Parsing.py 74.1 KB
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#
#   Pyrex Parser
#

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import os
import re
import sys
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from types import ListType, TupleType
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from Scanning import PyrexScanner, FileSourceDescriptor
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import Nodes
import ExprNodes
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from ModuleNode import ModuleNode
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from Errors import error, warning, InternalError
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from Cython import Utils
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import Future
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import Options
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class Ctx(object):
    #  Parsing context
    level = 'other'
    visibility = 'private'
    cdef_flag = 0
    typedef_flag = 0
    api = 0
    overridable = 0
    nogil = 0

    def __init__(self, **kwds):
        self.__dict__.update(kwds)

    def __call__(self, **kwds):
        ctx = Ctx()
        d = ctx.__dict__
        d.update(self.__dict__)
        d.update(kwds)
        return ctx

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def p_ident(s, message = "Expected an identifier"):
    if s.sy == 'IDENT':
        name = s.systring
        s.next()
        return name
    else:
        s.error(message)

def p_ident_list(s):
    names = []
    while s.sy == 'IDENT':
        names.append(s.systring)
        s.next()
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        if s.sy != ',':
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            break
        s.next()
    return names

#------------------------------------------
#
#   Expressions
#
#------------------------------------------

def p_binop_expr(s, ops, p_sub_expr):
    n1 = p_sub_expr(s)
    while s.sy in ops:
        op = s.sy
        pos = s.position()
        s.next()
        n2 = p_sub_expr(s)
        n1 = ExprNodes.binop_node(pos, op, n1, n2)
    return n1

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#expression: or_test [if or_test else test] | lambda_form
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def p_simple_expr(s):
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    pos = s.position()
    expr = p_or_test(s)
    if s.sy == 'if':
        s.next()
        test = p_or_test(s)
        if s.sy == 'else':
            s.next()
            other = p_test(s)
            return ExprNodes.CondExprNode(pos, test=test, true_val=expr, false_val=other)
        else:
            s.error("Expected 'else'")
    else:
        return expr
        
#test: or_test | lambda_form
        
def p_test(s):
    return p_or_test(s)

#or_test: and_test ('or' and_test)*

def p_or_test(s):
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    return p_rassoc_binop_expr(s, ('or',), p_and_test)

def p_rassoc_binop_expr(s, ops, p_subexpr):
    n1 = p_subexpr(s)
    if s.sy in ops:
        pos = s.position()
        op = s.sy
        s.next()
        n2 = p_rassoc_binop_expr(s, ops, p_subexpr)
        n1 = ExprNodes.binop_node(pos, op, n1, n2)
    return n1

#and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*

def p_and_test(s):
    #return p_binop_expr(s, ('and',), p_not_test)
    return p_rassoc_binop_expr(s, ('and',), p_not_test)

#not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison

def p_not_test(s):
    if s.sy == 'not':
        pos = s.position()
        s.next()
        return ExprNodes.NotNode(pos, operand = p_not_test(s))
    else:
        return p_comparison(s)

#comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
#comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'<>'|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'

def p_comparison(s):
    n1 = p_bit_expr(s)
    if s.sy in comparison_ops:
        pos = s.position()
        op = p_cmp_op(s)
        n2 = p_bit_expr(s)
        n1 = ExprNodes.PrimaryCmpNode(pos, 
            operator = op, operand1 = n1, operand2 = n2)
        if s.sy in comparison_ops:
            n1.cascade = p_cascaded_cmp(s)
    return n1

def p_cascaded_cmp(s):
    pos = s.position()
    op = p_cmp_op(s)
    n2 = p_bit_expr(s)
    result = ExprNodes.CascadedCmpNode(pos, 
        operator = op, operand2 = n2)
    if s.sy in comparison_ops:
        result.cascade = p_cascaded_cmp(s)
    return result

def p_cmp_op(s):
    if s.sy == 'not':
        s.next()
        s.expect('in')
        op = 'not_in'
    elif s.sy == 'is':
        s.next()
        if s.sy == 'not':
            s.next()
            op = 'is_not'
        else:
            op = 'is'
    else:
        op = s.sy
        s.next()
    if op == '<>':
        op = '!='
    return op
    
comparison_ops = (
    '<', '>', '==', '>=', '<=', '<>', '!=', 
    'in', 'is', 'not'
)

#expr: xor_expr ('|' xor_expr)*

def p_bit_expr(s):
    return p_binop_expr(s, ('|',), p_xor_expr)

#xor_expr: and_expr ('^' and_expr)*

def p_xor_expr(s):
    return p_binop_expr(s, ('^',), p_and_expr)

#and_expr: shift_expr ('&' shift_expr)*

def p_and_expr(s):
    return p_binop_expr(s, ('&',), p_shift_expr)

#shift_expr: arith_expr (('<<'|'>>') arith_expr)*

def p_shift_expr(s):
    return p_binop_expr(s, ('<<', '>>'), p_arith_expr)

#arith_expr: term (('+'|'-') term)*

def p_arith_expr(s):
    return p_binop_expr(s, ('+', '-'), p_term)

#term: factor (('*'|'/'|'%') factor)*

def p_term(s):
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    return p_binop_expr(s, ('*', '/', '%', '//'), p_factor)
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#factor: ('+'|'-'|'~'|'&'|typecast|sizeof) factor | power

def p_factor(s):
    sy = s.sy
    if sy in ('+', '-', '~'):
        op = s.sy
        pos = s.position()
        s.next()
        return ExprNodes.unop_node(pos, op, p_factor(s))
    elif sy == '&':
        pos = s.position()
        s.next()
        arg = p_factor(s)
        return ExprNodes.AmpersandNode(pos, operand = arg)
    elif sy == "<":
        return p_typecast(s)
    elif sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == "sizeof":
        return p_sizeof(s)
    else:
        return p_power(s)

def p_typecast(s):
    # s.sy == "<"
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    base_type = p_c_base_type(s)
    declarator = p_c_declarator(s, empty = 1)
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    if s.sy == '?':
        s.next()
        typecheck = 1
    else:
        typecheck = 0
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    s.expect(">")
    operand = p_factor(s)
    return ExprNodes.TypecastNode(pos, 
        base_type = base_type, 
        declarator = declarator,
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        operand = operand,
        typecheck = typecheck)
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def p_sizeof(s):
    # s.sy == ident "sizeof"
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    s.expect('(')
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    if looking_at_type(s) or looking_at_dotted_name(s):
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        base_type = p_c_base_type(s)
        declarator = p_c_declarator(s, empty = 1)
        node = ExprNodes.SizeofTypeNode(pos, 
            base_type = base_type, declarator = declarator)
    else:
        operand = p_simple_expr(s)
        node = ExprNodes.SizeofVarNode(pos, operand = operand)
    s.expect(')')
    return node

