/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !32

This patch updates NEO/go to include a patch that fixes
non-deterministic crashs for 'wendelin.core'. Its tradeoff is however a
moderate memory leak. This leak is going to be fixed later when a new
golang version is released. See more details about this here:
kirr/neo@ee23551d

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !32

sendReq has two phases: a) send request, and b) read reply. When there
is an error on the first phase, e.g. client does not read what wcfs is
trying to send, it returns an error like

    pin #2 @03fb63abd6d65b33: sendReq: send .2: context deadline exceeded

however when there is an error on the second phase, e.g. client does not
reply to wcfs request, it currently returns an error like

    pin #2 @03fb63abd6d65b33: sendReq: context deadline exceeded

which is not clear to interpret about which part was problematic.

After this patch the error for the second case becomes

    pin #2 @03fb63abd6d65b33: sendReq: waiting for reply: context deadline exceeded

which is easier to interpret.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !31

This patch updates:

- github.com/golang/glog: we already wanted to do so in
    !23,
    but we deferred it to keep go 1.18 support. However in recent patches
    we already dropped go 1.18 support and we can therefore update glog now.
- lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go: add fix in handshake, see here for more information:
    kirr/neo@d75f4ac2 and
    kirr/neo@03db1d8a

This patch doesn't update:

- github.com/hanwen/go-fuse: This was updated upstream and Kirill already
    reviewed and integrated patches in custom branch. However when updating
    go-fuse to v2.4.3-0.20240904154523-9546fc238dc6 (this is
    kirr/go-fuse@9546fc23),
    WCFS tests fail on my machine [1] => let's defer update
- github.com/kisielk/og-rek: there are new patches that will be needed
    in the future, but we didn't update NEO/go og-rek dependency yet,
    so let's defer the update in wendelin.core until we updated og-rek
    in NEO/go
- github.com/johncgriffin/overflow: no update on upstream
- github.com/pkg/errors: no update on upstream
- github.com/stretchr/testify: This was already updated with
    c559ec1a
    'testify' seems to have a major release in the future which may break
    some of our test code, but for now major version 1 is still the
    stable release.

----
kirr: I confirm that
kirr/go-fuse@9546fc23 brings in
regression to WCFS tests. It seems I missed some error in that go-fuse
update and it will need to be bisected and debugged.

---

[1] Test failure log:

========================================== FAILURES ==========================================
______________________________________ test_wcfs_basic _______________________________________

    @func
    def test_wcfs_basic():
        t = tDB(); zf = t.zfile
        defer(t.close)

        # >>> lookup non-BigFile -> must be rejected
        with raises(OSError) as exc:
            t.wc._stat("head/bigfile/%s" % h(t.nonzfile._p_oid))
        assert exc.value.errno == EINVAL

        # >>> file initially empty
        f = t.open(zf)
        f.assertCache([])
        f.assertData ([], mtime=t.at0)

        # >>> (@at1) commit data -> we can see it on wcfs
        at1 = t.commit(zf, {2:'c1'})

        f.assertCache([0,0,0])  # initially not cached
        f.assertData (['','','c1'], mtime=t.head)

        # >>> (@at2) commit again -> we can see both latest and snapshotted states
        # NOTE blocks e(4) and f(5) will be accessed only in the end
        at2 = t.commit(zf, {2:'c2', 3:'d2', 5:'f2'})

        # f @head
>       f.assertCache([1,1,0,0,0,0])

wcfs/wcfs_test.py:1341:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

t = <wcfs.wcfs_test.tFile instance at 0x7ff61457b960>, incorev = [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]

    def assertCache(t, incorev):
>       assert t.cached() == incorev
E       assert [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] == [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
E         At index 0 diff: 0 != 1
E         Use -v to get the full diff

wcfs/wcfs_test.py:791: AssertionError
------------------------------------ Captured stdout call ------------------------------------

M: commit -> @at0 (03fb5dfbe3c1cd55)

M: commit -> @at1 (03fb5dfbe4936a66)
M:      f<0000000000000002>     [2]

M: commit -> @at2 (03fb5dfbe4d01166)
M:      f<0000000000000002>     [2, 3, 5]
>>> Change history by file:

f<0000000000000002>:
                                0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
                                a b c d e f g h
        @at0 (03fb5dfbe3c1cd55)
        @at1 (03fb5dfbe4936a66)     2
        @at2 (03fb5dfbe4d01166)     2 3   5

