.intg + decimals,
                                             decimals, unsigned_flag);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(const char *str, const my_decimal *val_arg,
                           uint decimal_par, uint length)
{
  my_decimal2decimal(val_arg, &decimal_value);
  name= (char*) str;
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_par;
  max_length= length;
  fixed= 1;
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(my_decimal *value_par)
{
  my_decimal2decimal(value_par, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(decimal_value.intg + decimals,
                                             decimals, unsigned_flag);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(const char *bin, int precision, int scale)
{
  binary2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, bin,
                    &decimal_value, precision, scale);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(precision, decimals,
                                             unsigned_flag);
}


longlong Item_decimal::val_int()
{
  longlong result;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, unsigned_flag, &result);
  return result;
}

double Item_decimal::val_real()
{
  double result;
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, &result);
  return result;
}

String *Item_decimal::val_str(String *result)
{
  result->set_charset(&my_charset_bin);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, 0, 0, 0, result);
  return result;
}

void Item_decimal::print(String *str)
{
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, 0, 0, 0, &str_value);
  str->append(str_value);
}


bool Item_decimal::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (type() == item->type() && item->basic_const_item())
  {
    /*
      We need to cast off const to call val_decimal(). This should
      be OK for a basic constant. Additionally, we can pass 0 as
      a true decimal constant will return its internal decimal
      storage and ignore the argument.
    */
    Item *arg= (Item*) item;
    my_decimal *value= arg->val_decimal(0);
    return !my_decimal_cmp(&decimal_value, value);
  }
  return 0;
}


void Item_decimal::set_decimal_value(my_decimal *value_par)
{
  my_decimal2decimal(value_par, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  unsigned_flag= !decimal_value.sign();
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(decimal_value.intg + decimals,
                                             decimals, unsigned_flag);
}


String *Item_float::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set(value,decimals,&my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item_float::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}


void Item_string::print(String *str)
{
  str->append('_');
  str->append(collation.collation->csname);
  str->append('\'');
  str_value.print(str);
  str->append('\'');
}


inline bool check_if_only_end_space(CHARSET_INFO *cs, char *str, char *end)
{
  return str+ cs->cset->scan(cs, str, end, MY_SEQ_SPACES) == end;
}


double Item_string::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  int error;
  char *end, *org_end;
  double tmp;
  CHARSET_INFO *cs= str_value.charset();

  org_end= (char*) str_value.ptr() + str_value.length();
  tmp= my_strntod(cs, (char*) str_value.ptr(), str_value.length(), &end,
                  &error);
  if (error || (end != org_end && !check_if_only_end_space(cs, end, org_end)))
  {
    /*
      We can use str_value.ptr() here as Item_string is gurantee to put an
      end \0 here.
    */
    push_warning_printf(current_thd, MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                        ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE,
                        ER(ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE), "DOUBLE",
                        str_value.ptr());
  }
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_string::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  int err;
  longlong tmp;
  char *end= (char*) str_value.ptr()+ str_value.length();
  char *org_end= end;
  CHARSET_INFO *cs= str_value.charset();

  tmp= (*(cs->cset->strtoll10))(cs, str_value.ptr(), &end, &err);
  /*
    TODO: Give error if we wanted a signed integer and we got an unsigned
    one
  */
  if (err > 0 ||
      (end != org_end && !check_if_only_end_space(cs, end, org_end)))
  {
    push_warning_printf(current_thd, MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                        ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE,
                        ER(ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE), "INTEGER",
                        str_value.ptr());
  }
  return tmp;
}


my_decimal *Item_string::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  return val_decimal_from_string(decimal_value);
}


bool Item_null::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{ return item->type() == type(); }


double Item_null::val_real()
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  null_value=1;
  return 0.0;
}
longlong Item_null::val_int()
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  null_value=1;
  return 0;
}
/* ARGSUSED */
String *Item_null::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  null_value=1;
  return 0;
}

my_decimal *Item_null::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  return 0;
}


Item *Item_null::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  collation.set(tocs);
  return this;
}

/*********************** Item_param related ******************************/

/* 
  Default function of Item_param::set_param_func, so in case
  of malformed packet the server won't SIGSEGV
*/

static void
default_set_param_func(Item_param *param,
                       uchar **pos __attribute__((unused)),
                       ulong len __attribute__((unused)))
{
  param->set_null();
}


Item_param::Item_param(unsigned pos_in_query_arg) :
  state(NO_VALUE),
  item_result_type(STRING_RESULT),
  /* Don't pretend to be a literal unless value for this item is set. */
  item_type(PARAM_ITEM),
  param_type(MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR),
  pos_in_query(pos_in_query_arg),
  set_param_func(default_set_param_func)
{
  name= (char*) "?";
  /* 
    Since we can't say whenever this item can be NULL or cannot be NULL
    before mysql_stmt_execute(), so we assuming that it can be NULL until
    value is set.
  */
  maybe_null= 1;
  cnvitem= new Item_string("", 0, &my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  cnvstr.set(cnvbuf, sizeof(cnvbuf), &my_charset_bin);
}


void Item_param::set_null()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_null");
  /* These are cleared after each execution by reset() method */
  null_value= 1;
  /* 
    Because of NULL and string values we need to set max_length for each new
    placeholder value: user can submit NULL for any placeholder type, and 
    string length can be different in each execution.
  */
  max_length= 0;
  decimals= 0;
  state= NULL_VALUE;
  item_type= Item::NULL_ITEM;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

void Item_param::set_int(longlong i, uint32 max_length_arg)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_int");
  value.integer= (longlong) i;
  state= INT_VALUE;
  max_length= max_length_arg;
  decimals= 0;
  maybe_null= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

void Item_param::set_double(double d)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_double");
  value.real= d;
  state= REAL_VALUE;
  max_length= DBL_DIG + 8;
  decimals= NOT_FIXED_DEC;
  maybe_null= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


/*
  Set decimal parameter value from string.

  SYNOPSIS
    set_decimal()
      str    - character string
      length - string length

  NOTE
    as we use character strings to send decimal values in
    binary protocol, we use str2my_decimal to convert it to
    internal decimal value.
*/

void Item_param::set_decimal(const char *str, ulong length)
{
  char *end;
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_decimal");

  end= (char*) str+length;
  str2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, str, &decimal_value, &end);
  state= DECIMAL_VALUE;
  decimals= decimal_value.frac;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(decimal_value.precision(),
                                             decimals, unsigned_flag);
  maybe_null= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


/*
  Set parameter value from TIME value.

  SYNOPSIS
    set_time()
      tm             - datetime value to set (time_type is ignored)
      type           - type of datetime value
      max_length_arg - max length of datetime value as string

  NOTE
    If we value to be stored is not normalized, zero value will be stored
    instead and proper warning will be produced. This function relies on
    the fact that even wrong value sent over binary protocol fits into
    MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH buffer.
*/
void Item_param::set_time(TIME *tm, timestamp_type type, uint32 max_length_arg)
{ 
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_time");

  value.time= *tm;
  value.time.time_type= type;

  if (value.time.year > 9999 || value.time.month > 12 ||
      value.time.day > 31 ||
      type != MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME && value.time.hour > 23 ||
      value.time.minute > 59 || value.time.second > 59)
  {
    char buff[MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH];
    uint length= my_TIME_to_str(&value.time, buff);
    make_truncated_value_warning(current_thd, buff, length, type, 0);
    set_zero_time(&value.time, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_ERROR);
  }

  state= TIME_VALUE;
  maybe_null= 0;
  max_length= max_length_arg;
  decimals= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


bool Item_param::set_str(const char *str, ulong length)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_str");
  /*
    Assign string with no conversion: data is converted only after it's
    been written to the binary log.
  */
  uint dummy_errors;
  if (str_value.copy(str, length, &my_charset_bin, &my_charset_bin,
                     &dummy_errors))
    DBUG_RETURN(TRUE);
  state= STRING_VALUE;
  max_length= length;
  maybe_null= 0;
  /* max_length and decimals are set after charset conversion */
  /* sic: str may be not null-terminated, don't add DBUG_PRINT here */
  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}


bool Item_param::set_longdata(const char *str, ulong length)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_longdata");

  /*
    If client character set is multibyte, end of long data packet
    may hit at the middle of a multibyte character.  Additionally,
    if binary log is open we must write long data value to the
    binary log in character set of client. This is why we can't
    convert long data to connection character set as it comes
    (here), and first have to concatenate all pieces together,
    write query to the binary log and only then perform conversion.
  */
  if (str_value.append(str, length, &my_charset_bin))
    DBUG_RETURN(TRUE);
  state= LONG_DATA_VALUE;
  maybe_null= 0;

  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}


/*
  Set parameter value from user variable value.

  SYNOPSIS
   set_from_user_var
     thd   Current thread
     entry User variable structure (NULL means use NULL value)

  RETURN
    0 OK
    1 Out of memory
*/

bool Item_param::set_from_user_var(THD *thd, const user_var_entry *entry)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_from_user_var");
  if (entry && entry->value)
  {
    item_result_type= entry->type;
    switch (entry->type) {
    case REAL_RESULT:
      set_double(*(double*)entry->value);
      item_type= Item::REAL_ITEM;
      item_result_type= REAL_RESULT;
      break;
    case INT_RESULT:
      set_int(*(longlong*)entry->value, 21);
      item_type= Item::INT_ITEM;
      item_result_type= INT_RESULT;
      break;
    case STRING_RESULT:
    {
      CHARSET_INFO *fromcs= entry->collation.collation;
      CHARSET_INFO *tocs= thd->variables.collation_connection;
      uint32 dummy_offset;

      value.cs_info.character_set_of_placeholder= fromcs;
      /*
        Setup source and destination character sets so that they
        are different only if conversion is necessary: this will
        make later checks easier.
      */
      value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value=
        String::needs_conversion(0, fromcs, tocs, &dummy_offset) ?
        tocs : fromcs;
      /*
        Exact value of max_length is not known unless data is converted to
        charset of connection, so we have to set it later.
      */
      item_type= Item::STRING_ITEM;
      item_result_type= STRING_RESULT;

      if (set_str((const char *)entry->value, entry->length))
        DBUG_RETURN(1);
      break;
    }
    case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    {
      const my_decimal *ent_value= (const my_decimal *)entry->value;
      my_decimal2decimal(ent_value, &decimal_value);
      state= DECIMAL_VALUE;
      decimals= ent_value->frac;
      max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(ent_value->precision(),
                                                 decimals, unsigned_flag);
      break;
    }
    default:
      DBUG_ASSERT(0);
      set_null();
    }
  }
  else
    set_null();

  DBUG_RETURN(0);
}

/*
    Resets parameter after execution.
  