#power: atom trailer* ('**' factor)*

def p_power(s):
    n1 = p_atom(s)
    while s.sy in ('(', '[', '.'):
        n1 = p_trailer(s, n1)
    if s.sy == '**':
        pos = s.position()
        s.next()
        n2 = p_factor(s)
        n1 = ExprNodes.binop_node(pos, '**', n1, n2)
    return n1

#trailer: '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME

def p_trailer(s, node1):
    pos = s.position()
    if s.sy == '(':
        return p_call(s, node1)
    elif s.sy == '[':
        return p_index(s, node1)
    else: # s.sy == '.'
        s.next()
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        name = Utils.EncodedString( p_ident(s) )
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        return ExprNodes.AttributeNode(pos, 
            obj = node1, attribute = name)

# arglist:  argument (',' argument)* [',']
# argument: [test '='] test       # Really [keyword '='] test

def p_call(s, function):
    # s.sy == '('
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    positional_args = []
    keyword_args = []
    star_arg = None
    starstar_arg = None
    while s.sy not in ('*', '**', ')'):
        arg = p_simple_expr(s)
        if s.sy == '=':
            s.next()
            if not arg.is_name:
                s.error("Expected an identifier before '='",
                    pos = arg.pos)
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            encoded_name = Utils.EncodedString(arg.name)
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            keyword = ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(arg.pos, 
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                value = encoded_name)
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            arg = p_simple_expr(s)
            keyword_args.append((keyword, arg))
        else:
            if keyword_args:
                s.error("Non-keyword arg following keyword arg",
                    pos = arg.pos)
            positional_args.append(arg)
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        if s.sy != ',':
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            break
        s.next()
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    if s.sy == '*':
        s.next()
        star_arg = p_simple_expr(s)
        if s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
    if s.sy == '**':
        s.next()
        starstar_arg = p_simple_expr(s)
        if s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
    s.expect(')')
    if not (keyword_args or star_arg or starstar_arg):
        return ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode(pos,
            function = function,
            args = positional_args)
    else:
        arg_tuple = None
        keyword_dict = None
        if positional_args or not star_arg:
            arg_tuple = ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, 
                args = positional_args)
        if star_arg:
            star_arg_tuple = ExprNodes.AsTupleNode(pos, arg = star_arg)
            if arg_tuple:
                arg_tuple = ExprNodes.binop_node(pos, 
                    operator = '+', operand1 = arg_tuple,
                    operand2 = star_arg_tuple)
            else:
                arg_tuple = star_arg_tuple
        if keyword_args:
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            keyword_args = [ExprNodes.DictItemNode(pos=key.pos, key=key, value=value) 
                              for key, value in keyword_args]
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            keyword_dict = ExprNodes.DictNode(pos,
                key_value_pairs = keyword_args)
        return ExprNodes.GeneralCallNode(pos, 
            function = function,
            positional_args = arg_tuple,
            keyword_args = keyword_dict,
            starstar_arg = starstar_arg)

#lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test

#subscriptlist: subscript (',' subscript)* [',']

def p_index(s, base):
    # s.sy == '['
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    subscripts = p_subscript_list(s)
    if len(subscripts) == 1 and len(subscripts[0]) == 2:
        start, stop = subscripts[0]
        result = ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode(pos, 
            base = base, start = start, stop = stop)
    else:
        indexes = make_slice_nodes(pos, subscripts)
        if len(indexes) == 1:
            index = indexes[0]
        else:
            index = ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, args = indexes)
        result = ExprNodes.IndexNode(pos,
            base = base, index = index)
    s.expect(']')
    return result

def p_subscript_list(s):
    items = [p_subscript(s)]
    while s.sy == ',':
        s.next()
        if s.sy == ']':
            break
        items.append(p_subscript(s))
    return items

#subscript: '.' '.' '.' | test | [test] ':' [test] [':' [test]]

def p_subscript(s):
    # Parse a subscript and return a list of
    # 1, 2 or 3 ExprNodes, depending on how
    # many slice elements were encountered.
    pos = s.position()
    if s.sy == '.':
        expect_ellipsis(s)
        return [ExprNodes.EllipsisNode(pos)]
    else:
        start = p_slice_element(s, (':',))
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        if s.sy != ':':
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            return [start]
        s.next()
        stop = p_slice_element(s, (':', ',', ']'))
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        if s.sy != ':':
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            return [start, stop]
        s.next()
        step = p_slice_element(s, (':', ',', ']'))
        return [start, stop, step]

def p_slice_element(s, follow_set):
    # Simple expression which may be missing iff
    # it is followed by something in follow_set.
    if s.sy not in follow_set:
        return p_simple_expr(s)
    else:
        return None

def expect_ellipsis(s):
    s.expect('.')
    s.expect('.')
    s.expect('.')

def make_slice_nodes(pos, subscripts):
    # Convert a list of subscripts as returned
    # by p_subscript_list into a list of ExprNodes,
    # creating SliceNodes for elements with 2 or
    # more components.
    result = []
    for subscript in subscripts:
        if len(subscript) == 1:
            result.append(subscript[0])
        else:
            result.append(make_slice_node(pos, *subscript))
    return result

def make_slice_node(pos, start, stop = None, step = None):
    if not start:
        start = ExprNodes.NoneNode(pos)
    if not stop:
        stop = ExprNodes.NoneNode(pos)
    if not step:
        step = ExprNodes.NoneNode(pos)
    return ExprNodes.SliceNode(pos,
        start = start, stop = stop, step = step)