------------------------------------ Captured stderr call ------------------------------------
I0917 12:43:53.392222  124283 wcfs.go:2752] start "/dev/shm/wcfs/0ca22ca24e4cff2d01c10aa546fe5d5ac64bce72" "file:///tmp/testdb_fs.z5ZoMH/1.fs"
I0917 12:43:53.392282  124283 wcfs.go:2758] (built with go1.21.13)
W0917 12:43:53.392404  124283 storage.go:232] zodb: FIXME: open file:///tmp/testdb_fs.z5ZoMH/1.fs: raw cache is not ready for invalidations -> NoCache forced
W0917 12:43:53.567807  124283 wcfs.go:2331] /head/bigfile: lookup "0000000000000001": bigfopen 0000000000000001 @03fb5dfbe3c1cd55: invalid argument: ZODB.Broken("persistent.Persistent") is not a ZBigFile
I0917 12:43:53.710208  124283 wcfs.go:2933] stop "/dev/shm/wcfs/0ca22ca24e4cff2d01c10aa546fe5d5ac64bce72" "file:///tmp/testdb_fs.z5ZoMH/1.fs"
------------------------------------- Captured log call --------------------------------------
WARNING  ZODB.FileStorage:FileStorage.py:412 Ignoring index for /tmp/testdb_fs.z5ZoMH/1.fs
_________________________________ test_wcfs_watch_vs_access __________________________________

    @func
    def test_wcfs_watch_vs_access():
        t = tDB(); zf = t.zfile; at0=t.at0
        defer(t.close)

        f = t.open(zf)
        at1 = t.commit(zf, {2:'c1'})
        at2 = t.commit(zf, {2:'c2', 3:'d2', 5:'f2'})
        at3 = t.commit(zf, {0:'a3', 2:'c3', 5:'f3'})

        f.assertData(['a3','','c3','d2','x','x'])
        f.assertCache([1,1,1,1,0,0])

        # watched + commit -> read -> receive pin messages.
        # read vs pin ordering is checked by assertBlk.
        #
        # f(5) is kept not accessed to check later how wcfs.go handles δFtail
        # rebuild after it sees not yet accessed ZBlk that has change history.
        wl3  = t.openwatch();  w3 = wl3.watch(zf, at3);  assert at3 == t.head
        assert w3.at     == at3
        assert w3.pinned == {}

        wl3_ = t.openwatch();  w3_ = wl3_.watch(zf, at3)
        assert w3_.at     == at3
        assert w3_.pinned == {}

        wl2  = t.openwatch();  w2 = wl2.watch(zf, at2)
        assert w2.at     == at2
        assert w2.pinned == {0:at0, 2:at2}

        # w_assertPin asserts on state of .pinned for {w3,w3_,w2}
        def w_assertPin(pinw3, pinw3_, pinw2):
            assert w3.pinned   == pinw3
            assert w3_.pinned  == pinw3_
            assert w2.pinned   == pinw2

        f.assertCache([1,1,1,1,0,0])
        at4 = t.commit(zf, {1:'b4', 2:'c4', 5:'f4', 6:'g4'})
>       f.assertCache([1,0,0,1,0,0,0])

wcfs/wcfs_test.py:1702:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

t = <wcfs.wcfs_test.tFile instance at 0x7ff614512050>, incorev = [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, ...]

    def assertCache(t, incorev):
>       assert t.cached() == incorev
E       assert [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...] == [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, ...]
E         At index 0 diff: 0 != 1
E         Use -v to get the full diff

wcfs/wcfs_test.py:791: AssertionError
------------------------------------ Captured stdout call ------------------------------------

M: commit -> @at0 (03fb5dfc0fd82300)

M: commit -> @at1 (03fb5dfc10b92ecc)
M:      f<0000000000000049>     [2]

M: commit -> @at2 (03fb5dfc10cee9dd)
M:      f<0000000000000049>     [2, 3, 5]

M: commit -> @at3 (03fb5dfc1100c999)
M:      f<0000000000000049>     [0, 2, 5]

C: setup watch f<0000000000000049> @at3 (03fb5dfc1100c999)