  SYNOPSIS
     Item_param::reset()
 
  NOTES
    We clear null_value here instead of setting it in set_* methods, 
    because we want more easily handle case for long data.
*/

void Item_param::reset()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::reset");
  /* Shrink string buffer if it's bigger than max possible CHAR column */
  if (str_value.alloced_length() > MAX_CHAR_WIDTH)
    str_value.free();
  else
    str_value.length(0);
  str_value_ptr.length(0);
  /*
    We must prevent all charset conversions until data has been written
    to the binary log.
  */
  str_value.set_charset(&my_charset_bin);
  collation.set(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  state= NO_VALUE;
  maybe_null= 1;
  null_value= 0;
  /*
    Don't reset item_type to PARAM_ITEM: it's only needed to guard
    us from item optimizations at prepare stage, when item doesn't yet
    contain a literal of some kind.
    In all other cases when this object is accessed its value is
    set (this assumption is guarded by 'state' and
    DBUG_ASSERTS(state != NO_VALUE) in all Item_param::get_*
    methods).
  */
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


int Item_param::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  field->set_notnull();

  switch (state) {
  case INT_VALUE:
    return field->store(value.integer, unsigned_flag);
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return field->store(value.real);
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    return field->store_decimal(&decimal_value);
  case TIME_VALUE:
    field->store_time(&value.time, value.time.time_type);
    return 0;
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    return field->store(str_value.ptr(), str_value.length(),
                        str_value.charset());
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
  case NO_VALUE:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return 1;
}


bool Item_param::get_time(TIME *res)
{
  if (state == TIME_VALUE)
  {
    *res= value.time;
    return 0;
  }
  /*
    If parameter value isn't supplied assertion will fire in val_str()
    which is called from Item::get_time().
  */
  return Item::get_time(res);
}


bool Item_param::get_date(TIME *res, uint fuzzydate)
{
  if (state == TIME_VALUE)
  {
    *res= value.time;
    return 0;
  }
  return Item::get_date(res, fuzzydate);
}


double Item_param::val_real()
{
  switch (state) {
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return value.real;
  case INT_VALUE:
    return (double) value.integer;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
  {
    double result;
    my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, &result);
    return result;
  }
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
  {
    int dummy_err;
    char *end_not_used;
    return my_strntod(str_value.charset(), (char*) str_value.ptr(),
                      str_value.length(), &end_not_used, &dummy_err);
  }
  case TIME_VALUE:
    /*
      This works for example when user says SELECT ?+0.0 and supplies
      time value for the placeholder.
    */
    return ulonglong2double(TIME_to_ulonglong(&value.time));
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return 0.0;
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return 0.0;
} 


longlong Item_param::val_int() 
{ 
  switch (state) {
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return (longlong) rint(value.real);
  case INT_VALUE:
    return value.integer;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
  {
    longlong i;
    my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, unsigned_flag, &i);
    return i;
  }
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    {
      int dummy_err;
      return my_strntoll(str_value.charset(), str_value.ptr(),
                         str_value.length(), 10, (char**) 0, &dummy_err);
    }
  case TIME_VALUE:
    return (longlong) TIME_to_ulonglong(&value.time);
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return 0; 
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return 0;
}


my_decimal *Item_param::val_decimal(my_decimal *dec)
{
  switch (state) {
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    return &decimal_value;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value.real, dec);
    return dec;
  case INT_VALUE:
    int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value.integer, unsigned_flag, dec);
    return dec;
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    string2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &str_value, dec);
    return dec;
  case TIME_VALUE:
  {
    longlong i= (longlong) TIME_to_ulonglong(&value.time);
    int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, i, 0, dec);
    return dec;
  }
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return 0; 
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return 0;
}


String *Item_param::val_str(String* str) 
{ 
  switch (state) {
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    return &str_value_ptr;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    str->set(value.real, NOT_FIXED_DEC, &my_charset_bin);
    return str;
  case INT_VALUE:
    str->set(value.integer, &my_charset_bin);
    return str;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    if (my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value,
                          0, 0, 0, str) <= 1)
      return str;
    return NULL;
  case TIME_VALUE:
  {
    if (str->reserve(MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH))
      break;
    str->length((uint) my_TIME_to_str(&value.time, (char*) str->ptr()));
    str->set_charset(&my_charset_bin);
    return str;
  }
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return NULL; 
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return str;
}

/*
  Return Param item values in string format, for generating the dynamic 
  query used in update/binary logs
  TODO: change interface and implementation to fill log data in place
  and avoid one more memcpy/alloc between str and log string.
*/

const String *Item_param::query_val_str(String* str) const
{
  switch (state) {
  case INT_VALUE:
    str->set(value.integer, &my_charset_bin);
    break;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    str->set(value.real, NOT_FIXED_DEC, &my_charset_bin);
    break;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    if (my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value,
                          0, 0, 0, str) > 1)
      return &my_null_string;
    break;
  case TIME_VALUE:
    {
      char *buf, *ptr;
      str->length(0);
      /*
        TODO: in case of error we need to notify replication
        that binary log contains wrong statement 
      */
      if (str->reserve(MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH+3))
        break; 

      /* Create date string inplace */
      buf= str->c_ptr_quick();
      ptr= buf;
      *ptr++= '\'';
      ptr+= (uint) my_TIME_to_str(&value.time, ptr);
      *ptr++= '\'';
      str->length((uint32) (ptr - buf));
      break;
    }
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    {
      str->length(0);
      append_query_string(value.cs_info.character_set_client, &str_value, str);
      break;
    }
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return &my_null_string;
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return str;
}


/*
  Convert string from client character set to the character set of
  connection.
*/

bool Item_param::convert_str_value(THD *thd)
{
  bool rc= FALSE;
  if (state == STRING_VALUE || state == LONG_DATA_VALUE)
  {
    /*
      Check is so simple because all charsets were set up properly
      in setup_one_conversion_function, where typecode of
      placeholder was also taken into account: the variables are different
      here only if conversion is really necessary.
    */
    if (value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value !=
        value.cs_info.character_set_of_placeholder)
    {
      rc= thd->convert_string(&str_value,
                              value.cs_info.character_set_of_placeholder,
                              value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value);
    }
    else
      str_value.set_charset(value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value);
    /* Here str_value is guaranteed to be in final_character_set_of_str_value */

    max_length= str_value.length();
    decimals= 0;
    /*
      str_value_ptr is returned from val_str(). It must be not alloced
      to prevent it's modification by val_str() invoker.
    */
    str_value_ptr.set(str_value.ptr(), str_value.length(),
                      str_value.charset());
    /* Synchronize item charset with value charset */
    collation.set(str_value.charset(), DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  }
  return rc;
}


bool Item_param::basic_const_item() const
{
  if (state == NO_VALUE || state == TIME_VALUE)
    return FALSE;
  return TRUE;
}


Item *
Item_param::new_item()
{
  /* see comments in the header file */
  switch (state) {
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return new Item_null(name);
  case INT_VALUE:
    return (unsigned_flag ?
            new Item_uint(name, value.integer, max_length) :
            new Item_int(name, value.integer, max_length));
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return new Item_float(name, value.real, decimals, max_length);
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    return new Item_string(name, str_value.c_ptr_quick(), str_value.length(),
                           str_value.charset());
  case TIME_VALUE:
    break;
  case NO_VALUE:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  };
  return 0;
}


bool
Item_param::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  Item *item;
  if (!basic_const_item() || !arg->basic_const_item() || arg->type() != type())
    return FALSE;
  /*
    We need to cast off const to call val_int(). This should be OK for
    a basic constant.
  */
  item= (Item*) arg;

  switch (state) {
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return TRUE;
  case INT_VALUE:
    return value.integer == item->val_int() &&
           unsigned_flag == item->unsigned_flag;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return value.real == item->val_real();
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    if (binary_cmp)
      return !stringcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value);
    return !sortcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value, collation.collation);
  default:
    break;
  }
  return FALSE;
}

/* End of Item_param related */

void Item_param::print(String *str)
{
  if (state == NO_VALUE)
  {
    str->append('?');
  }
  else
  {
    char buffer[STRING_BUFFER_USUAL_SIZE];
    String tmp(buffer, sizeof(buffer), &my_charset_bin);
    const String *res;
    res= query_val_str(&tmp);
    str->append(*res);
  }
}


/****************************************************************************
  Item_copy_string
****************************************************************************/

void Item_copy_string::copy()
{
  String *res=item->val_str(&str_value);
  if (res && res != &str_value)
    str_value.copy(*res);
  null_value=item->null_value;
}

/* ARGSUSED */
String *Item_copy_string::val_str(String *str)
{
  // Item_copy_string is used without fix_fields call
  if (null_value)
    return (String*) 0;
  return &str_value;
}


my_decimal *Item_copy_string::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  // Item_copy_string is used without fix_fields call
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  string2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &str_value, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}



int Item_copy_string::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(str_value.ptr(),str_value.length(),
		      collation.collation);
}

/*
  Functions to convert item to field (for send_fields)
*/

/* ARGSUSED */
bool Item::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **ref)
{

  // We do not check fields which are fixed during construction
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0 || basic_const_item());
  fixed= 1;
  return FALSE;
}

double Item_ref_null_helper::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  double tmp= (*ref)->val_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref_null_helper::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_int_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


my_decimal *Item_ref_null_helper::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  my_decimal *val= (*ref)->val_decimal_result(decimal_value);
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return val;
}


bool Item_ref_null_helper::val_bool()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  bool val= (*ref)->val_bool_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return val;
}


String* Item_ref_null_helper::val_str(String* s)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  String* tmp= (*ref)->str_result(s);
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_ref_null_helper::get_date(TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{  
  return (owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->get_date(ltime, fuzzydate));
}


/*
  Mark item and SELECT_LEXs as dependent if item was resolved in outer SELECT

  SYNOPSIS
    mark_as_dependent()
    thd - thread handler
    last - select from which current item depend
    current  - current select
    resolved_item - item which was resolved in outer SELECT(for warning)
    mark_item - item which should be marked (can be differ in case of
                substitution)
*/

static void mark_as_dependent(THD *thd, SELECT_LEX *last, SELECT_LEX *current,
                              Item_ident *resolved_item,
                              Item_ident *mark_item)
{
  const char *db_name= (resolved_item->db_name ?
                        resolved_item->db_name : "");
  const char *table_name= (resolved_item->table_name ?
                           resolved_item->table_name : "");
  /* store pointer on SELECT_LEX from which item is dependent */
  if (mark_item)
    mark_item->depended_from= last;
  current->mark_as_dependent(last);
  if (thd->lex->describe & DESCRIBE_EXTENDED)
  {
    char warn_buff[MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE];
    sprintf(warn_buff, ER(ER_WARN_FIELD_RESOLVED),
            db_name, (db_name[0] ? "." : ""),
            table_name, (table_name [0] ? "." : ""),
            resolved_item->field_name,
	    current->select_number, last->select_number);
    push_warning(thd, MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_NOTE,
		 ER_WARN_FIELD_RESOLVED, warn_buff);
  }
}


/*
  Mark range of selects and resolved identifier (field/reference) item as
  dependent

  SYNOPSIS
    mark_select_range_as_dependent()
    thd           - thread handler
    last_select   - select where resolved_item was resolved
    current_sel   - current select (select where resolved_item was placed)
    found_field   - field which was found during resolving
    found_item    - Item which was found during resolving (if resolved
                    identifier belongs to VIEW)
    resolved_item - Identifier which was resolved

  NOTE:
    We have to mark all items between current_sel (including) and
    last_select (excluding) as dependend (select before last_select should
    be marked with actual table mask used by resolved item, all other with
    OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT) and also write dependence information to Item of
    resolved identifier.
*/

void mark_select_range_as_dependent(THD *thd,
                                    SELECT_LEX *last_select,
                                    SELECT_LEX *current_sel,
                                    Field *found_field, Item *found_item,
                                    Item_ident *resolved_item)
{
  /*
    Go from current SELECT to SELECT where field was resolved (it
    have to be reachable from current SELECT, because it was already
    done once when we resolved this field and cached result of
    resolving)
  */
  SELECT_LEX *previous_select= current_sel;
  for (; previous_select->outer_select() != last_select;
       previous_select= previous_select->outer_select())
  {
    Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
      previous_select->master_unit()->item;
    prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT;
    prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
  }
  {
    Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
      previous_select->master_unit()->item;
    Item_ident *dependent= resolved_item;
    if (found_field == view_ref_found)
    {
      Item::Type type= found_item->type();
      prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
        found_item->used_tables();
      dependent= ((type == Item::REF_ITEM || type == Item::FIELD_ITEM) ?
                  (Item_ident*) found_item :
                  0);
    }
    else
      prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
        found_field->table->map;
    prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
    mark_as_dependent(thd, last_select, current_sel, resolved_item,
                      dependent);
  }
}


/*
  Search a GROUP BY clause for a field with a certain name.

  SYNOPSIS
    find_field_in_group_list()
    find_item  the item being searched for
    group_list GROUP BY clause

  DESCRIPTION
    Search the GROUP BY list for a column named as find_item. When searching
    preference is given to columns that are qualified with the same table (and
    database) name as the one being searched for.