#atom: '(' [testlist] ')' | '[' [listmaker] ']' | '{' [dictmaker] '}' | '`' testlist '`' | NAME | NUMBER | STRING+

def p_atom(s):
    pos = s.position()
    sy = s.sy
    if sy == '(':
        s.next()
        if s.sy == ')':
            result = ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, args = [])
        else:
            result = p_expr(s)
        s.expect(')')
        return result
    elif sy == '[':
        return p_list_maker(s)
    elif sy == '{':
        return p_dict_maker(s)
    elif sy == '`':
        return p_backquote_expr(s)
    elif sy == 'INT':
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        value = s.systring
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        s.next()
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        unsigned = ""
        longness = ""
        while value[-1] in "UuLl":
            if value[-1] in "Ll":
                longness += "L"
            else:
                unsigned += "U"
            value = value[:-1]
        return ExprNodes.IntNode(pos, 
                                 value = value,
                                 unsigned = unsigned,
                                 longness = longness)
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    elif sy == 'FLOAT':
        value = s.systring
        s.next()
        return ExprNodes.FloatNode(pos, value = value)
    elif sy == 'IMAG':
        value = s.systring[:-1]
        s.next()
        return ExprNodes.ImagNode(pos, value = value)
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    elif sy == 'BEGIN_STRING':
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        kind, value = p_cat_string_literal(s)
        if kind == 'c':
            return ExprNodes.CharNode(pos, value = value)
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        elif kind == 'u':
            return ExprNodes.UnicodeNode(pos, value = value)
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        else:
            return ExprNodes.StringNode(pos, value = value)
    elif sy == 'IDENT':
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        name = Utils.EncodedString( s.systring )
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        s.next()
        if name == "None":
            return ExprNodes.NoneNode(pos)
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        elif name == "True":
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            return ExprNodes.BoolNode(pos, value=True)
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        elif name == "False":
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            return ExprNodes.BoolNode(pos, value=False)
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        else:
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            return p_name(s, name)
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    elif sy == 'NULL':
        s.next()
        return ExprNodes.NullNode(pos)
    else:
        s.error("Expected an identifier or literal")

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def p_name(s, name):
    pos = s.position()
    if not s.compile_time_expr:
        try:
            value = s.compile_time_env.lookup_here(name)
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            rep = repr(value)
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            if isinstance(value, bool):
                return ExprNodes.BoolNode(pos, value = value)
            elif isinstance(value, int):
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                return ExprNodes.IntNode(pos, value = rep)
            elif isinstance(value, long):
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                return ExprNodes.IntNode(pos, value = rep, longness = "L")
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            elif isinstance(value, float):
                return ExprNodes.FloatNode(pos, value = rep)
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            elif isinstance(value, unicode):
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                return ExprNodes.StringNode(pos, value = value)
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            else:
                error(pos, "Invalid type for compile-time constant: %s"
                    % value.__class__.__name__)
    return ExprNodes.NameNode(pos, name = name)

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def p_cat_string_literal(s):
    # A sequence of one or more adjacent string literals.
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    # Returns (kind, value) where kind in ('b', 'c', 'u')
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    kind, value = p_string_literal(s)
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    if kind != 'c':
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        strings = [value]
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        while s.sy == 'BEGIN_STRING':
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            next_kind, next_value = p_string_literal(s)
            if next_kind == 'c':
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                error(s.position(),
                      "Cannot concatenate char literal with another string or char literal")
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            elif next_kind == 'u':
                kind = 'u'
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            strings.append(next_value)
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        value = Utils.EncodedString( u''.join(strings) )
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        if kind != 'u':
            value.encoding = s.source_encoding
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    return kind, value

def p_opt_string_literal(s):
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    if s.sy == 'BEGIN_STRING':
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        return p_string_literal(s)
    else:
        return None

def p_string_literal(s):
    # A single string or char literal.
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    # Returns (kind, value) where kind in ('b', 'c', 'u')
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    # s.sy == 'BEGIN_STRING'
    pos = s.position()
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    is_raw = 0
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    kind = s.systring[:1].lower()
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    if kind == 'r':
        kind = ''
        is_raw = 1
    elif kind in 'ub':
        is_raw = s.systring[1:2].lower() == 'r'
    elif kind != 'c':
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        kind = ''
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    if Future.unicode_literals in s.context.future_directives:
        if kind == '':
            kind = 'u'
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    elif kind == '':
        kind = 'b'
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    chars = []
    while 1:
        s.next()
        sy = s.sy
        #print "p_string_literal: sy =", sy, repr(s.systring) ###
        if sy == 'CHARS':
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            chars.append(s.systring)
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        elif sy == 'ESCAPE':
            systr = s.systring
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            if is_raw:
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                if systr == '\\\n':
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                    chars.append('\\\n')
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                elif systr == '\\\"':
                    chars.append('"')
                elif systr == '\\\'':
                    chars.append("'")
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                else:
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                    chars.append(systr)
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            else:
                c = systr[1]
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                if c in "01234567":
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                    chars.append(chr(int(systr[1:], 8)))
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                elif c in "'\"\\":
                    chars.append(c)
                elif c in "abfnrtv":
                    chars.append(Utils.char_from_escape_sequence(systr))
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                elif c == '\n':
                    pass
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                elif c in 'Uux':
                    if kind == 'u' or c == 'x':
                        chrval = int(systr[2:], 16)
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                        if chrval > 1114111: # sys.maxunicode:
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                            s.error("Invalid unicode escape '%s'" % systr,
                                    pos = pos)
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                        strval = unichr(chrval)
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                    else:
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                        # unicode escapes in plain byte strings are not unescaped
                        strval = systr
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                    chars.append(strval)
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                else:
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                    chars.append('\\' + systr[1:])
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        elif sy == 'NEWLINE':
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            chars.append('\n')
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        elif sy == 'END_STRING':
            break
        elif sy == 'EOF':
            s.error("Unclosed string literal", pos = pos)
        else:
            s.error(
                "Unexpected token %r:%r in string literal" %
                    (sy, s.systring))
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    string = u''.join(chars)
    if kind == 'c' and len(string) != 1:
        error(pos, u"invalid character literal: %r" % string)
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    s.next()
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    value = Utils.EncodedString(string)
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    if kind != 'u':
        value.encoding = s.source_encoding
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    #print "p_string_literal: value =", repr(value) ###
    return kind, value