C: setup watch f<0000000000000049> @at3 (03fb5dfc1100c999)

C: setup watch f<0000000000000049> @at2 (03fb5dfc10cee9dd)

M: commit -> @at4 (03fb5dfc120ed611)
M:      f<0000000000000049>     [1, 2, 5, 6]
>>> Change history by file:

f<0000000000000049>:
                                0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
                                a b c d e f g h
        @at0 (03fb5dfc0fd82300)
        @at1 (03fb5dfc10b92ecc)     2
        @at2 (03fb5dfc10cee9dd)     2 3   5
        @at3 (03fb5dfc1100c999) 0   2     5
        @at4 (03fb5dfc120ed611)   1 2     5 6

------------------------------------ Captured stderr call ------------------------------------
I0917 12:44:03.733037  125217 wcfs.go:2752] start "/dev/shm/wcfs/0ca22ca24e4cff2d01c10aa546fe5d5ac64bce72" "file:///tmp/testdb_fs.z5ZoMH/1.fs"
I0917 12:44:03.733126  125217 wcfs.go:2758] (built with go1.21.13)
W0917 12:44:03.733418  125217 storage.go:232] zodb: FIXME: open file:///tmp/testdb_fs.z5ZoMH/1.fs: raw cache is not ready for invalidations -> NoCache forced
I0917 12:44:04.475273  125217 wcfs.go:2933] stop "/dev/shm/wcfs/0ca22ca24e4cff2d01c10aa546fe5d5ac64bce72" "file:///tmp/testdb_fs.z5ZoMH/1.fs"
============================ 2 failed, 42 passed in 55.81 seconds ============================
I0917 12:44:17.882140  125540 wcfs.go:2933] stop "/dev/shm/wcfs/c4d833a0bdea4c51decf5425b8ad2cc4d017280f" "file:///tmp/testdb_fs.bvHBy9/1.fs"
make: *** [Makefile:174: test.wcfs] Error 1

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !30

The WCFS documentation specifies [1]:

- - - 8> - - - 8> - - -

If a client, on purpose or due to a bug or being stopped, is slow to respond
with ack to file invalidation notification, it creates a problem because the
server will become blocked waiting for pin acknowledgments, and thus all
other clients, that try to work with the same file, will get stuck.

[...]

Lacking OS primitives to change address space of another process and not
being able to work it around with ptrace in userspace, wcfs takes approach
to kill a slow client on 30 seconds timeout by default.

- - - <8 - - - <8 - - -

But before, this protection wasn't implemented yet: one
faulty client could therefore freeze the whole system. With this work
this protection is implemented now: faulty clients are killed after the
timeout or any other misbehaviour in their pin handlers.

Working on this topic also resulted in several fixes and improvements
around isolation protocol implementation on the server side.

See individual patches for details.

[1] https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/wendelin.core/blob/38dde766/wcfs/wcfs.go#L186-208Co-authored-by: Levin Zimmermann <levin.zimmermann@nexedi.com>

/reviewed-on !18

I would only suggest one very tiny change. In go.mod we have:

    module lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/wendelin.core/wcfs

    go 1.14

I think this needs to be updated to go 1.19 due to atomic.Int64.

And maybe we just need general go mod tidy update.

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !18

The WCFS documentation specifies [1]:

- - - 8> - - - 8> - - -

If a client, on purpose or due to a bug or being stopped, is slow to respond
with ack to file invalidation notification, it creates a problem because the
server will become blocked waiting for pin acknowledgments, and thus all
other clients, that try to work with the same file, will get stuck.

[...]

Lacking OS primitives to change address space of another process and not
being able to work it around with ptrace in userspace, wcfs takes approach
to kill a slow client on 30 seconds timeout by default.

- - - <8 - - - <8 - - -

But before this patch, this protection wasn't implemented yet: one
faulty client could therefore freeze the whole system. With this patch
this protection is implemented now: faulty clients are killed after the
timeout or any other misbehaviour in their pin handlers.

[1] https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/wendelin.core/blob/38dde766/wcfs/wcfs.go#L186-208

Preliminary history:

    levin.zimmermann/wendelin.core@24904e82
    levin.zimmermann/wendelin.core@b02dcadcCo-authored-by: Levin Zimmermann <levin.zimmermann@nexedi.com>

/discussed-on !18

If a pin misbehaves or there is IO error or anything else, we want to
stop all communication on the watchlink, cancel on in-flight pin
handlers, and (TODO) kill the client with SIGBUS.

