Add an URL field to Enviroments

## What does this MR do?

Adds a field to the `enviroments` table to expose later in other features. Now I see the task list below, I noticed I forgot some minor things, but Ill adress those after the first review. 

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

The field is a string on the database, thus limited to 255 chars, which seems more than enough.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes #19527

## Screenshots (if relevant)

![Screen_Shot_2016-07-25_at_15.22.16](/uploads/5c3f39466f8e2114195270006aed20c0/Screen_Shot_2016-07-25_at_15.22.16.png)![Screen_Shot_2016-07-25_at_15.22.53](/uploads/408cf86610137dd4a861d15dcd677a2c/Screen_Shot_2016-07-25_at_15.22.53.png)![Screen_Shot_2016-07-25_at_15.23.10](/uploads/927c506931f4e0338cdbbc58678bd308/Screen_Shot_2016-07-25_at_15.23.10.png)

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [x] API support added
- Tests
  - [x] Added for this feature/bug
  - [x] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

See merge request !5469

Make "New issue" button in Issue page less obtrusive

## What does this MR do?

Replace green background of "New issue" button on issue page by green border and text.

## Why was this MR needed?

Every issue page has two green buttons—Comment and New Issue.

- New Issue is not directly content related and less likely to be used.
- [UI Guide] says

> Use green or blue button for primary action. Primary button should be only one.

[UI Guide]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/ui_guide.md

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

fixes #20186

## Screenshots

### Before

![before](/uploads/53ab065edb87b3e3c2f25d828b2fcc42/before.png)

### After

![after](/uploads/a9b4254d563a93098fa2f1cecb78f96f/after.png)


See merge request !5457

Clarify CI script needing to quote colons

## What does this MR do?

Clarifies documentation for `.gitlab-ci.yml` `script`.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

Should this be a note? Is there a link to YAML spec we can point to?

## Why was this MR needed?

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes #20177.

## Screenshots (if relevant)


See merge request !5481

Update start-using-git.md to reflect that merges to master can be made from either the master or the named branch.

## What does this MR do?

The documentation is incorrect in stating that you need to be in the named branch in order to merge to master.  You can be in master and merge the named branch, too.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

Yes

## Why was this MR needed?

This MR is needed to correct an inaccuracy in the documentation.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

N/A

## Screenshots (if relevant)

N/A

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

It is only a documentation change, so mostly this is not applicable.

- [ ] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [ ] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)
- [ ] API support added
- Tests
  - [ ] Added for this feature/bug
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [ ] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [ ] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [ ] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

See merge request !5404

Clarify backup_keep_time config parameter with S3

Discussed in gitlab-org/omnibus-gitlab#1453

See merge request !5567

Improve spinach test to be more specific about link to click

If you add another branch to gitlab-test that includes the word 'test', browse_files.feature will fail with an ambiguous match.

See merge request !5589

If you add another branch to gitlab-test that includes the word 'test',
browse_files.feature will fail with an ambiguous match.

Ignore invalid IPs in X-Forwarded-For when trusted proxies are configured.

## What does this MR do?

Catches IPAddr::InvalidAddressError exceptions in `trusted_proxy?` when a) a trusted proxy is set up in the gitlab config and b) an invalid IP address is passed to the method (e.g. one with a port attached). When caught, returns `false` from the method. Prevents a 500 error in this situation.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes gitlab-org/gitlab-ce#20466.

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [X] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [N/A] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)
- [N/A] API support added
- Tests
  - [X] Added for this feature/bug
  - [X] All builds are passing
- [X] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [X] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [X] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

See merge request !5584

Clarify which project is deleted to avoid alarm

Some users were alarmed when navigating after deleting  a project. Add the project name to avoid cause for alarm.

Closes #13654 

See merge request !5574

Properly abort a merge when merge conflicts occur

If somehow a user attempted to accept a merge request that had conflicts (e.g. the "Accept Merge Request" button or the MR itself was not updated), `MergeService` did not properly detect that a conflict
occurred. It would assume that the MR went through without any issues and close the MR as though everything was fine. This could cause data loss if the source branch were removed.

Closes #20425

See merge request !5569

Improve diff performance by eliminating redundant checks for text blobs

See merge request !5575

On a merge request with over 1000 changed files, there were redundant
calls to blob_text_viewable?, which incurred about 7% of the time.

Improves #14775

Closes #13654

Also a couple of minor edits for this branch are included

If somehow a user attempted to accept a merge request that had
conflicts (e.g. the "Accept Merge Request" button or the MR itself was
not updated), `MergeService` did not properly detect that a conflict
occurred. It would assume that the MR went through without any issues
and close the MR as though everything was fine. This could cause
data loss if the source branch were removed.