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# list_display  	::=  	"[" [listmaker] "]"
# listmaker 	::= 	expression ( list_for | ( "," expression )* [","] )
# list_iter 	::= 	list_for | list_if
# list_for 	::= 	"for" expression_list "in" testlist [list_iter]
# list_if 	::= 	"if" test [list_iter]
        
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def p_list_maker(s):
    # s.sy == '['
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
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    if s.sy == ']':
        s.expect(']')
        return ExprNodes.ListNode(pos, args = [])
    expr = p_simple_expr(s)
    if s.sy == 'for':
        loop = p_list_for(s)
        s.expect(']')
        inner_loop = loop
        while not isinstance(inner_loop.body, Nodes.PassStatNode):
            inner_loop = inner_loop.body
            if isinstance(inner_loop, Nodes.IfStatNode):
                 inner_loop = inner_loop.if_clauses[0]
        append = ExprNodes.ListComprehensionAppendNode( pos, expr = expr )
        inner_loop.body = Nodes.ExprStatNode(pos, expr = append)
        return ExprNodes.ListComprehensionNode(pos, loop = loop, append = append)
    else:
        exprs = [expr]
        if s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
            exprs += p_simple_expr_list(s)
        s.expect(']')
        return ExprNodes.ListNode(pos, args = exprs)
        
def p_list_iter(s):
    if s.sy == 'for':
        return p_list_for(s)
    elif s.sy == 'if':
        return p_list_if(s)
    else:
        return Nodes.PassStatNode(s.position())
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def p_list_for(s):
    # s.sy == 'for'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    kw = p_for_bounds(s)
    kw['else_clause'] = None
    kw['body'] = p_list_iter(s)
    return Nodes.ForStatNode(pos, **kw)
        
def p_list_if(s):
    # s.sy == 'if'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
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    test = p_test(s)
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    return Nodes.IfStatNode(pos, 
        if_clauses = [Nodes.IfClauseNode(pos, condition = test, body = p_list_iter(s))],
        else_clause = None )
    
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#dictmaker: test ':' test (',' test ':' test)* [',']

def p_dict_maker(s):
    # s.sy == '{'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    items = []
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    while s.sy != '}':
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        items.append(p_dict_item(s))
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        if s.sy != ',':
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            break
        s.next()
    s.expect('}')
    return ExprNodes.DictNode(pos, key_value_pairs = items)
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def p_dict_item(s):
    key = p_simple_expr(s)
    s.expect(':')
    value = p_simple_expr(s)
    return ExprNodes.DictItemNode(key.pos, key=key, value=value)
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def p_backquote_expr(s):
    # s.sy == '`'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    arg = p_expr(s)
    s.expect('`')
    return ExprNodes.BackquoteNode(pos, arg = arg)

def p_simple_expr_list(s):
    exprs = []
    while s.sy not in expr_terminators:
        exprs.append(p_simple_expr(s))
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        if s.sy != ',':
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            break
        s.next()
    return exprs

def p_expr(s):
    pos = s.position()
    expr = p_simple_expr(s)
    if s.sy == ',':
        s.next()
        exprs = [expr] + p_simple_expr_list(s)
        return ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, args = exprs)
    else:
        return expr

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#testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
# differs from p_expr only in the fact that it cannot contain conditional expressions

def p_testlist(s):
    pos = s.position()
    expr = p_test(s)
    if s.sy == ',':
        exprs = [expr]
        while s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
            exprs.append(p_test(s))
        return ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, args = exprs)
    else:
        return expr
        
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expr_terminators = (')', ']', '}', ':', '=', 'NEWLINE')

#-------------------------------------------------------
#
#   Statements
#
#-------------------------------------------------------

def p_global_statement(s):
    # assume s.sy == 'global'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    names = p_ident_list(s)
    return Nodes.GlobalNode(pos, names = names)

def p_expression_or_assignment(s):
    expr_list = [p_expr(s)]
    while s.sy == '=':
        s.next()
        expr_list.append(p_expr(s))
    if len(expr_list) == 1:
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        if re.match(r"([+*/\%^\&|-]|<<|>>|\*\*|//)=", s.sy):
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            lhs = expr_list[0]
            if not isinstance(lhs, (ExprNodes.AttributeNode, ExprNodes.IndexNode, ExprNodes.NameNode) ):
                error(lhs.pos, "Illegal operand for inplace operation.")
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            operator = s.sy[:-1]
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            s.next()
            rhs = p_expr(s)
            return Nodes.InPlaceAssignmentNode(lhs.pos, operator = operator, lhs = lhs, rhs = rhs)
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        expr = expr_list[0]
        if isinstance(expr, ExprNodes.StringNode):
            return Nodes.PassStatNode(expr.pos)
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        else:
            return Nodes.ExprStatNode(expr.pos, expr = expr)
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    else:
        expr_list_list = []
        flatten_parallel_assignments(expr_list, expr_list_list)
        nodes = []
        for expr_list in expr_list_list:
            lhs_list = expr_list[:-1]
            rhs = expr_list[-1]
            if len(lhs_list) == 1:
                node = Nodes.SingleAssignmentNode(rhs.pos, 
                    lhs = lhs_list[0], rhs = rhs)
            else:
                node = Nodes.CascadedAssignmentNode(rhs.pos,
                    lhs_list = lhs_list, rhs = rhs)
            nodes.append(node)
        if len(nodes) == 1:
            return nodes[0]
        else:
            return Nodes.ParallelAssignmentNode(nodes[0].pos, stats = nodes)