This patch organizes WatchLink shutdown on any pin error.
This functionality is indirectly tested by test_Wcfs_watch_robust and
will be also indirectly tested by faultyprotection tests.

It would be good to have dedicated tests probably, but that is,
hopefully, TODO.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Pinning is critical operation whose failure will soon lead to client
being killed with SIGBUS. WCFS correctness also depend fundamentally on
pin operation, if started, to be handled by the client.

-> rework the READ handler not to cancel pin if a READ interrupt comes
   in from the OS client.

Do this via organizing WatchLink.serveCtx and running pins under this
context instead of under READ context. Later we will adjust pins to also
cancel this context on any error.

Test is, hopefully, TODO.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

When serve is completing and going to exit, it sends an error message to
the client without any timeout. So if the client is not reading from the
channel, wcfs will get stuck waiting for the message to be consumed.

-> Fix that by trying to send that last error only during 1 second and
   ignoring errors if any

Test is, hopefully, TODO.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Bring in more structure:

- final watchlink cleanup is done in its own block
- cancelling spawned handlers is done in another block
- add more comments explaining things

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Previously we were using .sk.CloseRead() to interrupt sk.Read(), but
that is not necessary since .sk, relying on xio.Pipe, implements
xio.Reader natively with full support for cancellation.

The original code to cancel via CloseRead comes from mid 2019 and predates

kirr/go123@7ad867a3
kirr/go123@0e368363
kirr/go123@0bdac628
kirr/go123@9db4dfac
kirr/go123@d2dc6c09

And in kirr/wendelin.core@b17aeb8c and
6f0cdaff (wcfs: Provide isolation to clients), it seems, I missed to
update WatchLink.serve code to that.

Do that now because it simplifies code flow organization a bit.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

So far we were testing only against faulty client that reads pin
notification ok, but does not reply to the notification. But there could
be more problems:

1) a client does not read pin notification at all
2) a client closes watchlink abruptly after reading pin notification
3) a client replies to pin notification but the reply is not "ack"

The first problem, if not handled leads to whole set of clients to
become stuck on reading the same block as the faulty client. The other
problems also indicate breakage of the isolation protocol from the client
side and that wcfs can no longer be sure that it provides good
uncorrupted data to the client.

In the first case, similarly to "no reply" situation we need to kill the
client to make progress while maintaining safety as well. In the cases 2
and 3 we cannot maintain safety if the faulty client remains in the set
of live and served clients, so it is also logical to send SIGBUS/SIGKILL
to it.

Killing a client with SIGBUS is similar to how OS kernel sends SIGBUS when
a memory-mapped file is accessed and loading file data results in EIO. It is
also similar to wendelin.core 1 where SIGBUS is raised if loading file block
results in an error.

Extend tests to cover all explained scenarios.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

wcfs: tests: Add test to exercies faulty client that does not reply to pin triggered by readPinWatchers

Levin writes:

    This patch extends the test scope of 'test_wcfs_pintimeout_kill'. Before
    this patch, the test only ensured that a client that does not
    respond to pin requests during the initial watch request [1] is
    killed. Now it also tests that a faulty client is killed when a block
    is invalidated. Since there are no other situations where the WCFS
    server sends pin requests to a client, the tests now cover all situations
    where a faulty client might not respond. This patch therefore aims to
    increase the security that WCFS is not blocked by a faulty client.

    [1] See !18

Preliminary history:

    levin.zimmermann/wendelin.core@9d42efffCo-authored-by: Levin Zimmermann <levin.zimmermann@nexedi.com>

/discussed-on !18

We will need to use this utilitin from several places in the next patch.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Currently assertBlk uses default timeout() to wait for READ operation to
complete. That works well everywhere except that in faulty
protection tests wcfs server will first need to wait for its own
pintimeout time to kill the faulty client and only then	return read
result to all non-faulty clients.

This way corresponding test, when one client fails to handle pin
notification well triggered due to READ operations, will need to use
adjusted longer timeout for the good client when doing assertBlk.