  RETURN
    - the found item on success
    - NULL if find_item is not in group_list
*/

static Item** find_field_in_group_list(Item *find_item, ORDER *group_list)
{
  const char *db_name;
  const char *table_name;
  const char *field_name;
  ORDER      *found_group= NULL;
  int         found_match_degree= 0;
  Item_ident *cur_field;
  int         cur_match_degree= 0;
  char        name_buff[NAME_LEN+1];

  if (find_item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM ||
      find_item->type() == Item::REF_ITEM)
  {
    db_name=    ((Item_ident*) find_item)->db_name;
    table_name= ((Item_ident*) find_item)->table_name;
    field_name= ((Item_ident*) find_item)->field_name;
  }
  else
    return NULL;

  if (db_name && lower_case_table_names)
  {
    /* Convert database to lower case for comparison */
    strmake(name_buff, db_name, sizeof(name_buff)-1);
    my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, name_buff);
    db_name= name_buff;
  }

  DBUG_ASSERT(field_name != 0);

  for (ORDER *cur_group= group_list ; cur_group ; cur_group= cur_group->next)
  {
    if ((*(cur_group->item))->real_item()->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
    {
      cur_field= (Item_ident*) *cur_group->item;
      cur_match_degree= 0;
      
      DBUG_ASSERT(cur_field->field_name != 0);

      if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                         cur_field->field_name, field_name))
        ++cur_match_degree;
      else
        continue;

      if (cur_field->table_name && table_name)
      {
        /* If field_name is qualified by a table name. */
        if (strcmp(cur_field->table_name, table_name))
          /* Same field names, different tables. */
          return NULL;

        ++cur_match_degree;
        if (cur_field->db_name && db_name)
        {
          /* If field_name is also qualified by a database name. */
          if (strcmp(cur_field->db_name, db_name))
            /* Same field names, different databases. */
            return NULL;
          ++cur_match_degree;
        }
      }

      if (cur_match_degree > found_match_degree)
      {
        found_match_degree= cur_match_degree;
        found_group= cur_group;
      }
      else if (found_group && (cur_match_degree == found_match_degree) &&
               ! (*(found_group->item))->eq(cur_field, 0))
      {
        /*
          If the current resolve candidate matches equally well as the current
          best match, they must reference the same column, otherwise the field
          is ambiguous.
        */
        my_error(ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR, MYF(0),
                 find_item->full_name(), current_thd->where);
        return NULL;
      }
    }
  }

  if (found_group)
    return found_group->item;
  else
    return NULL;
}


/*
  Resolve a column reference in a sub-select.

  SYNOPSIS
    resolve_ref_in_select_and_group()
    thd     current thread
    ref     column reference being resolved
    select  the sub-select that ref is resolved against

  DESCRIPTION
    Resolve a column reference (usually inside a HAVING clause) against the
    SELECT and GROUP BY clauses of the query described by 'select'. The name
    resolution algorithm searches both the SELECT and GROUP BY clauses, and in
    case of a name conflict prefers GROUP BY column names over SELECT names. If
    both clauses contain different fields with the same names, a warning is
    issued that name of 'ref' is ambiguous. We extend ANSI SQL in that when no
    GROUP BY column is found, then a HAVING name is resolved as a possibly
    derived SELECT column. This extension is allowed only if the
    MODE_ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY sql mode isn't enabled.

  NOTES
    The resolution procedure is:
    - Search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i [in table T_j]
      in the SELECT clause of Q.
    - Search for a column named col_ref_i [in table T_j]
      in the GROUP BY clause of Q.
    - If found different columns with the same name in GROUP BY and SELECT
      - issue a warning and return the GROUP BY column,
      - otherwise
        - if the MODE_ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY mode is enabled return error
        - else return the found SELECT column.


  RETURN
    NULL - there was an error, and the error was already reported
    not_found_item - the item was not resolved, no error was reported
    resolved item - if the item was resolved
*/

static Item**
resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(THD *thd, Item_ident *ref, SELECT_LEX *select)
{
  Item **group_by_ref= NULL;
  Item **select_ref= NULL;
  ORDER *group_list= (ORDER*) select->group_list.first;
  bool ambiguous_fields= FALSE;
  uint counter;
  bool not_used;

  /*
    Search for a column or derived column named as 'ref' in the SELECT
    clause of the current select.
  */
  if (!(select_ref= find_item_in_list(ref, *(select->get_item_list()),
                                      &counter, REPORT_EXCEPT_NOT_FOUND,
                                      &not_used)))
    return NULL; /* Some error occurred. */

  /* If this is a non-aggregated field inside HAVING, search in GROUP BY. */
  if (select->having_fix_field && !ref->with_sum_func && group_list)
  {
    group_by_ref= find_field_in_group_list(ref, group_list);
    
    /* Check if the fields found in SELECT and GROUP BY are the same field. */
    if (group_by_ref && (select_ref != not_found_item) &&
        !((*group_by_ref)->eq(*select_ref, 0)))
    {
      ambiguous_fields= TRUE;
      push_warning_printf(thd, MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_WARN, ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR,
                          ER(ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR), ref->full_name(),
                          current_thd->where);

    }
  }

  if (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY &&
      select_ref != not_found_item && !group_by_ref)
  {
    /*
      Report the error if fields was found only in the SELECT item list and
      the strict mode is enabled.
    */
    my_error(ER_NON_GROUPING_FIELD_USED, MYF(0),
             ref->name, "HAVING");
    return NULL;
  }
  if (select_ref != not_found_item || group_by_ref)
  {
    if (select_ref != not_found_item && !ambiguous_fields)
    {
      DBUG_ASSERT(*select_ref != 0);
      if (!select->ref_pointer_array[counter])
      {
        my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_REFERENCE, MYF(0),
                 ref->name, "forward reference in item list");
        return NULL;
      }
      DBUG_ASSERT((*select_ref)->fixed);
      return (select->ref_pointer_array + counter);
    }
    if (group_by_ref)
      return group_by_ref;
    DBUG_ASSERT(FALSE);
    return NULL; /* So there is no compiler warning. */
  }

  return (Item**) not_found_item;
}


/*
  Resolve the name of an outer select column reference.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_field::fix_outer_field()
    thd        [in]      current thread
    from_field [in/out]  found field reference or (Field*)not_found_field
    reference  [in/out]  view column if this item was resolved to a view column

  DESCRIPTION
    The method resolves the column reference represented by 'this' as a column
    present in outer selects that contain current select.

  NOTES
    This is the inner loop of Item_field::fix_fields:

      for each outer query Q_k beginning from the inner-most one
      {
        search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i
        [in table T_j] in the FROM clause of Q_k;

        if such a column is not found
          Search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i
          [in table T_j] in the SELECT and GROUP clauses of Q_k.
      }

  IMPLEMENTATION
    In prepared statements, because of cache, find_field_in_tables()
    can resolve fields even if they don't belong to current context.
    In this case this method only finds appropriate context and marks
    current select as dependent. The found reference of field should be
    provided in 'from_field'.

  RETURN
     1 - column succefully resolved and fix_fields() should continue.
     0 - column fully fixed and fix_fields() should return FALSE
    -1 - error occured
*/
int
Item_field::fix_outer_field(THD *thd, Field **from_field, Item **reference)
{
  enum_parsing_place place= NO_MATTER;
  bool field_found= (*from_field != not_found_field);
  bool upward_lookup= FALSE;

  /*
    If there are outer contexts (outer selects, but current select is
    not derived table or view) try to resolve this reference in the
    outer contexts.

    We treat each subselect as a separate namespace, so that different
    subselects may contain columns with the same names. The subselects
    are searched starting from the innermost.
  */
  Name_resolution_context *last_checked_context= context;
  Item **ref= (Item **) not_found_item;
  Name_resolution_context *outer_context= context->outer_context;
  for (;
       outer_context;
       outer_context= outer_context->outer_context)
  {
    SELECT_LEX *select= outer_context->select_lex;
    Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
      last_checked_context->select_lex->master_unit()->item;
    last_checked_context= outer_context;
    upward_lookup= TRUE;

    place= prev_subselect_item->parsing_place;
    /*
      If outer_field is set, field was already found by first call
      to find_field_in_tables(). Only need to find appropriate context.
    */
    if (field_found && outer_context->select_lex !=
        cached_table->select_lex)
      continue;
    /*
      In case of a view, find_field_in_tables() writes the pointer to
      the found view field into '*reference', in other words, it
      substitutes this Item_field with the found expression.
    */
    if (field_found || (*from_field= find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                                          outer_context->
                                            first_name_resolution_table,
                                          outer_context->
                                            last_name_resolution_table,
                                          reference,
                                          IGNORE_EXCEPT_NON_UNIQUE,
                                          TRUE, TRUE)) !=
        not_found_field)
    {
      if (*from_field)
      {
        if (*from_field != view_ref_found)
        {
          prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= (*from_field)->table->map;
          prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
          if (thd->lex->in_sum_func &&
              thd->lex->in_sum_func->nest_level == 
              thd->lex->current_select->nest_level)
          {
            Item::Type type= (*reference)->type();
            set_if_bigger(thd->lex->in_sum_func->max_arg_level,
                          select->nest_level);
            set_field(*from_field);
            fixed= 1;
            mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                              context->select_lex, this,
                              ((type == REF_ITEM || type == FIELD_ITEM) ?
                               (Item_ident*) (*reference) : 0));
            return 0;
          }
        }
        else
        {
          Item::Type type= (*reference)->type();
          prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
            (*reference)->used_tables();
          prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&=
            (*reference)->const_item();
          mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                            context->select_lex, this,
                            ((type == REF_ITEM || type == FIELD_ITEM) ?
                             (Item_ident*) (*reference) :
                             0));
          /*
            A reference to a view field had been found and we
            substituted it instead of this Item (find_field_in_tables
            does it by assigning the new value to *reference), so now
            we can return from this function.
          */
          return 0;
        }
      }
      break;
    }

    /* Search in SELECT and GROUP lists of the outer select. */
    if (outer_context->resolve_in_select_list)
    {
      if (!(ref= resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(thd, this, select)))
        return -1; /* Some error occurred (e.g. ambiguous names). */
      if (ref != not_found_item)
      {
        DBUG_ASSERT(*ref && (*ref)->fixed);
        prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= (*ref)->used_tables();
        prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&= (*ref)->const_item();
        break;
      }
    }

    /*
      Reference is not found in this select => this subquery depend on
      outer select (or we just trying to find wrong identifier, in this
      case it does not matter which used tables bits we set)
    */
    prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT;
    prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
  }

  DBUG_ASSERT(ref != 0);
  if (!*from_field)
    return -1;
  if (ref == not_found_item && *from_field == not_found_field)
  {
    if (upward_lookup)
    {
      // We can't say exactly what absent table or field
      my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), full_name(), thd->where);
    }
    else
    {
      /* Call find_field_in_tables only to report the error */
      find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                           context->first_name_resolution_table,
                           context->last_name_resolution_table,
                           reference, REPORT_ALL_ERRORS,
                           !any_privileges &&
                           TRUE, TRUE);
    }
    return -1;
  }
  else if (ref != not_found_item)
  {
    Item *save;
    Item_ref *rf;

    /* Should have been checked in resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(). */
    DBUG_ASSERT(*ref && (*ref)->fixed);
    /*
      Here, a subset of actions performed by Item_ref::set_properties
      is not enough. So we pass ptr to NULL into Item_[direct]_ref
      constructor, so no initialization is performed, and call 
      fix_fields() below.
    */
    save= *ref;
    *ref= NULL;                             // Don't call set_properties()
    rf= (place == IN_HAVING ?
         new Item_ref(context, ref, (char*) table_name,
                      (char*) field_name) :
         new Item_direct_ref(context, ref, (char*) table_name,
                             (char*) field_name));
    *ref= save;
    if (!rf)
      return -1;
    thd->change_item_tree(reference, rf);
    /*
      rf is Item_ref => never substitute other items (in this case)
      during fix_fields() => we can use rf after fix_fields()
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT(!rf->fixed);                // Assured by Item_ref()
    if (rf->fix_fields(thd, reference) || rf->check_cols(1))
      return -1;

    mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                      context->select_lex, this,
                      rf);
    return 0;
  }
  else
  {
    mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                      context->select_lex,
                      this, this);
    if (last_checked_context->select_lex->having_fix_field)
    {
      Item_ref *rf;
      rf= new Item_ref(context,
                       (cached_table->db[0] ? cached_table->db : 0),
                       (char*) cached_table->alias, (char*) field_name);
      if (!rf)
        return -1;
      thd->change_item_tree(reference, rf);
      /*
        rf is Item_ref => never substitute other items (in this case)
        during fix_fields() => we can use rf after fix_fields()
      */
      DBUG_ASSERT(!rf->fixed);                // Assured by Item_ref()
      if (rf->fix_fields(thd, reference) || rf->check_cols(1))
        return -1;
      return 0;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}


/*
  Resolve the name of a column reference.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_field::fix_fields()
    thd       [in]      current thread
    reference [in/out]  view column if this item was resolved to a view column

  DESCRIPTION
    The method resolves the column reference represented by 'this' as a column
    present in one of: FROM clause, SELECT clause, GROUP BY clause of a query
    Q, or in outer queries that contain Q.