def flatten_parallel_assignments(input, output):
    #  The input is a list of expression nodes, representing 
    #  the LHSs and RHS of one (possibly cascaded) assignment 
    #  statement. If they are all sequence constructors with 
    #  the same number of arguments, rearranges them into a
    #  list of equivalent assignments between the individual 
    #  elements. This transformation is applied recursively.
    size = find_parallel_assignment_size(input)
    if size >= 0:
        for i in range(size):
            new_exprs = [expr.args[i] for expr in input]
            flatten_parallel_assignments(new_exprs, output)
    else:
        output.append(input)

def find_parallel_assignment_size(input):
    #  The input is a list of expression nodes. If 
    #  they are all sequence constructors with the same number
    #  of arguments, return that number, else return -1.
    #  Produces an error message if they are all sequence
    #  constructors but not all the same size.
    for expr in input:
        if not expr.is_sequence_constructor:
            return -1
    rhs = input[-1]
    rhs_size = len(rhs.args)
    for lhs in input[:-1]:
        lhs_size = len(lhs.args)
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        if lhs_size != rhs_size:
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            error(lhs.pos, "Unpacking sequence of wrong size (expected %d, got %d)"
                % (lhs_size, rhs_size))
            return -1
    return rhs_size

def p_print_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'print'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    if s.sy == '>>':
        s.error("'print >>' not yet implemented")
    args = []
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    ends_with_comma = 0
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    if s.sy not in ('NEWLINE', 'EOF'):
        args.append(p_simple_expr(s))
        while s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
            if s.sy in ('NEWLINE', 'EOF'):
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                ends_with_comma = 1
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                break
            args.append(p_simple_expr(s))
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    arg_tuple = ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, args = args)
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    return Nodes.PrintStatNode(pos,
        arg_tuple = arg_tuple, append_newline = not ends_with_comma)
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def p_del_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'del'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    args = p_simple_expr_list(s)
    return Nodes.DelStatNode(pos, args = args)

def p_pass_statement(s, with_newline = 0):
    pos = s.position()
    s.expect('pass')
    if with_newline:
        s.expect_newline("Expected a newline")
    return Nodes.PassStatNode(pos)

def p_break_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'break'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    return Nodes.BreakStatNode(pos)

def p_continue_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'continue'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    return Nodes.ContinueStatNode(pos)

def p_return_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'return'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    if s.sy not in statement_terminators:
        value = p_expr(s)
    else:
        value = None
    return Nodes.ReturnStatNode(pos, value = value)

def p_raise_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'raise'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    exc_type = None
    exc_value = None
    exc_tb = None
    if s.sy not in statement_terminators:
        exc_type = p_simple_expr(s)
        if s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
            exc_value = p_simple_expr(s)
            if s.sy == ',':
                s.next()
                exc_tb = p_simple_expr(s)
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    if exc_type or exc_value or exc_tb:
        return Nodes.RaiseStatNode(pos, 
            exc_type = exc_type,
            exc_value = exc_value,
            exc_tb = exc_tb)
    else:
        return Nodes.ReraiseStatNode(pos)
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def p_import_statement(s):
    # s.sy in ('import', 'cimport')
    pos = s.position()
    kind = s.sy
    s.next()
    items = [p_dotted_name(s, as_allowed = 1)]
    while s.sy == ',':
        s.next()
        items.append(p_dotted_name(s, as_allowed = 1))
    stats = []
    for pos, target_name, dotted_name, as_name in items:
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        dotted_name = Utils.EncodedString(dotted_name)
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        if kind == 'cimport':
            stat = Nodes.CImportStatNode(pos, 
                module_name = dotted_name,
                as_name = as_name)
        else:
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            if as_name and "." in dotted_name:
                name_list = ExprNodes.ListNode(pos, args = [
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                    ExprNodes.StringNode(pos, value = Utils.EncodedString("*"))])
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            else:
                name_list = None
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            stat = Nodes.SingleAssignmentNode(pos,
                lhs = ExprNodes.NameNode(pos, 
                    name = as_name or target_name),
                rhs = ExprNodes.ImportNode(pos, 
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                    module_name = ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(
                        pos, value = dotted_name),
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                    name_list = name_list))
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        stats.append(stat)
    return Nodes.StatListNode(pos, stats = stats)

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def p_from_import_statement(s, first_statement = 0):
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    # s.sy == 'from'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    (dotted_name_pos, _, dotted_name, _) = \
        p_dotted_name(s, as_allowed = 0)
    if s.sy in ('import', 'cimport'):
        kind = s.sy
        s.next()
    else:
        s.error("Expected 'import' or 'cimport'")
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    is_cimport = kind == 'cimport'
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    if s.sy == '*':
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        imported_names = [(s.position(), "*", None, None)]
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        s.next()
    else:
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        imported_names = [p_imported_name(s, is_cimport)]
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    while s.sy == ',':
        s.next()
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        imported_names.append(p_imported_name(s, is_cimport))
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    dotted_name = Utils.EncodedString(dotted_name)
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    if dotted_name == '__future__':
        if not first_statement:
            s.error("from __future__ imports must occur at the beginning of the file")
        else:
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            for (name_pos, name, as_name, kind) in imported_names:
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                if name == "braces":
                    s.error("not a chance", name_pos)
                    break
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                try:
                    directive = getattr(Future, name)
                except AttributeError:
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                    s.error("future feature %s is not defined" % name, name_pos)
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                    break
                s.context.future_directives.add(directive)
        return Nodes.PassStatNode(pos)
    elif kind == 'cimport':
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        for (name_pos, name, as_name, kind) in imported_names:
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            local_name = as_name or name
            s.add_type_name(local_name)
        return Nodes.FromCImportStatNode(pos,
            module_name = dotted_name,
            imported_names = imported_names)
    else:
        imported_name_strings = []
        items = []
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        for (name_pos, name, as_name, kind) in imported_names:
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            encoded_name = Utils.EncodedString(name)
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            imported_name_strings.append(
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                ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(name_pos, value = encoded_name))
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            items.append(
                (name,
                 ExprNodes.NameNode(name_pos, 
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                                    name = as_name or name)))
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        import_list = ExprNodes.ListNode(
            imported_names[0][0], args = imported_name_strings)
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        dotted_name = Utils.EncodedString(dotted_name)
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        return Nodes.FromImportStatNode(pos,
            module = ExprNodes.ImportNode(dotted_name_pos,
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                module_name = ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(pos, value = dotted_name),
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                name_list = import_list),
            items = items)