Adjust assertBlk to allow specifying custom timeout as preparatory step
for that.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

And make sure that that good client can setup its watch ok even
through there simultaneously is a faulty client that should get killed.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

If we don't the whole testing process will become killed when wcfs
becomes taught to kill clients that do not handle pin notifications
well.

Use multiprocessing to do so and to be able to interoperate with spawned
test process by sending/receiving objects to/from it.

Preliminary history:

    levin.zimmermann/wendelin.core@aef0f0e1Co-authored-by: Levin Zimmermann <levin.zimmermann@nexedi.com>

/discussed-on !18

If wcfs kills client that did not respond to pin notification in
pintimeout time, we need to wait strictly _more_ than that time to detect
whether client was killed or not. And in practice, due to noise in
operating system load and other factors, that waiting time should be
significantly greater to detect lack of expected event. However we were
waiting for exactly 1·pintimeout time and were claiming that there was
no pinkill event right after that.

-> Wait for 2·pintimeout instead of 1·pintimeout to make pinkill detection robust.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

The default "pin timeout" is 30s and we are going to add many tests that
exercise pinkilling functionality soon. If every such test takes
2·pintimeout time = 60s, it will result in significant time increase
needed to run WCFS tests. Avoid that by adjusting pin timeout to
one order of magnitude smaller pintimeout=3s during faulty protection
tests.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

This testing helper limits whole test time to detect FUSE-related
deadlocks via aborting FUSE connection on timeout. It is working good so
far. But soon we will need pinkill-related tests, where timeout will
need to be detected independently of FUSE connection. Expose tWCFS.ctx
for tests to be able to use this context and do things limited in time.
Adjust FUSE aborting to correlate exactly with this context
cancellation.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

We are going to add more tests on this topic + supporting infrastructure.
It makes sense to move everything related to dedicated test file first
as a preparatory step because wcfs_test.py feels already overloaded.

Plain code movement.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

WCFS allows issuing simultaneous watch requests and when two watch
requests are simultaneously issued for the same file there was a race in
their handling: the code was relying on w.atMu.W to protect setupWatch
from concurrent readPinWatcher, and also, seemingly from another
setupWatch running on the same file.

But there is a bug about that: lacking atomic primitive to downgrade
RWMutex from wlock to rlock, atMu.W was first fully unlocked and then
rlocked again. The code prepare wrt readPinWatcher to start running in
that unlock->rlock time window, but it was not prepared wrt another
setupWatch starting to run on the same file in that pause time.

-> Fix that via using dedicated Watch.setupMu lock that protects
   setupWatch from setupWatch.

Test is, hopefully, TODO.

My mistake from 6f0cdaff (wcfs: Provide isolation to clients)

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Inside readPinWatchers:

    https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/wendelin.core/-/blob/wendelin.core-2.0.alpha3-26-g79e6f7b9/wcfs/wcfs.go#L1536-1591

if δFtail.BlkRevAt would return an error, then f.watchMu was not
RUnlocked back, and wg.Wait was not called at all.

-> Fix that by scheduling unlock and wg wait right after f.watchMu is
   rlocked and workgroup is created.

Test is, hopefully, TODO.

My mistake from 6f0cdaff (wcfs: Provide isolation to clients)

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

The code was already behaving like that but there was XXX to do it. Add
test to verify it is actually done.

Opened WatchLink handle is released after RELEASE because
read in WatchLink.serve, after RELEASE, returns EOF and then the code
inside WCFS does all necessary WatchLink-related cleanup:

https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/wendelin.core/-/blob/wendelin.core-2.0.alpha3-26-g79e6f7b9/wcfs/wcfs.go#L1828-1872

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

This was marked as TODO in server code and not implemented.
Without this cleanup zheadSockTab was growing indefinitely after every
open/close and leaking memory.

-> Fix it via registering RELEASE handler to FUSE and removing
corresponding zheadSockTab entry from there.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Report there number of inside-WCFS instances, e.g. number of tracked
BigFiles, WatchLinks etc, and also number of counted events, for example
how many times a pin event happened.