Closes #20425

fix repo hooks missing on import

Fixes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/19556 

Repo hooks are missing from imported projects

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- Tests
  - [x] Added for this feature/bug
  - [x] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

See merge request !5549

Optimize checking if a user can read multiple issues

## What does this MR do?

This optimizes various parts of the code so it can more efficiently check if a user can read a list of issues.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

Yes, in particular `Ability.issues_readable_by_user` should be checked to make sure it correctly allows/restricts access to issues.

## Why was this MR needed?

Currently the general approach to checking if one can read an issue is to iterate over the issues to check and call `can?(user, :read_issue, issue)` for every issue. This is not efficient as the same work has to be done for every issue.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

* #15607 
* #17463

See merge request !5370

Enable Rubocop cops that check access modifiers

## What does this MR do?

This MR enables Rubocop cops that detect methods that should be restricted but are the part of public API because of access modifiers used improperly.

This also fixes existing offenses.

## Why was this MR needed?

Some method in our codebase are public instead of being private because it is sometimes difficult to get it right without static analysis.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

See #17478  
Closes #17372 

See merge request !5014

Discussed in gitlab-org/omnibus-gitlab#1453

[ci skip]

Move CI job config entries from legacy to new config

## What does this MR do?

This MR extracts jobs configuration logic from legacy CI config processor to the new code.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

#15060

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- Tests
  - [x] Added for this feature/bug
  - [x] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)

See merge request !5087

Check for Ci::Build artifacts at database level

## What does this MR do?

Check for the presence of artifacts not expired at database level

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

N/A

## Why was this MR needed?

To try to improve a little the performance of the pipelines page

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes #20371

## Screenshots (if relevant)

N/A

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- ~~[ ] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)~~
- ~~[ ] API support added~~
- Tests
  - [x] Added for this feature/bug
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)


See merge request !5543

Bump gitlab_git to speedup DiffCollection iterations

See merge request !5564

This MR adds a string (thus max 255 chars) field to the enviroments
table to expose it later in other features.

The method Ability.issues_readable_by_user takes a list of users and an
optional user and returns an Array of issues readable by said user. This
method in turn is used by
Banzai::ReferenceParser::IssueParser#nodes_visible_to_user so this
method no longer needs to get all the available abilities just to check
if a user has the "read_issue" ability.

To test this I benchmarked an issue with 222 comments on my development
environment. Using these changes the time spent in nodes_visible_to_user
was reduced from around 120 ms to around 40 ms.

Allow creating protected branches that can't be pushed to

## What does this MR do?

- Add "No one can push" as a setting to protected branches.
- This applies to Masters (as well as all other users)

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes #18193 

## Does this need an EE merge request?

Yes. gitlab-org/gitlab-ee!569

## Screenshots

![Screen_Shot_2016-07-29_at_3.14.59_PM](/uploads/2e8774c311763bc6e570501a2e6cabf7/Screen_Shot_2016-07-29_at_3.14.59_PM.png)