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imported_name_kinds = ('class', 'struct', 'union')

def p_imported_name(s, is_cimport):
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    pos = s.position()
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    kind = None
    if is_cimport and s.systring in imported_name_kinds:
        kind = s.systring
        s.next()
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    name = p_ident(s)
    as_name = p_as_name(s)
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    return (pos, name, as_name, kind)
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def p_dotted_name(s, as_allowed):
    pos = s.position()
    target_name = p_ident(s)
    as_name = None
    names = [target_name]
    while s.sy == '.':
        s.next()
        names.append(p_ident(s))
    if as_allowed:
        as_name = p_as_name(s)
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    return (pos, target_name, u'.'.join(names), as_name)
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def p_as_name(s):
    if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'as':
        s.next()
        return p_ident(s)
    else:
        return None

def p_assert_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'assert'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    cond = p_simple_expr(s)
    if s.sy == ',':
        s.next()
        value = p_simple_expr(s)
    else:
        value = None
    return Nodes.AssertStatNode(pos, cond = cond, value = value)

statement_terminators = (';', 'NEWLINE', 'EOF')

def p_if_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'if'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    if_clauses = [p_if_clause(s)]
    while s.sy == 'elif':
        s.next()
        if_clauses.append(p_if_clause(s))
    else_clause = p_else_clause(s)
    return Nodes.IfStatNode(pos,
        if_clauses = if_clauses, else_clause = else_clause)

def p_if_clause(s):
    pos = s.position()
    test = p_simple_expr(s)
    body = p_suite(s)
    return Nodes.IfClauseNode(pos,
        condition = test, body = body)

def p_else_clause(s):
    if s.sy == 'else':
        s.next()
        return p_suite(s)
    else:
        return None

def p_while_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'while'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    test = p_simple_expr(s)
    body = p_suite(s)
    else_clause = p_else_clause(s)
    return Nodes.WhileStatNode(pos, 
        condition = test, body = body, 
        else_clause = else_clause)

def p_for_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'for'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
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    kw = p_for_bounds(s)
    kw['body'] = p_suite(s)
    kw['else_clause'] = p_else_clause(s)
    return Nodes.ForStatNode(pos, **kw)
            
def p_for_bounds(s):
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    target = p_for_target(s)
    if s.sy == 'in':
        s.next()
        iterator = p_for_iterator(s)
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        return { 'target': target, 'iterator': iterator }
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    else:
        if s.sy == 'from':
            s.next()
            bound1 = p_bit_expr(s)
        else:
            # Support shorter "for a <= x < b" syntax
            bound1, target = target, None
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        rel1 = p_for_from_relation(s)
        name2_pos = s.position()
        name2 = p_ident(s)
        rel2_pos = s.position()
        rel2 = p_for_from_relation(s)
        bound2 = p_bit_expr(s)
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        step = p_for_from_step(s)
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        if target is None:
            target = ExprNodes.NameNode(name2_pos, name = name2)
        else:
            if not target.is_name:
                error(target.pos, 
                    "Target of for-from statement must be a variable name")
            elif name2 != target.name:
                error(name2_pos,
                    "Variable name in for-from range does not match target")
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        if rel1[0] != rel2[0]:
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            error(rel2_pos,
                "Relation directions in for-from do not match")
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        return {'target': target, 
                'bound1': bound1, 
                'relation1': rel1, 
                'relation2': rel2,
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                'bound2': bound2,
                'step': step }
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def p_for_from_relation(s):
    if s.sy in inequality_relations:
        op = s.sy
        s.next()
        return op
    else:
        s.error("Expected one of '<', '<=', '>' '>='")
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def p_for_from_step(s):
    if s.sy == 'by':
        s.next()
        step = p_bit_expr(s)
        return step
    else:
        return None
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inequality_relations = ('<', '<=', '>', '>=')

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def p_target(s, terminator):
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    pos = s.position()
    expr = p_bit_expr(s)
    if s.sy == ',':
        s.next()
        exprs = [expr]
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        while s.sy != terminator:
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            exprs.append(p_bit_expr(s))
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            if s.sy != ',':
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                break
            s.next()
        return ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, args = exprs)
    else:
        return expr

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def p_for_target(s):
    return p_target(s, 'in')

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def p_for_iterator(s):
    pos = s.position()
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    expr = p_testlist(s)
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    return ExprNodes.IteratorNode(pos, sequence = expr)

def p_try_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'try'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    body = p_suite(s)
    except_clauses = []
    else_clause = None
    if s.sy in ('except', 'else'):
        while s.sy == 'except':
            except_clauses.append(p_except_clause(s))
        if s.sy == 'else':
            s.next()
            else_clause = p_suite(s)
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        body = Nodes.TryExceptStatNode(pos,
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            body = body, except_clauses = except_clauses,
            else_clause = else_clause)
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        if s.sy != 'finally':
            return body
        # try-except-finally is equivalent to nested try-except/try-finally
    if s.sy == 'finally':
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        s.next()
        finally_clause = p_suite(s)
        return Nodes.TryFinallyStatNode(pos,
            body = body, finally_clause = finally_clause)
    else:
        s.error("Expected 'except' or 'finally'")

def p_except_clause(s):
    # s.sy == 'except'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    exc_type = None
    exc_value = None
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    if s.sy != ':':
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        exc_type = p_simple_expr(s)
        if s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
            exc_value = p_simple_expr(s)
    body = p_suite(s)
    return Nodes.ExceptClauseNode(pos,
        pattern = exc_type, target = exc_value, body = body)