Soon we will need this statistics to implement tests e.g. for pinkilling
and other functionalities, and it might be also useful to have in general.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

ZWatcher says it does not need to lock wlinkMu because it is already
holding zheadMu and setupWatch runs with zheadMu locked. That is indeed
true, but the mistake here is that it i not only setupWatch that makes
access to wlinkTab. For example WatchNode.Open registers new entries
there only under wlinkMu:

https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/wendelin.core/-/blob/wendelin.core-2.0.alpha3-26-g79e6f7b9/wcfs/wcfs.go#L1819-1822

-> Fix it by always using wlinkMu when accessing wlinkTab.

My mistake from 6f0cdaff (wcfs: Provide isolation to clients)

Test is, hopefully, TODO.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Previously we were protecting access to zheadSockTab with zheadMu
because this table was accessed from only two places: when opening
.wcfs/zhead and in zwatcher. Soon we are going to add another place that
will access this table and still using big zheadMu seem less and less
logical.

-> Switch to using dedicated lock to protect table of .wcfs/zhead opens
   as preparatory step for that.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

Currently zwatcher failure leads to wcfs starting to provide stale data
instead of uptodate data. Fix that by detecting zwatcher failures and
explicitly switching the filesystem to a mode where any access to
anything returns "input/output error".

Zwatcher can fail on e.g. failure to retrieve transactions from ZODB
storage or any other failure. With this patch we make sure this does not
go unnoticed.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

go-fuse added functionality to handle Init.MaxPages in
https://github.com/hanwen/go-fuse/commit/265a39266958.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !18

We need to drop client-specific options so that NEO URI that only differ
due to client options while actually pointing to the same NEO server
are equal after normalization.

--------
kirr: See neoppod!18 for
the discussion on this subject.

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !28

NEO/go and NEO/py URI format diverged over time:

- kirr/neo@8c974485

However with neoppod!21 a
common solution was found. With kirr/neo!7 NEO/go and NEO/py
URI formats are in sync again. We therefore now need to update
'wendelin.core' to support the finally agreed on URI format.

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !28

With kirr/neo@95572d6a we synchronized
NEO/go URI format with NEO/py URI format. We need this new
NEO/go version to apply this synchronization to 'wendelin.core'
ZODB tools (what we'll do in the next patches).

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !28

This semantically reverts 99f262dd (bigfile/zodb: Make auto format the
default) for wendelin.core-1 mode because in non-WCFS mode there are
known problems with data corruption on BTree topology changes(*) and
auto mode actually does change those topologies with first setting
ZBigFile[blk] -> ZBlk1 and then updating the same block to point to
ZBlk0 object.

Avoid pressuring those problems and use auto as default only in WCFS
mode that should handle invalidations with all those BTree topology
changes well.

The patch is based on suggestion by Levin Zimmermann: !20 (comment 212405)

We have to move _default_use_wcfs because now it is invoked at module
import time and needs to be already defined at the time of the call.

(*) see 8c32c9f6 for details.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !29

Strings cannot be directly hashed without encoding them first, or
an error will be raised:

```python
______________________________ test_zsync_resync _______________________________

    @func
    def test_zsync_resync():
        zstor = testdb.getZODBStorage()
        defer(zstor.close)

>       db, zconn, wconn = _zsync_setup(zstor)

wcfs/client/_wczsync_test.py:112:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
../../venvs/wendelin.core/lib/python3.9/site-packages/decorator.py:232: in fun
    return caller(func, *(extras + args), **kw)
../pygolang/golang/__init__.py:125: in _
    return f(*argv, **kw)
wcfs/client/_wczsync_test.py:53: in _zsync_setup
    wc = wcfs.join(zurl)
wcfs/__init__.py:201: in join
    mntpt = _mntpt_4zurl(zurl)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

zurl = 'file:///srv/slapgrid/slappart66/tmp/testdb_fs.xstpbg49/1.fs'

    def _mntpt_4zurl(zurl):
        # normalize zurl so that even if we have e.g. two neos:// urls coming
        # with different paths to ssl keys, or with different order in the list of
        # masters, we still have them associated with the same wcfs mountpoint.
        zurl = zurl_normalize_main(zurl)

        m = hashlib.sha1()
>       m.update(zurl)
E       TypeError: Strings must be encoded before hashing
```

We fix this error by encoding the string as UTF8 before hashing it.