  NOTES
    The name resolution algorithm used is (where [T_j] is an optional table
    name that qualifies the column name):

      resolve_column_reference([T_j].col_ref_i)
      {
        search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i
        [in table T_j] in the FROM clause of Q;

        if such a column is NOT found AND    // Lookup in outer queries.
           there are outer queries
        {
          for each outer query Q_k beginning from the inner-most one
          {
            search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i
            [in table T_j] in the FROM clause of Q_k;

            if such a column is not found
              Search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i
              [in table T_j] in the SELECT and GROUP clauses of Q_k.
          }
        }
      }

    Notice that compared to Item_ref::fix_fields, here we first search the FROM
    clause, and then we search the SELECT and GROUP BY clauses.

  RETURN
    TRUE  if error
    FALSE on success
*/

bool Item_field::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);
  if (!field)					// If field is not checked
  {
    Field *from_field= (Field *)not_found_field;
    bool outer_fixed= false;
    /*
      In case of view, find_field_in_tables() write pointer to view field
      expression to 'reference', i.e. it substitute that expression instead
      of this Item_field
    */
    if ((from_field= find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                                          context->first_name_resolution_table,
                                          context->last_name_resolution_table,
                                          reference,
                                          IGNORE_EXCEPT_NON_UNIQUE,
                                          !any_privileges,
                                          TRUE)) ==
	not_found_field)
    {
      int ret;
      /* Look up in current select's item_list to find aliased fields */
      if (thd->lex->current_select->is_item_list_lookup)
      {
        uint counter;
        bool not_used;
        Item** res= find_item_in_list(this, thd->lex->current_select->item_list,
                                      &counter, REPORT_EXCEPT_NOT_FOUND,
                                      &not_used);
        if (res != (Item **)not_found_item && (*res)->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
        {
          set_field((*((Item_field**)res))->field);
          return 0;
        }
      }
      if ((ret= fix_outer_field(thd, &from_field, reference)) < 0)
        goto error;
      else if (!ret)
        return FALSE;
      outer_fixed= TRUE;
    }
    else if (!from_field)
      goto error;

    /*
      if it is not expression from merged VIEW we will set this field.

      We can leave expression substituted from view for next PS/SP rexecution
      (i.e. do not register this substitution for reverting on cleupup()
      (register_item_tree_changing())), because this subtree will be
      fix_field'ed during setup_tables()->setup_underlying() (i.e. before
      all other expressions of query, and references on tables which do
      not present in query will not make problems.

      Also we suppose that view can't be changed during PS/SP life.
    */
    if (from_field == view_ref_found)
      return FALSE;

    if (!outer_fixed && cached_table && cached_table->select_lex &&
          context->select_lex &&
          cached_table->select_lex != context->select_lex)
    {
      int ret;
      if ((ret= fix_outer_field(thd, &from_field, reference)) < 0)
        goto error;
      else if (!ret)
        return FALSE;
    }

    set_field(from_field);
    if (thd->lex->in_sum_func &&
        thd->lex->in_sum_func->nest_level == 
        thd->lex->current_select->nest_level)
      set_if_bigger(thd->lex->in_sum_func->max_arg_level,
                    thd->lex->current_select->nest_level);
  }
  else if (thd->set_query_id && field->query_id != thd->query_id)
  {
    /* We only come here in unions */
    TABLE *table=field->table;
    field->query_id=thd->query_id;
    table->used_fields++;
    table->used_keys.intersect(field->part_of_key);
  }
#ifndef NO_EMBEDDED_ACCESS_CHECKS
  if (any_privileges)
  {
    char *db, *tab;
    if (cached_table->view)
    {
      db= cached_table->view_db.str;
      tab= cached_table->view_name.str;
    }
    else
    {
      db= cached_table->db;
      tab= cached_table->table_name;
    }
    if (!(have_privileges= (get_column_grant(thd, &field->table->grant,
                                             db, tab, field_name) &
                            VIEW_ANY_ACL)))
    {
      my_error(ER_COLUMNACCESS_DENIED_ERROR, MYF(0),
               "ANY", thd->security_ctx->priv_user,
               thd->security_ctx->host_or_ip, field_name, tab);
      goto error;
    }
  }
#endif
  fixed= 1;
  return FALSE;

error:
  context->process_error(thd);
  return TRUE;
}


Item *Item_field::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  no_const_subst= 1;
  return Item::safe_charset_converter(tocs);
}


void Item_field::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_field::cleanup");
  Item_ident::cleanup();
  /*
    Even if this object was created by direct link to field in setup_wild()
    it will be linked correctly next time by name of field and table alias.
    I.e. we can drop 'field'.
   */
  field= result_field= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

/*
  Find a field among specified multiple equalities 

  SYNOPSIS
    find_item_equal()
    cond_equal   reference to list of multiple equalities where
                 the field (this object) is to be looked for
  
  DESCRIPTION
    The function first searches the field among multiple equalities
    of the current level (in the cond_equal->current_level list).
    If it fails, it continues searching in upper levels accessed
    through a pointer cond_equal->upper_levels.
    The search terminates as soon as a multiple equality containing 
    the field is found. 

  RETURN VALUES
    First Item_equal containing the field, if success
    0, otherwise
*/
Item_equal *Item_field::find_item_equal(COND_EQUAL *cond_equal)
{
  Item_equal *item= 0;
  while (cond_equal)
  {
    List_iterator_fast<Item_equal> li(cond_equal->current_level);
    while ((item= li++))
    {
      if (item->contains(field))
        return item;
    }
    /* 
      The field is not found in any of the multiple equalities
      of the current level. Look for it in upper levels
    */
    cond_equal= cond_equal->upper_levels;
  }
  return 0;
}


/*
  Set a pointer to the multiple equality the field reference belongs to
  (if any)
   
  SYNOPSIS
    equal_fields_propagator()
    arg - reference to list of multiple equalities where
          the field (this object) is to be looked for
  
  DESCRIPTION
    The function looks for a multiple equality containing the field item
    among those referenced by arg.
    In the case such equality exists the function does the following.
    If the found multiple equality contains a constant, then the field
    reference is substituted for this constant, otherwise it sets a pointer
    to the multiple equality in the field item.

  NOTES
    This function is supposed to be called as a callback parameter in calls
    of the transform method.  

  RETURN VALUES
    pointer to the replacing constant item, if the field item was substituted 
    pointer to the field item, otherwise.
*/

Item *Item_field::equal_fields_propagator(byte *arg)
{
  if (no_const_subst)
    return this;
  item_equal= find_item_equal((COND_EQUAL *) arg);
  Item *item= 0;
  if (item_equal)
    item= item_equal->get_const();
  /*
    Disable const propagation for items used in different comparison contexts.
    This must be done because, for example, Item_hex_string->val_int() is not
    the same as (Item_hex_string->val_str() in BINARY column)->val_int().
    We cannot simply disable the replacement in a particular context (
    e.g. <bin_col> = <int_col> AND <bin_col> = <hex_string>) since
    Items don't know the context they are in and there are functions like 
    IF (<hex_string>, 'yes', 'no').
    The same problem occurs when comparing a DATE/TIME field with a
    DATE/TIME represented as an int and as a string.
  */
  if (!item ||
      (cmp_context != (Item_result)-1 && item->cmp_context != cmp_context))
    item= this;
  return item;
}


/*
  Mark the item to not be part of substitution if it's not a binary item
  See comments in Arg_comparator::set_compare_func() for details
*/

Item *Item_field::set_no_const_sub(byte *arg)
{
  if (field->charset() != &my_charset_bin)
    no_const_subst=1;
  return this;
}


/*
  Replace an Item_field for an equal Item_field that evaluated earlier
  (if any)
   
  SYNOPSIS
    replace_equal_field_()
    arg - a dummy parameter, is not used here
  
  DESCRIPTION
    The function returns a pointer to an item that is taken from
    the very beginning of the item_equal list which the Item_field
    object refers to (belongs to).  
    If the Item_field object does not refer any Item_equal object
    'this' is returned 

  NOTES
    This function is supposed to be called as a callback parameter in calls
    of the thransformer method.  

  RETURN VALUES
    pointer to a replacement Item_field if there is a better equal item;
    this - otherwise.
*/

Item *Item_field::replace_equal_field(byte *arg)
{
  if (item_equal)
  {
    Item_field *subst= item_equal->get_first();
    if (subst && !field->eq(subst->field))
      return subst;
  }
  return this;
}


void Item::init_make_field(Send_field *tmp_field,
			   enum enum_field_types field_type)
{
  char *empty_name= (char*) "";
  tmp_field->db_name=		empty_name;
  tmp_field->org_table_name=	empty_name;
  tmp_field->org_col_name=	empty_name;
  tmp_field->table_name=	empty_name;
  tmp_field->col_name=		name;
  tmp_field->charsetnr=         collation.collation->number;
  tmp_field->flags=             (maybe_null ? 0 : NOT_NULL_FLAG) | 
                                (my_binary_compare(collation.collation) ?
                                 BINARY_FLAG : 0);
  tmp_field->type=field_type;
  tmp_field->length=max_length;
  tmp_field->decimals=decimals;
  if (unsigned_flag)
    tmp_field->flags |= UNSIGNED_FLAG;
}

void Item::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  init_make_field(tmp_field, field_type());
}


void Item_empty_string::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  enum_field_types type= FIELD_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
  if (max_length >= 16777216)
    type= FIELD_TYPE_LONG_BLOB;
  else if (max_length >= 65536)
    type= FIELD_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB;
  init_make_field(tmp_field, type);
}


enum_field_types Item::field_type() const
{
  switch (result_type()) {
  case STRING_RESULT:  return MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR;
  case INT_RESULT:     return FIELD_TYPE_LONGLONG;
  case DECIMAL_RESULT: return FIELD_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL;
  case REAL_RESULT:    return FIELD_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  case ROW_RESULT:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR;
  }
}


/*
  Create a field to hold a string value from an item

  SYNOPSIS
    make_string_field()
    table		Table for which the field is created

  IMPLEMENTATION
    If max_length > CONVERT_IF_BIGGER_TO_BLOB create a blob
    If max_length > 0 create a varchar
    If max_length == 0 create a CHAR(0) 
*/


Field *Item::make_string_field(TABLE *table)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(collation.collation);
  if (max_length/collation.collation->mbmaxlen > CONVERT_IF_BIGGER_TO_BLOB)
    return new Field_blob(max_length, maybe_null, name, table,
                          collation.collation);
  /* Item_type_holder holds the exact type, do not change it */
  if (max_length > 0 &&
      (type() != Item::TYPE_HOLDER || field_type() != MYSQL_TYPE_STRING))
    return new Field_varstring(max_length, maybe_null, name, table,
                               collation.collation);
  return new Field_string(max_length, maybe_null, name, table,
                          collation.collation);
}


/*
  Create a field based on field_type of argument

  For now, this is only used to create a field for
  IFNULL(x,something)

  RETURN
    0  error
    #  Created field
*/

Field *Item::tmp_table_field_from_field_type(TABLE *table)
{
  /*
    The field functions defines a field to be not null if null_ptr is not 0
  */
  uchar *null_ptr= maybe_null ? (uchar*) "" : 0;

  switch (field_type()) {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
    return new Field_new_decimal((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0,
                                 Field::NONE, name, table, decimals, 0,
                                 unsigned_flag);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
    return new Field_tiny((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			  name, table, 0, unsigned_flag);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:
    return new Field_short((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			   name, table, 0, unsigned_flag);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
    return new Field_long((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			  name, table, 0, unsigned_flag);
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
    return new Field_longlong((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			      name, table, 0, unsigned_flag);
#endif
  case MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT:
    return new Field_float((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			   name, table, decimals, 0, unsigned_flag);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
    return new Field_double((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			    name, table, decimals, 0, unsigned_flag);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
    return new Field_null((char*) 0, max_length, Field::NONE,
			  name, table, &my_charset_bin);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
    return new Field_medium((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			    name, table, 0, unsigned_flag);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
    return new Field_date(maybe_null, name, table, &my_charset_bin);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
    return new Field_time(maybe_null, name, table, &my_charset_bin);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    return new Field_timestamp(maybe_null, name, table, &my_charset_bin);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
    return new Field_datetime(maybe_null, name, table, &my_charset_bin);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR:
    return new Field_year((char*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
			  name, table);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT:
    return new Field_bit_as_char(NULL, max_length, null_ptr, 0,
                                 Field::NONE, name, table);
  default:
    /* This case should never be chosen */
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    /* If something goes awfully wrong, it's better to get a string than die */
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    return make_string_field(table);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
    if (this->type() == Item::TYPE_HOLDER)
      return new Field_blob(max_length, maybe_null, name, table,
                          collation.collation, 1);
    else
      return new Field_blob(max_length, maybe_null, name, table,
                          collation.collation);
    break;					// Blob handled outside of case
  }
}