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def p_include_statement(s, ctx):
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    pos = s.position()
    s.next() # 'include'
    _, include_file_name = p_string_literal(s)
    s.expect_newline("Syntax error in include statement")
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    if s.compile_time_eval:
        include_file_path = s.context.find_include_file(include_file_name, pos)
        if include_file_path:
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            s.included_files.append(include_file_name)
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            f = Utils.open_source_file(include_file_path, mode="rU")
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            source_desc = FileSourceDescriptor(include_file_path)
            s2 = PyrexScanner(f, source_desc, s, source_encoding=f.encoding)
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            try:
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                tree = p_statement_list(s2, ctx)
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            finally:
                f.close()
            return tree
        else:
            return None
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    else:
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        return Nodes.PassStatNode(pos)

def p_with_statement(s):
    pos = s.position()
    s.next() # 'with'
#	if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in ('gil', 'nogil'):
    if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'nogil':
        state = s.systring
        s.next()
        body = p_suite(s)
        return Nodes.GILStatNode(pos, state = state, body = body)
    else:
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        manager = p_expr(s)
        target = None
        if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'as':
            s.next()
            allow_multi = (s.sy == '(')
            target = p_target(s, ':')
            if not allow_multi and isinstance(target, ExprNodes.TupleNode):
                s.error("Multiple with statement target values not allowed without paranthesis")
        body = p_suite(s)
	return Nodes.WithStatNode(pos, manager = manager, 
	       			       target = target, body = body)
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def p_simple_statement(s, first_statement = 0):
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    #print "p_simple_statement:", s.sy, s.systring ###
    if s.sy == 'global':
        node = p_global_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'print':
        node = p_print_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'del':
        node = p_del_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'break':
        node = p_break_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'continue':
        node = p_continue_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'return':
        node = p_return_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'raise':
        node = p_raise_statement(s)
    elif s.sy in ('import', 'cimport'):
        node = p_import_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'from':
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        node = p_from_import_statement(s, first_statement = first_statement)
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    elif s.sy == 'assert':
        node = p_assert_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'pass':
        node = p_pass_statement(s)
    else:
        node = p_expression_or_assignment(s)
    return node

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def p_simple_statement_list(s, ctx, first_statement = 0):
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    # Parse a series of simple statements on one line
    # separated by semicolons.
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    stat = p_simple_statement(s, first_statement = first_statement)
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    if s.sy == ';':
        stats = [stat]
        while s.sy == ';':
            #print "p_simple_statement_list: maybe more to follow" ###
            s.next()
            if s.sy in ('NEWLINE', 'EOF'):
                break
            stats.append(p_simple_statement(s))
        stat = Nodes.StatListNode(stats[0].pos, stats = stats)
    s.expect_newline("Syntax error in simple statement list")
    return stat

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def p_compile_time_expr(s):
    old = s.compile_time_expr
    s.compile_time_expr = 1
    expr = p_expr(s)
    s.compile_time_expr = old
    return expr

def p_DEF_statement(s):
    pos = s.position()
    denv = s.compile_time_env
    s.next() # 'DEF'
    name = p_ident(s)
    s.expect('=')
    expr = p_compile_time_expr(s)
    value = expr.compile_time_value(denv)
    #print "p_DEF_statement: %s = %r" % (name, value) ###
    denv.declare(name, value)
    s.expect_newline()
    return Nodes.PassStatNode(pos)

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def p_IF_statement(s, ctx):
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    pos = s.position()
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    saved_eval = s.compile_time_eval
    current_eval = saved_eval
    denv = s.compile_time_env
    result = None
    while 1:
        s.next() # 'IF' or 'ELIF'
        expr = p_compile_time_expr(s)
        s.compile_time_eval = current_eval and bool(expr.compile_time_value(denv))
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        body = p_suite(s, ctx)
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        if s.compile_time_eval:
            result = body
            current_eval = 0
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        if s.sy != 'ELIF':
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            break
    if s.sy == 'ELSE':
        s.next()
        s.compile_time_eval = current_eval
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        body = p_suite(s, ctx)
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        if current_eval:
            result = body
    if not result:
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        result = Nodes.PassStatNode(pos)
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    s.compile_time_eval = saved_eval
    return result

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def p_statement(s, ctx, first_statement = 0):
    cdef_flag = ctx.cdef_flag
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    if s.sy == 'ctypedef':
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        if ctx.level not in ('module', 'module_pxd'):
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            s.error("ctypedef statement not allowed here")
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        if ctx.api:
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            error(s.position(), "'api' not allowed with 'ctypedef'")
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        return p_ctypedef_statement(s, ctx)
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    elif s.sy == 'DEF':
        return p_DEF_statement(s)
    elif s.sy == 'IF':
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        return p_IF_statement(s, ctx)
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    elif s.sy == 'DECORATOR':
        if ctx.level not in ('module', 'class', 'c_class', 'property'):
            s.error('decorator not allowed here')
        s.level = ctx.level
        decorators = p_decorators(s)
        if s.sy != 'def':
            s.error("Decorators can only be followed by functions ")
        return p_def_statement(s, decorators)
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    else:
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        overridable = 0
        if s.sy == 'cdef':
            cdef_flag = 1
            s.next()
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        if s.sy == 'cpdef':
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            cdef_flag = 1
            overridable = 1
            s.next()
        if cdef_flag:
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            if ctx.level not in ('module', 'module_pxd', 'function', 'c_class', 'c_class_pxd'):
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                s.error('cdef statement not allowed here')
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            s.level = ctx.level
            return p_cdef_statement(s, ctx(overridable = overridable))
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        else:
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            if ctx.api:
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                error(s.pos, "'api' not allowed with this statement")
            elif s.sy == 'def':
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                if ctx.level not in ('module', 'class', 'c_class', 'c_class_pxd', 'property'):
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                    s.error('def statement not allowed here')
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                s.level = ctx.level
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                return p_def_statement(s)
            elif s.sy == 'class':
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                if ctx.level != 'module':
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                    s.error("class definition not allowed here")
                return p_class_statement(s)
            elif s.sy == 'include':
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                if ctx.level not in ('module', 'module_pxd'):
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                    s.error("include statement not allowed here")
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                return p_include_statement(s, ctx)
            elif ctx.level == 'c_class' and s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'property':
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                return p_property_decl(s)
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            elif s.sy == 'pass' and ctx.level != 'property':
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                return p_pass_statement(s, with_newline = 1)
            else:
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                if ctx.level in ('c_class_pxd', 'property'):
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                    s.error("Executable statement not allowed here")
                if s.sy == 'if':
                    return p_if_statement(s)
                elif s.sy == 'while':
                    return p_while_statement(s)
                elif s.sy == 'for':
                    return p_for_statement(s)
                elif s.sy == 'try':
                    return p_try_statement(s)
                elif s.sy == 'with':
                    return p_with_statement(s)
                else:
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                    return p_simple_statement_list(
                        s, ctx, first_statement = first_statement)
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def p_statement_list(s, ctx, first_statement = 0):
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    # Parse a series of statements separated by newlines.
    pos = s.position()
    stats = []
    while s.sy not in ('DEDENT', 'EOF'):
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        stats.append(p_statement(s, ctx, first_statement = first_statement))
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        first_statement = 0
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    if len(stats) == 1:
        return stats[0]
    else:
        return Nodes.StatListNode(pos, stats = stats)
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def p_suite(s, ctx = Ctx(), with_doc = 0, with_pseudo_doc = 0):
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    pos = s.position()
    s.expect(':')
    doc = None
    stmts = []
    if s.sy == 'NEWLINE':
        s.next()
        s.expect_indent()
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        if with_doc or with_pseudo_doc:
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            doc = p_doc_string(s)
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        body = p_statement_list(s, ctx)
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        s.expect_dedent()
    else:
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        if ctx.api:
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            error(s.pos, "'api' not allowed with this statement")
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        if ctx.level in ('module', 'class', 'function', 'other'):
            body = p_simple_statement_list(s, ctx)
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        else:
            body = p_pass_statement(s)
            s.expect_newline("Syntax error in declarations")
    if with_doc:
        return doc, body
    else:
        return body