--------
kirr:

Use b instead of doing

    if isinstance(zurl, six.text_type):
      zurl = zurl.encode("utf-8")

wcfs already takes this approach of using b in other places - for
example in tDB.change:

    # change schedules zf to be changed according to changeDelta at commit.
    #
    # changeDelta: {} blk -> data.
    # data can be both bytes and unicode.              <-- NOTE
    def change(t, zf, changeDelta):
        assert isinstance(zf, ZBigFile)
        zfDelta = t._changed.setdefault(zf, {})
        for blk, data in six.iteritems(changeDelta):
            data = b(data)                             <-- NOTE
            ...

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !27

Some modules and methods have changed names in Python 3.
The `thread` module has been renamed to `_thread` and the old name
gives error when run on Python 3:

```python
Traceback:
/opt/slapgrid/b0df76c24a1d2728ccf3e276f07c1790/parts/python3/lib/python3.9/importlib/__init__.py:127: in import_module
    return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
wcfs/client/client_test.py:32: in <module>
    from wendelin.wcfs.wcfs_test import tDB, tAt, timeout, eprint
wcfs/wcfs_test.py:44: in <module>
    from thread import get_ident as gettid
E   ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'thread'
```

In a similar vein, the `items` method of dictionaries plays the same
role as the old `iteritems`.

We use the `six` module to paper over these differences.

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !27

The builtin `zip` in Python 3 returns an iterator, not a list.
Thus, one cannot directly use the `len` method on the object returned
by `zip`, or we will have errors like the following one:

```python
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree/xbtreetest/treegen.py", line 617, in <module>
    main()
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree/xbtreetest/treegen.py", line 613, in main
    cmd(argv)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/venvs/wendelin.core/lib/python3.9/site-packages/decorator.py", line 232, in fun
    return caller(func, *(extras + args), **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/pygolang/golang/__init__.py", line 125, in _
    return f(*argv, **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree/xbtreetest/treegen.py", line 589, in cmd_trees
    TreesSrv(zstor, r)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/venvs/wendelin.core/lib/python3.9/site-packages/decorator.py", line 232, in fun
    return caller(func, *(extras + args), **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/pygolang/golang/__init__.py", line 125, in _
    return f(*argv, **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree/xbtreetest/treegen.py", line 234, in TreesSrv
    treetxtPrev = zctx.ztreetxt(ztree)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/venvs/wendelin.core/lib/python3.9/site-packages/decorator.py", line 232, in fun
    return caller(func, *(extras + args), **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/pygolang/golang/__init__.py", line 125, in _
    return f(*argv, **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree/xbtreetest/treegen.py", line 536, in ztreetxt
    return zctx.TopoEncode(xbtree.StructureOf(ztree))
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/venvs/wendelin.core/lib/python3.9/site-packages/decorator.py", line 232, in fun
    return caller(func, *(extras + args), **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/pygolang/golang/__init__.py", line 125, in _
    return f(*argv, **kw)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree/xbtreetest/treegen.py", line 542, in TopoEncode
    return xbtree.TopoEncode(tree, zctx.vencode)
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree.py", line 797, in TopoEncode
    for nodev in _walkBFS(tree):
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree.py", line 701, in _walkBFS
    for level in __walkBFS(tree):
  File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/wendelin.core/wcfs/internal/xbtree.py", line 724, in __walkBFS
    assert len(rv) == len(rn.node.children)
TypeError: object of type 'zip' has no len()
```

Thus, we have to create a list from the result of `zip` before calling
`len` on it.

--------
kirr:

There were only two places where zip was used to build a list. All other
places where zip is used - both in wcfs/xbtree and in other packages -
are calling zip to iterate over zip result:

    (py39.venv) kirr@deca:~/src/wendelin/wendelin.core$ git grep -w zip
    bigarray/__init__.py:        for n, s in zip(self.shape, self.stridev):
    bigarray/__init__.py:        for n, s in zip(a.shape, a.strides):
    bigarray/array_zodb.py:BigArray_defaults = dict(zip(reversed(_.args), reversed(_.defaults)))
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:            for i, (klo, khi) in enumerate(zip(v[:-1], v[1:])): # (klo, khi) = [] of (k_i, k_{i+1})
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:                kvv = ['%s:%s' % (k,v) for (k,v) in zip(b.keyv, b.valuev)]
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:        for (j,i) in zip(jv, iv):
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:                    for (child, k) in zip(node.children[1:], node.keyv):
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:                    for (k,v) in zip(node.keyv, node.valuev):
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:            for (xlo, xhi) in zip(ksplitv[:-1], ksplitv[1:]): # (klo, s1), (s1, s2), ..., (sN, khi)
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:            for (xlo, xhi) in zip(ksplitv[:-1], ksplitv[1:]): # (klo, s1), (s1, s2), ..., (sN, khi)
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:                                    for (k,vtxt) in zip(node.keyv, vtxtv)])
    wcfs/internal/xbtree/xbtreetest/treegen.py:                    for (k,v) in zip(node.keyv, node.valuev):
    wcfs/internal/xbtree_test.py:    for (child, childOK) in zip(kids, children):
    wcfs/internal/xbtree_test.py:        for (i,(k,v)) in enumerate(zip(keys, values)):

    # handled in hereby patch
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:                rv = list(zip(v[:-1], v[1:]))  # (klo,k1), (k1,k2), ..., (kN,khi)
    wcfs/internal/xbtree.py:                rv = list(zip(v[:-1], v[1:]))  # (klo,k1), (k1,k2), ..., (kN,khi)

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !27

`numpy.object` was an alias for the builtin `object`, so we can use
`object` instead:

```python
_________________________ test_bigarray_noobject[tRAM] _________________________

testbig = <bigarray.tests.test_basic.tRAM object at 0x7f6d114ead60>

    def test_bigarray_noobject(testbig):
        Zh = testbig.fopen()

        # NOTE str & unicode are fixed-size types - if size is not explicitly given
        # it will become S0 or U0
>       obj_dtypev = [numpy.object, 'O', 'i4, O', [('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4, O')]]

bigarray/tests/test_basic.py:110:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

attr = 'object'

    def __getattr__(attr):
        # Warn for expired attributes, and return a dummy function
        # that always raises an exception.
        import warnings
        import math
        try:
            msg = __expired_functions__[attr]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

            def _expired(*args, **kwds):
                raise RuntimeError(msg)

            return _expired

        # Emit warnings for deprecated attributes
        try:
            val, msg = __deprecated_attrs__[attr]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
            return val

        if attr in __future_scalars__:
            # And future warnings for those that will change, but also give
            # the AttributeError
            warnings.warn(
                f"In the future `np.{attr}` will be defined as the "
                "corresponding NumPy scalar.", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)

        if attr in __former_attrs__:
>           raise AttributeError(__former_attrs__[attr])
E           AttributeError: module 'numpy' has no attribute 'object'.
E           `np.object` was a deprecated alias for the builtin `object`. To avoid this error in existing code, use `object` by itself. Doing this will not modify any behavior and is safe.
E           The aliases was originally deprecated in NumPy 1.20; for more details and guidance see the original release note at:
E               https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.20.0-notes.html#deprecations
```

--------
kirr:

On py2:

    In [1]: import numpy

    In [2]: numpy.__version__
    Out[2]: '1.16.6'

    In [3]: numpy.object
    Out[3]: object

    In [4]: numpy.object is object
    Out[4]: True

this change is, thus, indeed safe to make.

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !27

NEO is still not ported to Python 3.
Importing NEO globally thus makes pytest tests fail during the
assert-rewritting step:
```python
../../venvs/wendelin.core/lib/python3.9/site-packages/_pytest/assertion/rewrite.py:178: in exec_module
    exec(co, module.__dict__)
lib/tests/test_zodb.py:36: in <module>
    from neo.client.Storage import Storage as NEOStorage
../neoppod/neo/client/__init__.py:52: in <module>
    from . import app # set up signal handlers early enough to do it in the main thread
E     File "/srv/slapgrid/slappart66/git/neoppod/neo/client/app.py", line 356
E       except NEOStorageReadRetry, e:
E                                 ^
E   SyntaxError: invalid syntax
```

A MR adding enough support to not fail at import time is proposed in
neoppod!24 .
However, that MR will not be reviewed until the vacation period is over.

In the meantime, and as a previous step to make running NEO tests
optional, the import has been moved inside the function loading NEO.
Thus, only the tests that require NEO will fail.

--------
kirr:

Add TODO to revert to import NEO globally after lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/-/merge_requests/24 is landed.

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on !27