/* ARGSUSED */
void Item_field::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  field->make_field(tmp_field);
  DBUG_ASSERT(tmp_field->table_name != 0);
  if (name)
    tmp_field->col_name=name;			// Use user supplied name
}


/*
  Set a field:s value from a item
*/

void Item_field::save_org_in_field(Field *to)
{
  if (field->is_null())
  {
    null_value=1;
    set_field_to_null_with_conversions(to, 1);
  }
  else
  {
    to->set_notnull();
    field_conv(to,field);
    null_value=0;
  }
}

int Item_field::save_in_field(Field *to, bool no_conversions)
{
  if (result_field->is_null())
  {
    null_value=1;
    return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(to, no_conversions);
  }
  else
  {
    to->set_notnull();
    field_conv(to,result_field);
    null_value=0;
  }
  return 0;
}


/*
  Store null in field

  SYNOPSIS
    save_in_field()
    field		Field where we want to store NULL

  DESCRIPTION
    This is used on INSERT.
    Allow NULL to be inserted in timestamp and auto_increment values

  RETURN VALUES
    0	 ok
    1	 Field doesn't support NULL values and can't handle 'field = NULL'
*/   

int Item_null::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
}


/*
  Store null in field

  SYNOPSIS
    save_safe_in_field()
    field		Field where we want to store NULL

  RETURN VALUES
    0	 OK
    1	 Field doesn't support NULL values
*/   

int Item_null::save_safe_in_field(Field *field)
{
  return set_field_to_null(field);
}


int Item::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  int error;
  if (result_type() == STRING_RESULT ||
      result_type() == REAL_RESULT &&
      field->result_type() == STRING_RESULT)
  {
    String *result;
    CHARSET_INFO *cs= collation.collation;
    char buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];		// Alloc buffer for small columns
    str_value.set_quick(buff, sizeof(buff), cs);
    result=val_str(&str_value);
    if (null_value)
    {
      str_value.set_quick(0, 0, cs);
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
    }

    /* NOTE: If null_value == FALSE, "result" must be not NULL.  */

    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store(result->ptr(),result->length(),cs);
    str_value.set_quick(0, 0, cs);
  }
  else if (result_type() == REAL_RESULT)
  {
    double nr= val_real();
    if (null_value)
      return set_field_to_null(field);
    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store(nr);
  }
  else if (result_type() == DECIMAL_RESULT)
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *value= val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    if (null_value)
      return set_field_to_null(field);
    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store_decimal(value);
  }
  else
  {
    longlong nr=val_int();
    if (null_value)
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store(nr, unsigned_flag);
  }
  return error;
}


int Item_string::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  String *result;
  result=val_str(&str_value);
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(result->ptr(),result->length(),collation.collation);
}


int Item_uint::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  /* Item_int::save_in_field handles both signed and unsigned. */
  return Item_int::save_in_field(field, no_conversions);
}


int Item_int::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  longlong nr=val_int();
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(nr, unsigned_flag);
}


int Item_decimal::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store_decimal(&decimal_value);
}


bool Item_int::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  /* No need to check for null value as basic constant can't be NULL */
  if (arg->basic_const_item() && arg->type() == type())
  {
    /*
      We need to cast off const to call val_int(). This should be OK for
      a basic constant.
    */
    Item *item= (Item*) arg;
    return item->val_int() == value && item->unsigned_flag == unsigned_flag;
  }
  return FALSE;
}


Item *Item_int_with_ref::new_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(ref->const_item());
  /*
    We need to evaluate the constant to make sure it works with
    parameter markers.
  */
  return (ref->unsigned_flag ?
          new Item_uint(ref->name, ref->val_int(), ref->max_length) :
          new Item_int(ref->name, ref->val_int(), ref->max_length));
}


Item_num *Item_uint::neg()
{
  Item_decimal *item= new Item_decimal(value, 1);
  return item->neg();
}


static uint nr_of_decimals(const char *str, const char *end)
{
  const char *decimal_point;

  /* Find position for '.' */
  for (;;)
  {
    if (str == end)
      return 0;
    if (*str == 'e' || *str == 'E')
      return NOT_FIXED_DEC;    
    if (*str++ == '.')
      break;
  }
  decimal_point= str;
  for (; my_isdigit(system_charset_info, *str) ; str++)
    ;
  if (*str == 'e' || *str == 'E')
    return NOT_FIXED_DEC;
  return (uint) (str - decimal_point);
}


/*
  This function is only called during parsing. We will signal an error if
  value is not a true double value (overflow)
*/

Item_float::Item_float(const char *str_arg, uint length)
{
  int error;
  char *end_not_used;
  value= my_strntod(&my_charset_bin, (char*) str_arg, length, &end_not_used,
                    &error);
  if (error)
  {
    /*
      Note that we depend on that str_arg is null terminated, which is true
      when we are in the parser
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT(str_arg[length] == 0);
    my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_VALUE_FOR_TYPE, MYF(0), "double", (char*) str_arg);
  }
  presentation= name=(char*) str_arg;
  decimals=(uint8) nr_of_decimals(str_arg, str_arg+length);
  max_length=length;
  fixed= 1;
}


int Item_float::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  double nr= val_real();
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(nr);
}


void Item_float::print(String *str)
{
  if (presentation)
  {
    str->append(presentation);
    return;
  }
  char buffer[20];
  String num(buffer, sizeof(buffer), &my_charset_bin);
  num.set(value, decimals, &my_charset_bin);
  str->append(num);
}


/*
  hex item
  In string context this is a binary string.
  In number context this is a longlong value.
*/

bool Item_float::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (arg->basic_const_item() && arg->type() == type())
  {
    /*
      We need to cast off const to call val_int(). This should be OK for
      a basic constant.
    */
    Item *item= (Item*) arg;
    return item->val_real() == value;
  }
  return FALSE;
}


inline uint char_val(char X)
{
  return (uint) (X >= '0' && X <= '9' ? X-'0' :
		 X >= 'A' && X <= 'Z' ? X-'A'+10 :
		 X-'a'+10);
}


Item_hex_string::Item_hex_string(const char *str, uint str_length)
{
  name=(char*) str-2;				// Lex makes this start with 0x
  max_length=(str_length+1)/2;
  char *ptr=(char*) sql_alloc(max_length+1);
  if (!ptr)
    return;
  str_value.set(ptr,max_length,&my_charset_bin);
  char *end=ptr+max_length;
  if (max_length*2 != str_length)
    *ptr++=char_val(*str++);			// Not even, assume 0 prefix
  while (ptr != end)
  {
    *ptr++= (char) (char_val(str[0])*16+char_val(str[1]));
    str+=2;
  }
  *ptr=0;					// Keep purify happy
  collation.set(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  fixed= 1;
  unsigned_flag= 1;
}

longlong Item_hex_string::val_int()
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  char *end=(char*) str_value.ptr()+str_value.length(),
       *ptr=end-min(str_value.length(),sizeof(longlong));

  ulonglong value=0;
  for (; ptr != end ; ptr++)
    value=(value << 8)+ (ulonglong) (uchar) *ptr;
  return (longlong) value;
}


my_decimal *Item_hex_string::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  ulonglong value= (ulonglong)val_int();
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, TRUE, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}


int Item_hex_string::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  int error;
  field->set_notnull();
  if (field->result_type() == STRING_RESULT)
  {
    error=field->store(str_value.ptr(),str_value.length(),collation.collation);
  }
  else
  {
    longlong nr=val_int();
    error=field->store(nr, TRUE);    // Assume hex numbers are unsigned
  }
  return error;
}


bool Item_hex_string::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (arg->basic_const_item() && arg->type() == type())
  {
    if (binary_cmp)
      return !stringcmp(&str_value, &arg->str_value);
    return !sortcmp(&str_value, &arg->str_value, collation.collation);
  }
  return FALSE;
}


Item *Item_hex_string::safe_charset_converter(CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  String tmp, *str= val_str(&tmp);

  if (!(conv= new Item_string(str->ptr(), str->length(), tocs)))
    return NULL;
  conv->str_value.copy();
  conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  return conv;
}


/*
  bin item.
  In string context this is a binary string.
  In number context this is a longlong value.
*/
  
Item_bin_string::Item_bin_string(const char *str, uint str_length)
{
  const char *end= str + str_length - 1;
  uchar bits= 0;
  uint power= 1;

  name= (char*) str - 2;
  max_length= (str_length + 7) >> 3;
  char *ptr= (char*) sql_alloc(max_length + 1);
  if (!ptr)
    return;
  str_value.set(ptr, max_length, &my_charset_bin);
  ptr+= max_length - 1;
  ptr[1]= 0;                     // Set end null for string
  for (; end >= str; end--)
  {
    if (power == 256)
    {
      power= 1;
      *ptr--= bits;
      bits= 0;     
    }
    if (*end == '1')
      bits|= power; 
    power<<= 1;
  }
  *ptr= (char) bits;
  collation.set(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  fixed= 1;
}


/*
  Pack data in buffer for sending
*/

bool Item_null::send(Protocol *protocol, String *packet)
{
  return protocol->store_null();
}

/*
  This is only called from items that is not of type item_field
*/

bool Item::send(Protocol *protocol, String *buffer)
{
  bool result;
  enum_field_types type;
  LINT_INIT(result);                     // Will be set if null_value == 0

  switch ((type=field_type())) {
  default:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
  {
    String *res;
    if ((res=val_str(buffer)))
      result= protocol->store(res->ptr(),res->length(),res->charset());
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_tiny(nr);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_short(nr);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_long(nr);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_longlong(nr, unsigned_flag);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT:
  {
    float nr;
    nr= (float) val_real();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store(nr, decimals, buffer);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
  {
    double nr= val_real();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store(nr, decimals, buffer);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
  {
    TIME tm;
    get_date(&tm, TIME_FUZZY_DATE);
    if (!null_value)
    {
      if (type == MYSQL_TYPE_DATE)
	return protocol->store_date(&tm);
      else
	result= protocol->store(&tm);
    }
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
  {
    TIME tm;
    get_time(&tm);
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_time(&tm);
    break;
  }
  }
  if (null_value)
    result= protocol->store_null();
  return result;
}


bool Item_field::send(Protocol *protocol, String *buffer)
{
  return protocol->store(result_field);
}


Item_ref::Item_ref(Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                   Item **item, const char *table_name_arg,
                   const char *field_name_arg)
  :Item_ident(context_arg, NullS, table_name_arg, field_name_arg),
   result_field(0), ref(item)
{
  /*
    This constructor used to create some internals references over fixed items
  */
  DBUG_ASSERT(ref != 0);
  if (*ref && (*ref)->fixed)
    set_properties();
}


/*
  Resolve the name of a reference to a column reference.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_ref::fix_fields()
    thd       [in]      current thread
    reference [in/out]  view column if this item was resolved to a view column

  DESCRIPTION
    The method resolves the column reference represented by 'this' as a column
    present in one of: GROUP BY clause, SELECT clause, outer queries. It is
    used typically for columns in the HAVING clause which are not under
    aggregate functions.

  NOTES
    The name resolution algorithm used is (where [T_j] is an optional table
    name that qualifies the column name):

      resolve_extended([T_j].col_ref_i)
      {
        Search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i [in table T_j]
        in the SELECT and GROUP clauses of Q.

        if such a column is NOT found AND    // Lookup in outer queries.
           there are outer queries
        {
          for each outer query Q_k beginning from the inner-most one
         {
            Search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i
            [in table T_j] in the SELECT and GROUP clauses of Q_k.

            if such a column is not found AND
               - Q_k is not a group query AND
               - Q_k is not inside an aggregate function
               OR
               - Q_(k-1) is not in a HAVING or SELECT clause of Q_k
            {
              search for a column or derived column named col_ref_i
              [in table T_j] in the FROM clause of Q_k;
            }
          }
        }
      }

    This procedure treats GROUP BY and SELECT clauses as one namespace for
    column references in HAVING. Notice that compared to
    Item_field::fix_fields, here we first search the SELECT and GROUP BY
    clauses, and then we search the FROM clause.