## TODO

- [ ]  #18193 !5081 No one can push to protected branches
    - [x]  Implementation
        - [x]  Model changes
            - [x]  Remove "developers_can_merge" and "developers_can_push"
            - [x]  Replace with `ProtectedBranchPushAccess` and `ProtectedBranchMergeAccess`
                - [x]  Reversible migration
                - [x]  Raise error on failure
                - [x]  MySQL
        - [x]  Backend changes
            - [x]  Creating a protected branch creates access rows
            - [x]  Add `no_one` as an access level
            - [x]  Enforce "no one can push" 
            - [x]  Allow setting levels while creating protected branches?
        - [x]  Frontend
            - [x]  Replace checkboxes with `select`s
    - [x]  Add tests
    - [x]  `GitPushService` -> new projects' default branch protection
    - [x]  Fix existing tests
    - [x]  Refactor
    - [x]  Test workflows by hand
        - [x]  from the Web UI
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Push" is "No one"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Masters can't push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Push" is "Developers + Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can push
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Push" is "Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can merge
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Developers + Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can merge
                - [x]  Masters can merge
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Developers + Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "No one"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can merge
                - [x]  Masters can merge
                - [x]  Masters can't push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "No one"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can merge
                - [x]  Masters can't push
        - [x]  from CLI
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Push" is "No one"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Masters can't push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Push" is "Developers + Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can push
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Push" is "Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can merge
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Developers + Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "Masters"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can merge
                - [x]  Masters can push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Developers + Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "No one"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can't push
            - [x]  When "Allowed to Merge" is "Masters" and "Allowed to Push" is "No one"
                - [x]  Developers can't push
                - [x]  Developers can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can't merge
                - [x]  Masters can't push
    - [x]  Add tests for owners and admins
    - [x]  CHANGELOG
    - [x]  Screenshots
    - [x]  Documentation
    - [x]  Wait for ~~!4665~~ to be merged in
    - [x]  Wait for ~~gitlab-org/gitlab-ce#19872~~ and ~~gitlab-org/gitlab-ee!564~~ to be closed
    - [x]  Rebase against master instead of !4892
    - [x]  Make sure [build](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/a4ca206fd1cc0332d1e385ddbc0f2e4065c3ae73/builds) is green
    - [x]  Create EE MR
        - [x]  Cherry pick commits
        - [x]  Make sure [build](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/commit/4e17190d7dc546c1f977edcafd1cbcea4bdb4043/builds) is green
    - [x]  Address @axil's comments
    - [x]  Assign to endboss
    - [x]  Wait for @dbalexandre's review
    - [x]  Address @dbalexandre's comments
    - [x]  Address @axil's comments
        - [x]  Align dropdowns
        - [x]  No flash when protected branch is updated
    - [x]  Resolve conflicts
    - [x]  Implement protect/unprotect API
    - [x]  Address @dbalexandre's comments
    - [x]  Update EE MR
    - [x]  Address @rymai's comments
        - [x]  Create/Update service should return a `ProtectedBranch`
        - [x]  Successfuly protected branch creation shouldn't `load_protected_branches`
        - [x]  Rename `allowed_to_merge` as #minimum_access_level_for_merge
        - [x]  Rename `allowed_to_push` as #minimum_access_level_for_push
        - [x]  Use `inclusion` and `Gitlab::Access` instead of an `enum`
        - [x]  Modify `check_access` to work with `Gitlab::Access`
        - [x]  Pass `@protected_branch` to `#execute` in `UpdateService`
        - [x]  simplify with a nested field `protected_branch[push_access_level][access_level]`
        - [x]  `developers_can_{merge,push}` should be handled in the API
        - [x]  Use `can?(current_user, ...)` instead of `current_user.can?(...)`
        - [x]  Instantiate `ProtectedBranchesAccessSelect` in `dispatcher.js`
        - [x]  constants regarding downtime migrations
        - [x]  Explicit `#down` for columns with default
    - [x]  Update EE MR
    - [ ]  Wait for CE merge
    - [ ]  Wait for EE merge
    - [ ]  Create issue for UI changes proposed by @zyv


See merge request !5081

1. Instantiate `ProtectedBranchesAccessSelect` from `dispatcher`

2. Use `can?(user, ...)` instead of `user.can?(...)`

3. Add `DOWNTIME` notes to all migrations added in !5081.

4. Add an explicit `down` method for migrations removing the
   `developers_can_push` and `developers_can_merge` columns, ensuring that
   the columns created (on rollback) have the appropriate defaults.

5. Remove duplicate CHANGELOG entries.

6. Blank lines after guard clauses.

1. It makes sense to reuse these constants since we had them duplicated
   in the previous enum implementation. This also simplifies our
   `check_access` implementation, because we can use
   `project.team.max_member_access` directly.

2. Use `accepts_nested_attributes_for` to create push/merge access
   levels. This was a bit fiddly to set up, but this simplifies our code
   by quite a large amount. We can even get rid of
   `ProtectedBranches::BaseService`.

3. Move API handling back into the API (previously in
   `ProtectedBranches::BaseService#translate_api_params`.

4. The protected branch services now return a `ProtectedBranch` rather
   than `true/false`.

5. Run `load_protected_branches` on-demand in the `create` action, to
   prevent it being called unneccessarily.

6. "Masters" is pre-selected as the default option for "Allowed to Push"
   and "Allowed to Merge".

7. These changes were based on a review from @rymai in !5081.

1. Caused by incorrect test setup. The user wasn't added to the project,
   so protected branch creation failed authorization.

2. Change setup for a different test (`Event.last` to
   `Event.find_by_action`) because our `project.team << ...` addition
   was causing a conflict.

1. This is a third line of defence (first in the view, second in the
   controller).

2. Duplicate the `API::Helpers.to_boolean` method in `BaseService`. The
   other alternative is to `include API::Helpers`, but this brings with it
   a number of other methods that might cause conflicts.

3. Return a 403 if authorization fails.

1. The new data model moves from `developers_can_{push,merge}` to
   `allowed_to_{push,merge}`.

2. The API interface has not been changed. It still accepts
   `developers_can_push` and `developers_can_merge` as options. These
   attributes are inferred from the new data model.

3. Modify the protected branch create/update services to translate from
   the API interface to our current data model.

1. Align "Allowed to Merge" and "Allowed to Push" dropdowns.

2. Don't display a flash every time a protected branch is updated.
   Previously, we were using this so the test has something to hook onto
   before the assertion. Now we're using `wait_for_ajax` instead.