  POSTCONDITION
    Item_ref::ref is 0 or points to a valid item

  RETURN
    TRUE  if error
    FALSE on success
*/

bool Item_ref::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  enum_parsing_place place= NO_MATTER;
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);
  SELECT_LEX *current_sel= thd->lex->current_select;

  if (!ref || ref == not_found_item)
  {
    if (!(ref= resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(thd, this,
                                               context->select_lex)))
      goto error;             /* Some error occurred (e.g. ambiguous names). */

    if (ref == not_found_item) /* This reference was not resolved. */
    {
      Name_resolution_context *last_checked_context= context;
      Name_resolution_context *outer_context= context->outer_context;
      Field *from_field;
      ref= 0;

      if (!outer_context)
      {
        /* The current reference cannot be resolved in this query. */
        my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR,MYF(0),
                 this->full_name(), current_thd->where);
        goto error;
      }

      /*
        If there is an outer context (select), and it is not a derived table
        (which do not support the use of outer fields for now), try to
        resolve this reference in the outer select(s).

        We treat each subselect as a separate namespace, so that different
        subselects may contain columns with the same names. The subselects are
        searched starting from the innermost.
      */
      from_field= (Field*) not_found_field;

      do
      {
        SELECT_LEX *select= outer_context->select_lex;
        Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
          last_checked_context->select_lex->master_unit()->item;
        last_checked_context= outer_context;

        /* Search in the SELECT and GROUP lists of the outer select. */
        if (outer_context->resolve_in_select_list)
        {
          if (!(ref= resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(thd, this, select)))
            goto error; /* Some error occurred (e.g. ambiguous names). */
          if (ref != not_found_item)
          {
            DBUG_ASSERT(*ref && (*ref)->fixed);
            prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= (*ref)->used_tables();
            prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&= (*ref)->const_item();
            break;
          }
          /*
            Set ref to 0 to ensure that we get an error in case we replaced
            this item with another item and still use this item in some
            other place of the parse tree.
          */
          ref= 0;
        }

        place= prev_subselect_item->parsing_place;
        /*
          Check table fields only if the subquery is used somewhere out of
          HAVING or the outer SELECT does not use grouping (i.e. tables are
          accessible).
          TODO:
          Here we could first find the field anyway, and then test this
          condition, so that we can give a better error message -
          ER_WRONG_FIELD_WITH_GROUP, instead of the less informative
          ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR which we produce now.
        */
        if ((place != IN_HAVING ||
             (!select->with_sum_func &&
              select->group_list.elements == 0)))
        {
          /*
            In case of view, find_field_in_tables() write pointer to view
            field expression to 'reference', i.e. it substitute that
            expression instead of this Item_ref
          */
          from_field= find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                                           outer_context->
                                             first_name_resolution_table,
                                           outer_context->
                                             last_name_resolution_table,
                                           reference,
                                           IGNORE_EXCEPT_NON_UNIQUE,
                                           TRUE, TRUE);
          if (! from_field)
            goto error;
          if (from_field == view_ref_found)
          {
            Item::Type type= (*reference)->type();
            prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
              (*reference)->used_tables();
            prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&=
              (*reference)->const_item();
            DBUG_ASSERT((*reference)->type() == REF_ITEM);
            mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                              context->select_lex, this,
                              ((type == REF_ITEM || type == FIELD_ITEM) ?
                               (Item_ident*) (*reference) :
                               0));
            /*
              view reference found, we substituted it instead of this
              Item, so can quit
            */
            return FALSE;
          }
          if (from_field != not_found_field)
          {
            if (cached_table && cached_table->select_lex &&
                outer_context->select_lex &&
                cached_table->select_lex != outer_context->select_lex)
            {
              /*
                Due to cache, find_field_in_tables() can return field which
                doesn't belong to provided outer_context. In this case we have
                to find proper field context in order to fix field correcly.
              */
              do
              {
                outer_context= outer_context->outer_context;
                select= outer_context->select_lex;
                prev_subselect_item=
                  last_checked_context->select_lex->master_unit()->item;
                last_checked_context= outer_context;
              } while (outer_context && outer_context->select_lex &&
                       cached_table->select_lex != outer_context->select_lex);
            }
            prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= from_field->table->map;
            prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
            break;
          }
        }
        DBUG_ASSERT(from_field == not_found_field);

        /* Reference is not found => depend on outer (or just error). */
        prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT;
        prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;

        outer_context= outer_context->outer_context;
      } while (outer_context);

      DBUG_ASSERT(from_field != 0 && from_field != view_ref_found);
      if (from_field != not_found_field)
      {
        Item_field* fld;
        if (!(fld= new Item_field(from_field)))
          goto error;
        thd->change_item_tree(reference, fld);
        mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                          thd->lex->current_select, this, fld);
        return FALSE;
      }
      if (ref == 0)
      {
        /* The item was not a table field and not a reference */
        my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0),
                 this->full_name(), current_thd->where);
        goto error;
      }
      /* Should be checked in resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(). */
      DBUG_ASSERT(*ref && (*ref)->fixed);
      mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                        context->select_lex, this, this);
    }
  }

  DBUG_ASSERT(*ref);
  /*
    Check if this is an incorrect reference in a group function or forward
    reference. Do not issue an error if this is an unnamed reference inside an
    aggregate function.
  */
  if (((*ref)->with_sum_func && name &&
       !(current_sel->linkage != GLOBAL_OPTIONS_TYPE &&
         current_sel->having_fix_field)) ||
      !(*ref)->fixed)
  {
    my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_REFERENCE, MYF(0),
             name, ((*ref)->with_sum_func?
                    "reference to group function":
                    "forward reference in item list"));
    goto error;
  }

  set_properties();

  if ((*ref)->check_cols(1))
    goto error;
  return FALSE;

error:
  context->process_error(thd);
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_ref::set_properties()
{
  max_length= (*ref)->max_length;
  maybe_null= (*ref)->maybe_null;
  decimals=   (*ref)->decimals;
  collation.set((*ref)->collation);
  /*
    We have to remember if we refer to a sum function, to ensure that
    split_sum_func() doesn't try to change the reference.
  */
  with_sum_func= (*ref)->with_sum_func;
  unsigned_flag= (*ref)->unsigned_flag;
  if ((*ref)->type() == FIELD_ITEM)
    alias_name_used= ((Item_ident *) (*ref))->alias_name_used;
  else
    alias_name_used= TRUE; // it is not field, so it is was resolved by alias
  fixed= 1;
}


void Item_ref::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_ref::cleanup");
  Item_ident::cleanup();
  result_field= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


void Item_ref::print(String *str)
{
  if (ref)
  {
    if ((*ref)->type() != Item::CACHE_ITEM && ref_type() != VIEW_REF &&
        name && alias_name_used)
    {
      THD *thd= current_thd;
      append_identifier(thd, str, name, (uint) strlen(name));
    }
    else
      (*ref)->print(str);
  }
  else
    Item_ident::print(str);
}


bool Item_ref::send(Protocol *prot, String *tmp)
{
  if (result_field)
    return prot->store(result_field);
  return (*ref)->send(prot, tmp);
}


double Item_ref::val_result()
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0.0;
    return result_field->val_real();
  }
  return val_real();
}


longlong Item_ref::val_int_result()
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    return result_field->val_int();
  }
  return val_int();
}


String *Item_ref::str_result(String* str)
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    str->set_charset(str_value.charset());
    return result_field->val_str(str, &str_value);
  }
  return val_str(str);
}


my_decimal *Item_ref::val_decimal_result(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    return result_field->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  }
  return val_decimal(decimal_value);
}


bool Item_ref::val_bool_result()
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    switch (result_field->result_type()) {
    case INT_RESULT:
      return result_field->val_int() != 0;
    case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    {
      my_decimal decimal_value;
      my_decimal *val= result_field->val_decimal(&decimal_value);
      if (val)
        return !my_decimal_is_zero(val);
      return 0;
    }
    case REAL_RESULT:
    case STRING_RESULT:
      return result_field->val_real() != 0.0;
    case ROW_RESULT:
    default:
      DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    }
  }
  return val_bool();
}


double Item_ref::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  double tmp=(*ref)->val_result();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  longlong tmp=(*ref)->val_int_result();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_ref::val_bool()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  bool tmp= (*ref)->val_bool_result();
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


String *Item_ref::val_str(String* tmp)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  tmp=(*ref)->str_result(tmp);
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_ref::is_null()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  return (*ref)->is_null();
}


bool Item_ref::get_date(TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  return (null_value=(*ref)->get_date_result(ltime,fuzzydate));
}


my_decimal *Item_ref::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  my_decimal *val= (*ref)->val_decimal_result(decimal_value);
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return val;
}

int Item_ref::save_in_field(Field *to, bool no_conversions)
{
  int res;
  if (result_field)
  {
    if (result_field->is_null())
    {
      null_value= 1;
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(to, no_conversions);
    }
    to->set_notnull();
    field_conv(to, result_field);
    null_value= 0;
    return 0;
  }
  res= (*ref)->save_in_field(to, no_conversions);
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return res;
}


void Item_ref::save_org_in_field(Field *field)
{
  (*ref)->save_org_in_field(field);
}


void Item_ref::make_field(Send_field *field)
{
  (*ref)->make_field(field);
  /* Non-zero in case of a view */
  if (name)
    field->col_name= name;
  if (table_name)
    field->table_name= table_name;
  if (db_name)
    field->db_name= db_name;
}


void Item_ref_null_helper::print(String *str)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<ref_null_helper>("));
  if (ref)
    (*ref)->print(str);
  else
    str->append('?');
  str->append(')');
}


double Item_direct_ref::val_real()
{
  double tmp=(*ref)->val_real();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_direct_ref::val_int()
{
  longlong tmp=(*ref)->val_int();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


String *Item_direct_ref::val_str(String* tmp)
{
  tmp=(*ref)->val_str(tmp);
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


my_decimal *Item_direct_ref::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  my_decimal *tmp= (*ref)->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_direct_ref::val_bool()
{
  bool tmp= (*ref)->val_bool();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_direct_ref::is_null()
{
  return (*ref)->is_null();
}


bool Item_direct_ref::get_date(TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  return (null_value=(*ref)->get_date(ltime,fuzzydate));
}


/*
  Prepare referenced view viewld then call usual Item_direct_ref::fix_fields

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_direct_view_ref::fix_fields()
    thd         thread handler
    reference   reference on reference where this item stored

  RETURN
    FALSE   OK
    TRUE    Error
*/

bool Item_direct_view_ref::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  /* view fild reference must be defined */
  DBUG_ASSERT(*ref);
  /* (*ref)->check_cols() will be made in Item_direct_ref::fix_fields */
  if (!(*ref)->fixed &&
      ((*ref)->fix_fields(thd, ref)))
    return TRUE;
  return Item_direct_ref::fix_fields(thd, reference);
}

/*
  Compare two view column references for equality.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_direct_view_ref::eq()
    item        item to compare with
    binary_cmp  make binary comparison

  DESCRIPTION
    A view column reference is considered equal to another column
    reference if the second one is a view column and if both column
    references resolve to the same item. It is assumed that both
    items are of the same type.

  RETURN
    TRUE    Referenced item is equal to given item
    FALSE   otherwise
*/


bool Item_direct_view_ref::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (item->type() == REF_ITEM)
  {
    Item_ref *item_ref= (Item_ref*) item;
    if (item_ref->ref_type() == VIEW_REF)
    {
      Item *item_ref_ref= *(item_ref->ref);
      DBUG_ASSERT((*ref)->real_item()->type() == 
                  item_ref_ref->real_item()->type());
      return ((*ref)->real_item() == item_ref_ref->real_item());
    }
  }
  return FALSE;
}

bool Item_default_value::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  return item->type() == DEFAULT_VALUE_ITEM && 
    ((Item_default_value *)item)->arg->eq(arg, binary_cmp);
}


bool Item_default_value::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **items)
{
  Item *real_arg;
  Item_field *field_arg;
  Field *def_field;
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);

  if (!arg)
  {
    fixed= 1;
    return FALSE;
  }
  if (!arg->fixed && arg->fix_fields(thd, &arg))
    goto error;


  real_arg= arg->real_item();
  if (real_arg->type() != FIELD_ITEM)
  {
    my_error(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD, MYF(0), arg->name);
    goto error;
  }

  field_arg= (Item_field *)real_arg;
  if (field_arg->field->flags & NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG)
  {
    my_error(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD, MYF(0), field_arg->field->field_name);
    goto error;
  }
  if (!(def_field= (Field*) sql_alloc(field_arg->field->size_of())))
    goto error;
  memcpy(def_field, field_arg->field, field_arg->field->size_of());
  def_field->move_field(def_field->table->s->default_values -
                        def_field->table->record[0]);
  set_field(def_field);
  return FALSE;

error:
  context->process_error(thd);
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_default_value::print(String *str)
{
  if (!arg)
  {
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("default"));
    return;
  }
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("default("));
  arg->print(str);
  str->append(')');
}


int Item_default_value::save_in_field(Field *field_arg, bool no_conversions)
{
  if (!arg)
  {
    if (field_arg->flags & NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG)
    {
      if (context->error_processor == &view_error_processor)
      {
        TABLE_LIST *view= cached_table->top_table();
        push_warning_printf(field_arg->table->in_use,
                            MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                            ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_VIEW_FIELD,
                            ER(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_VIEW_FIELD),
                            view->view_db.str,
                            view->view_name.str);
      }
      else
      {
        push_warning_printf(field_arg->table->in_use,
                            MYSQL_ERROR::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                            ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD,
                            ER(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD),
                            field_arg->field_name);
      }
      return 1;
    }
    field_arg->set_default();
    return 0;
  }
  return Item_field::save_in_field(field_arg, no_conversions);
}


bool Item_insert_value::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  return item->type() == INSERT_VALUE_ITEM &&
    ((Item_default_value *)item)->arg->eq(arg, binary_cmp);
}


bool Item_insert_value::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **items)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);
  /* We should only check that arg is in first table */
  if (!arg->fixed)
  {
    bool res;
    st_table_list *orig_next_table= context->last_name_resolution_table;
    context->last_name_resolution_table= context->first_name_resolution_table;
    res= arg->fix_fields(thd, &arg);
    context->last_name_resolution_table= orig_next_table;
    if (res)
      return TRUE;
  }

  if (arg->type() == REF_ITEM)
  {
    Item_ref *ref= (Item_ref *)arg;
    if (ref->ref[0]->type() != FIELD_ITEM)
    {
      my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), "", "VALUES() function");
      return TRUE;
    }
    arg= ref->ref[0];
  }
  /*
    According to our SQL grammar, VALUES() function can reference
    only to a column.
  */
  DBUG_ASSERT(arg->type() == FIELD_ITEM);

  Item_field *field_arg= (Item_field *)arg;

  if (field_arg->field->table->insert_values)
  {
    Field *def_field= (Field*) sql_alloc(field_arg->field->size_of());
    if (!def_field)
      return TRUE;
    memcpy(def_field, field_arg->field, field_arg->field->size_of());
    def_field->move_field(def_field->table->insert_values -
                          def_field->table->record[0]);
    set_field(def_field);
  }
  else
  {
    Field *tmp_field= field_arg->field;
    /* charset doesn't matter here, it's to avoid sigsegv only */
    set_field(new Field_null(0, 0, Field::NONE, tmp_field->field_name,
			     tmp_field->table, &my_charset_bin));
  }
  return FALSE;
}

void Item_insert_value::print(String *str)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("values("));
  arg->print(str);
  str->append(')');
}


/*
  Find index of Field object which will be appropriate for item
  representing field of row being changed in trigger.

  SYNOPSIS
    setup_field()
      thd   - current thread context
      table - table of trigger (and where we looking for fields)
      table_grant_info - GRANT_INFO of the subject table

  NOTE
    This function does almost the same as fix_fields() for Item_field
    but is invoked right after trigger definition parsing. Since at
    this stage we can't say exactly what Field object (corresponding
    to TABLE::record[0] or TABLE::record[1]) should be bound to this
    Item, we only find out index of the Field and then select concrete
    Field object in fix_fields() (by that time Table_trigger_list::old_field/
    new_field should point to proper array of Fields).
    It also binds Item_trigger_field to Table_triggers_list object for
    table of trigger which uses this item.
*/

void Item_trigger_field::setup_field(THD *thd, TABLE *table,
                                     GRANT_INFO *table_grant_info)
{
  /*
    There is no sense in marking fields used by trigger with current value
    of THD::query_id since it is completely unrelated to the THD::query_id
    value for statements which will invoke trigger. So instead we use
    Table_triggers_list::mark_fields_used() method which is called during
    execution of these statements.
  */
  bool save_set_query_id= thd->set_query_id;
  thd->set_query_id= 0;
  /*
    Try to find field by its name and if it will be found
    set field_idx properly.
  */
  (void)find_field_in_table(thd, table, field_name, (uint) strlen(field_name),
                            0, &field_idx);
  thd->set_query_id= save_set_query_id;
  triggers= table->triggers;
  table_grants= table_grant_info;
}


bool Item_trigger_field::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  return item->type() == TRIGGER_FIELD_ITEM &&
         row_version == ((Item_trigger_field *)item)->row_version &&
         !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field_name,
                        ((Item_trigger_field *)item)->field_name);
}


void Item_trigger_field::set_required_privilege(bool rw)
{
  /*
    Require SELECT and UPDATE privilege if this field will be read and
    set, and only UPDATE privilege for setting the field.
  */
  want_privilege= (rw ? SELECT_ACL | UPDATE_ACL : UPDATE_ACL);
}


bool Item_trigger_field::set_value(THD *thd, sp_rcontext */*ctx*/, Item **it)
{
  Item *item= sp_prepare_func_item(thd, it);

  return (!item || (!fixed && fix_fields(thd, 0)) ||
          (item->save_in_field(field, 0) < 0));
}


bool Item_trigger_field::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **items)
{
  /*
    Since trigger is object tightly associated with TABLE object most
    of its set up can be performed during trigger loading i.e. trigger
    parsing! So we have little to do in fix_fields. :)
  */

  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);

  /* Set field. */

  if (field_idx != (uint)-1)
  {
#ifndef NO_EMBEDDED_ACCESS_CHECKS
    /*
      Check access privileges for the subject table. We check privileges only
      in runtime.
    */

    if (table_grants)
    {
      table_grants->want_privilege= want_privilege;

      if (check_grant_column(thd, table_grants, triggers->table->s->db,
                             triggers->table->s->table_name, field_name,
                             strlen(field_name), thd->security_ctx))
        return TRUE;
    }
#endif // NO_EMBEDDED_ACCESS_CHECKS

    field= (row_version == OLD_ROW) ? triggers->old_field[field_idx] :
                                      triggers->new_field[field_idx];
    set_field(field);
    fixed= 1;
    return FALSE;
  }

  my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), field_name,
           (row_version == NEW_ROW) ? "NEW" : "OLD");
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_trigger_field::print(String *str)
{
  str->append((row_version == NEW_ROW) ? "NEW" : "OLD", 3);
  str->append('.');
  str->append(field_name);
}


void Item_trigger_field::cleanup()
{
  want_privilege= original_privilege;
  /*
    Since special nature of Item_trigger_field we should not do most of
    things from Item_field::cleanup() or Item_ident::cleanup() here.
  */
  Item::cleanup();
}


/*
  If item is a const function, calculate it and return a const item
  The original item is freed if not returned
*/

Item_result item_cmp_type(Item_result a,Item_result b)
{
  if (a == STRING_RESULT && b == STRING_RESULT)
    return STRING_RESULT;
  if (a == INT_RESULT && b == INT_RESULT)
    return INT_RESULT;
  else if (a == ROW_RESULT || b == ROW_RESULT)
    return ROW_RESULT;
  if ((a == INT_RESULT || a == DECIMAL_RESULT) &&
      (b == INT_RESULT || b == DECIMAL_RESULT))
    return DECIMAL_RESULT;
  return REAL_RESULT;
}


void resolve_const_item(THD *thd, Item **ref, Item *comp_item)
{
  Item *item= *ref;
  Item *new_item= NULL;
  if (item->basic_const_item())
    return;                                     // Can't be better
  Item_result res_type=item_cmp_type(comp_item->result_type(),
				     item->result_type());
  char *name=item->name;			// Alloced by sql_alloc

  switch (res_type) {
  case STRING_RESULT:
  {
    char buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];
    String tmp(buff,sizeof(buff),&my_charset_bin),*result;
    result=item->val_str(&tmp);
    if (item->null_value)
      new_item= new Item_null(name);
    else
    {
      uint length= result->length();
      char *tmp_str= sql_strmake(result->ptr(), length);
      new_item= new Item_string(name, tmp_str, length, result->charset());
    }
    break;
  }
  case INT_RESULT:
  {
    longlong result=item->val_int();
    uint length=item->max_length;
    bool null_value=item->null_value;
    new_item= (null_value ? (Item*) new Item_null(name) :
               (Item*) new Item_int(name, result, length));
    break;
  }
  case ROW_RESULT:
  if (item->type() == Item::ROW_ITEM && comp_item->type() == Item::ROW_ITEM)
  {
    /*
      Substitute constants only in Item_rows. Don't affect other Items
      with ROW_RESULT (eg Item_singlerow_subselect).

      For such Items more optimal is to detect if it is constant and replace
      it with Item_row. This would optimize queries like this:
      SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (a,b) = (SELECT a,b FROM t2 LIMIT 1);
    */
    Item_row *item_row= (Item_row*) item;
    Item_row *comp_item_row= (Item_row*) comp_item;
    uint col;
    new_item= 0;
    /*
      If item and comp_item are both Item_rows and have same number of cols
      then process items in Item_row one by one.
      We can't ignore NULL values here as this item may be used with <=>, in
      which case NULL's are significant.
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT(item->result_type() == comp_item->result_type());
    DBUG_ASSERT(item_row->cols() == comp_item_row->cols());
    col= item_row->cols();
    while (col-- > 0)
      resolve_const_item(thd, item_row->addr(col), comp_item_row->el(col));
    break;
  }
  /* Fallthrough */
  case REAL_RESULT:
  {						// It must REAL_RESULT
    double result= item->val_real();
    uint length=item->max_length,decimals=item->decimals;
    bool null_value=item->null_value;
    new_item= (null_value ? (Item*) new Item_null(name) : (Item*)
               new Item_float(name, result, decimals, length));
    break;
  }
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *result= item->val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    uint length= item->max_length, decimals= item->decimals;
    bool null_value= item->null_value;
    new_item= (null_value ?
               (Item*) new Item_null(name) :
               (Item*) new Item_decimal(name, result, length, decimals));
    break;
  }
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  if (new_item)
    thd->change_item_tree(ref, new_item);
}

/*
  Return true if the value stored in the field is equal to the const item
  We need to use this on the range optimizer because in some cases
  we can't store the value in the field without some precision/character loss.
*/

bool field_is_equal_to_item(Field *field,Item *item)
{

  Item_result res_type=item_cmp_type(field->result_type(),
				     item->result_type());
  if (res_type == STRING_RESULT)
  {
    char item_buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];
    char field_buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];
    String item_tmp(item_buff,sizeof(item_buff),&my_charset_bin),*item_result;
    String field_tmp(field_buff,sizeof(field_buff),&my_charset_bin);
    item_result=item->val_str(&item_tmp);
    if (item->null_value)
      return 1;					// This must be true
    field->val_str(&field_tmp);
    return !stringcmp(&field_tmp,item_result);
  }
  if (res_type == INT_RESULT)
    return 1;					// Both where of type int
  if (res_type == DECIMAL_RESULT)
  {
    my_decimal item_buf, *item_val,
               field_buf, *field_val;
    item_val= item->val_decimal(&item_buf);
    if (item->null_value)
      return 1;					// This must be true
    field_val= field->val_decimal(&field_buf);
    return !my_decimal_cmp(item_val, field_val);
  }
  double result= item->val_real();
  if (item->null_value)
    return 1;
  return result == field->val_real();
}

Item_cache* Item_cache::get_cache(Item_result type)
{
  switch (type) {
  case INT_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_int();
  case REAL_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_real();
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_decimal();
  case STRING_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_str();
  case ROW_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_row();
  default:
    // should never be in real life
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return 0;
  }
}


void Item_cache::print(String *str)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<cache>("));
  if (example)
    example->print(str);
  else
    Item::print(str);
  str->append(')');
}


void Item_cache_int::store(Item *item)
{
  value= item->val_int_result();
  null_value= item->null_value;
  unsigned_flag= item->unsigned_flag;
}


String *Item_cache_int::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set(value, default_charset());
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item_cache_int::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, unsigned_flag, decimal_val);
  return decimal_val;
}


void Item_cache_real::store(Item *item)
{
  value= item->val_result();
  null_value= item->null_value;
}


longlong Item_cache_real::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  return (longlong) rint(value);
}


String* Item_cache_real::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set(value, decimals, default_charset());
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item_cache_real::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, decimal_val);
  return decimal_val;
}


void Item_cache_decimal::store(Item *item)
{
  my_decimal *val= item->val_decimal_result(&decimal_value);
  if (!(null_value= item->null_value) && val != &decimal_value)
    my_decimal2decimal(val, &decimal_value);
}

double Item_cache_decimal::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  double res;
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, &res);
  return res;
}

longlong Item_cache_decimal::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  longlong res;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, unsigned_flag, &res);
  return res;
}

String* Item_cache_decimal::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  my_decimal_round(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, decimals, FALSE,
                   &decimal_value);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, 0, 0, 0, str);
  return str;
}

my_decimal *Item_cache_decimal::val_decimal(my_decimal *val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  return &decimal_value;
}


void Item_cache_str::store(Item *item)
{
  value_buff.set(buffer, sizeof(buffer), item->collation.collation);
  value= item->str_result(&value_buff);
  if ((null_value= item->null_value))
    value= 0;
  else if (value != &value_buff)
  {
    /*
      We copy string value to avoid changing value if 'item' is table field
      in queries like following (where t1.c is varchar):
      select a, 
             (select a,b,c from t1 where t1.a=t2.a) = ROW(a,2,'a'),
             (select c from t1 where a=t2.a)
        from t2;
    */
    value_buff.copy(*value);
    value= &value_buff;
  }
}

double Item_cache_str::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  int err_not_used;
  char *end_not_used;
  if (value)
    return my_strntod(value->charset(), (char*) value->ptr(),
		      value->length(), &end_not_used, &err_not_used);
  return (double) 0;
}


longlong Item_cache_str::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  int err;
  if (value)
    return my_strntoll(value->charset(), value->ptr(),
		       value->length(), 10, (char**) 0, &err);
  else
    return (longlong)0;
}

my_decimal *Item_cache_str::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (value)
    string2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, decimal_val);
  else
    decimal_val= 0;
  return decimal_val;
}


bool Item_cache_row::allocate(uint num)
{
  item_count= num;
  THD *thd= current_thd;
  return (!(values= 
	    (Item_cache **) thd->calloc(sizeof(Item_cache *)*item_count)));
}


bool Item_cache_row::setup(Item * item)
{
  example= item;
  if (!values && allocate(item->cols()))
    return 1;
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
  {
    Item *el= item->el(i);
    Item_cache *tmp;
    if (!(tmp= values[i]= Item_cache::get_cache(el->result_type())))
      return 1;
    tmp->setup(el);
  }
  return 0;
}


void Item_cache_row::store(Item * item)
{
  null_value= 0;
  item->bring_value();
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
  {
    values[i]->store(item->el(i));
    null_value|= values[i]->null_value;
  }
}


void Item_cache_row::illegal_method_call(const char *method)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_cache_row::illegal_method_call");
  DBUG_PRINT("error", ("!!! %s method was called for row item", method));
  DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), 1);
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


bool Item_cache_row::check_cols(uint c)
{
  if (c != item_count)
  {
    my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), c);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}


bool Item_cache_row::null_inside()
{
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
  {
    if (values[i]->cols() > 1)
    {
      if (values[i]->null_inside())
	return 1;
    }
    else
    {
      values[i]->val_int();
      if (values[i]->null_value)
	return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}


void Item_cache_row::bring_value()
{
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
    values[i]->bring_value();
  return;
}


Item_type_holder::Item_type_holder(THD *thd, Item *item)
  :Item(thd, item), enum_set_typelib(0), fld_type(get_real_type(item))
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(item->fixed);

  max_length= display_length(item);
  maybe_null= item->maybe_null;
  collation.set(item->collation);
  get_full_info(item);
  /* fix variable decimals which always is NOT_FIXED_DEC */
  if (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type) == INT_RESULT)
    decimals= 0;
  prev_decimal_int_part= item->decimal_int_part();
}


/*
  Return expression type of Item_type_holder

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_type_holder::result_type()

  RETURN
     Item_result (type of internal MySQL expression result)
*/

Item_result Item_type_holder::result_type() const
{
  return Field::result_merge_type(fld_type);
}


/*
  Find real field type of item

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_type_holder::get_real_type()

  RETURN
    type of field which should be created to store item value
*/

enum_field_types Item_type_holder::get_real_type(Item *item)
{
  switch(item->type())
  {
  case FIELD_ITEM:
  {
    /*
      Item_fields::field_type ask Field_type() but sometimes field return
      a different type, like for enum/set, so we need to ask real type.
    */
    Field *field= ((Item_field *) item)->field;
    enum_field_types type= field->real_type();
    /* work around about varchar type field detection */
    if (type == MYSQL_TYPE_STRING && field->type() == MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING)
      return MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
    return type;
  }
  case SUM_FUNC_ITEM:
  {
    /*
      Argument of aggregate function sometimes should be asked about field
      type
    */
    Item_sum *item_sum= (Item_sum *) item;
    if (item_sum->keep_field_type())
      return get_real_type(item_sum->args[0]);
    break;
  }
  case FUNC_ITEM:
    if (((Item_func *) item)->functype() == Item_func::GUSERVAR_FUNC)
    {
      /*
        There are work around of problem with changing variable type on the
        fly and variable always report "string" as field type to get
        acceptable information for client in send_field, so we make field
        type from expression type.
      */
      switch (item->result_type()) {
      case STRING_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
      case INT_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG;
      case REAL_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE;
      case DECIMAL_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL;
      case ROW_RESULT:
      default:
        DBUG_ASSERT(0);
        return MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
      }
    }
    break;
  default:
    break;
  }
  return item->field_type();
}

/*
  Find field type which can carry current Item_type_holder type and
  type of given Item.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_type_holder::join_types()
    thd     thread handler
    item    given item to join its parameters with this item ones

  RETURN
    TRUE   error - types are incompatible
    FALSE  OK
*/

bool Item_type_holder::join_types(THD *thd, Item *item)
{
  uint max_length_orig= max_length;
  uint decimals_orig= decimals;
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_type_holder::join_types");
  DBUG_PRINT("info:", ("was type %d len %d, dec %d name %s",
                       fld_type, max_length, decimals,
                       (name ? name : "<NULL>")));
  DBUG_PRINT("info:", ("in type %d len %d, dec %d",
                       get_real_type(item),
                       item->max_length, item->decimals));
  fld_type= Field::field_type_merge(fld_type, get_real_type(item));
  {
    int item_decimals= item->decimals;
    /* fix variable decimals which always is NOT_FIXED_DEC */
    if (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type) == INT_RESULT)
      item_decimals= 0;
    decimals= max(decimals, item_decimals);
  }
  if (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type) == DECIMAL_RESULT)
  {
    decimals= min(max(decimals, item->decimals), DECIMAL_MAX_SCALE);
    int precision= min(max(prev_decimal_int_part, item->decimal_int_part())
                       + decimals, DECIMAL_MAX_PRECISION);
    unsigned_flag&= item->unsigned_flag;
    max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(precision, decimals,
                                               unsigned_flag);
  }

  switch (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type))
  {
  case STRING_RESULT:
  {
    const char *old_cs, *old_derivation;
    uint32 old_max_chars= max_length / collation.collation->mbmaxlen;
    old_cs= collation.collation->name;
    old_derivation= collation.derivation_name();
    if (collation.aggregate(item->collation, MY_COLL_ALLOW_CONV))
    {
      my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_2COLLATIONS, MYF(0),
	       old_cs, old_derivation,
	       item->collation.collation->name,
	       item->collation.derivation_name(),
	       "UNION");
      DBUG_RETURN(TRUE);
    }
    /*
      To figure out max_length, we have to take into account possible
      expansion of the size of the values because of character set
      conversions.
     */
    max_length= max(old_max_chars * collation.collation->mbmaxlen,
                    display_length(item) / item->collation.collation->mbmaxlen *
                    collation.collation->mbmaxlen);
    break;
  }
  case REAL_RESULT:
  {
    if (decimals != NOT_FIXED_DEC)
    {
      int delta1= max_length_orig - decimals_orig;
      int delta2= item->max_length - item->decimals;
      if (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL)
        max_length= max(delta1, delta2) + decimals;
      else
        max_length= min(max(delta1, delta2) + decimals,
                        (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT) ? FLT_DIG+6 : DBL_DIG+7);
    }
    else
      max_length= (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT) ? FLT_DIG+6 : DBL_DIG+7;
    break;
  }
  default:
    max_length= max(max_length, display_length(item));
  };
  maybe_null|= item->maybe_null;
  get_full_info(item);

  /* Remember decimal integer part to be used in DECIMAL_RESULT handleng */
  prev_decimal_int_part= decimal_int_part();
  DBUG_PRINT("info", ("become type: %d  len: %u  dec: %u",
                      (int) fld_type, max_length, (uint) decimals));
  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}

/*
  Calculate lenth for merging result for given Item type

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_type_holder::real_length()
    item  Item for lrngth detection

  RETURN
    length
*/

uint32 Item_type_holder::display_length(Item *item)
{
  if (item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
    return ((Item_field *)item)->max_disp_length();

  switch (item->field_type())
  {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
    return item->max_length;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
    return 4;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:
    return 6;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
    return 11;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT:
    return 25;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
    return 53;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
    return 0;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
    return 20;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
    return 8;
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0); // we should never go there
    return 0;
  }
}


/*
  Make temporary table field according collected information about type
  of UNION result

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_type_holder::make_field_by_type()
    table  temporary table for which we create fields

  RETURN
    created field
*/

Field *Item_type_holder::make_field_by_type(TABLE *table)
{
  /*
    The field functions defines a field to be not null if null_ptr is not 0
  */
  uchar *null_ptr= maybe_null ? (uchar*) "" : 0;
  switch (fld_type)
  {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
    DBUG_ASSERT(enum_set_typelib);
    return new Field_enum((char *) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0,
                          Field::NONE, name,
                          table, get_enum_pack_length(enum_set_typelib->count),
                          enum_set_typelib, collation.collation);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
    DBUG_ASSERT(enum_set_typelib);
    return new Field_set((char *) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0,
                         Field::NONE, name,
                         table, get_set_pack_length(enum_set_typelib->count),
                         enum_set_typelib, collation.collation);
  default:
    break;
  }
  return tmp_table_field_from_field_type(table);
}


/*
  Get full information from Item about enum/set fields to be able to create
  them later

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_type_holder::get_full_info
    item    Item for information collection
*/
void Item_type_holder::get_full_info(Item *item)
{
  if (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM ||
      fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_SET)
  {
    if (item->type() == Item::SUM_FUNC_ITEM &&
        (((Item_sum*)item)->sum_func() == Item_sum::MAX_FUNC ||
         ((Item_sum*)item)->sum_func() == Item_sum::MIN_FUNC))
      item = ((Item_sum*)item)->args[0];
    /*
      We can have enum/set type after merging only if we have one enum|set
      field (or MIN|MAX(enum|set field)) and number of NULL fields
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT((enum_set_typelib &&
                 get_real_type(item) == MYSQL_TYPE_NULL) ||
                (!enum_set_typelib &&
                 item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM &&
                 (get_real_type(item) == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM ||
                  get_real_type(item) == MYSQL_TYPE_SET) &&
                 ((Field_enum*)((Item_field *) item)->field)->typelib));
    if (!enum_set_typelib)
    {
      enum_set_typelib= ((Field_enum*)((Item_field *) item)->field)->typelib;
    }
  }
}


double Item_type_holder::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0.0;
}


longlong Item_type_holder::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0;
}

my_decimal *Item_type_holder::val_decimal(my_decimal *)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0;
}

String *Item_type_holder::val_str(String*)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0;
}

void Item_result_field::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_result_field::cleanup()");
  Item::cleanup();
  result_field= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

/*
  Dummy error processor used by default by Name_resolution_context

  SYNOPSIS
    dummy_error_processor()

  NOTE
    do nothing
*/

void dummy_error_processor(THD *thd, void *data)
{}

/*
  Wrapper of hide_view_error call for Name_resolution_context error processor

  SYNOPSIS
    view_error_processor()

  NOTE
    hide view underlying tables details in error messages
*/

void view_error_processor(THD *thd, void *data)
{
  ((TABLE_LIST *)data)->hide_view_error(thd);
}

/*****************************************************************************
** Instantiate templates
*****************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_EXPLICIT_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION
template class List<Item>;
template class List_iterator<Item>;
template class List_iterator_fast<Item>;
template class List_iterator_fast<Item_field>;
template class List<List_item>;
#endif