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def p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, end_sy_set, type_positions=(), type_keywords=()):
    """
    Parses positional and keyword arguments. end_sy_set
    should contain any s.sy that terminate the argument list.
    Argument expansion (* and **) are not allowed.

    type_positions and type_keywords specifies which argument
    positions and/or names which should be interpreted as
    types. Other arguments will be treated as expressions.

    Returns: (positional_args, keyword_args)
    """
    positional_args = []
    keyword_args = []
    pos_idx = 0

    while s.sy not in end_sy_set:
        if s.sy == '*' or s.sy == '**':
            s.error('Argument expansion not allowed here.')

        was_keyword = False
        parsed_type = False
        if s.sy == 'IDENT':
            # Since we can have either types or expressions as positional args,
            # we use a strategy of looking an extra step forward for a '=' and
            # if it is a positional arg we backtrack.
            ident = s.systring
            s.next()
            if s.sy == '=':
                s.next()
                # Is keyword arg
                if ident in type_keywords:
                    arg = p_c_base_type(s)
                    parsed_type = True
                else:
                    arg = p_simple_expr(s)
                keyword_node = ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(arg.pos,
                                value = Utils.EncodedString(ident))
                keyword_args.append((keyword_node, arg))
                was_keyword = True
            else:
                s.put_back('IDENT', ident)
                
        if not was_keyword:
            if pos_idx in type_positions:
                arg = p_c_base_type(s)
                parsed_type = True
            else:
                arg = p_simple_expr(s)
            positional_args.append(arg)
            pos_idx += 1
            if len(keyword_args) > 0:
                s.error("Non-keyword arg following keyword arg",
                        pos = arg.pos)

        if s.sy != ',':
            if s.sy not in end_sy_set:
                if parsed_type:
                    s.error("Expected: type")
                else:
                    s.error("Expected: expression")
            break
        s.next()
    return positional_args, keyword_args

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def p_c_base_type(s, self_flag = 0, nonempty = 0):
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    # If self_flag is true, this is the base type for the
    # self argument of a C method of an extension type.
    if s.sy == '(':
        return p_c_complex_base_type(s)
    else:
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        return p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty = nonempty)
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def p_calling_convention(s):
    if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in calling_convention_words:
        result = s.systring
        s.next()
        return result
    else:
        return ""

calling_convention_words = ("__stdcall", "__cdecl")

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def p_c_complex_base_type(s):
    # s.sy == '('
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    base_type = p_c_base_type(s)
    declarator = p_c_declarator(s, empty = 1)
    s.expect(')')
    return Nodes.CComplexBaseTypeNode(pos, 
        base_type = base_type, declarator = declarator)

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def p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty):
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    #print "p_c_simple_base_type: self_flag =", self_flag
    is_basic = 0
    signed = 1
    longness = 0
    module_path = []
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    pos = s.position()
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    if looking_at_base_type(s):
        #print "p_c_simple_base_type: looking_at_base_type at", s.position()
        is_basic = 1
        signed, longness = p_sign_and_longness(s)
        if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in basic_c_type_names:
            name = s.systring
            s.next()
        else:
            name = 'int'
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    elif s.looking_at_type_name():
        name = s.systring
        s.next()
        if nonempty and s.sy != 'IDENT':
            # Make sure this is not a declaration of a variable or 
            # function with the same name as a type.  
            if s.sy == '(':
                s.next()
                if s.sy == '*' or s.sy == '**':
                    s.put_back('(', '(')
                else:
                    s.put_back('(', '(')
                    s.put_back('IDENT', name)
                    name = None
            elif s.sy not in ('*', '**', '['):
                s.put_back('IDENT', name)
                name = None
    elif looking_at_dotted_name(s):
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        #print "p_c_simple_base_type: looking_at_type_name at", s.position()
        name = s.systring
        s.next()
        while s.sy == '.':
            module_path.append(name)
            s.next()
            name = p_ident(s)
    else:
        #print "p_c_simple_base_type: not looking at type at", s.position()
        name = None
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    type_node = Nodes.CSimpleBaseTypeNode(pos, 
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        name = name, module_path = module_path,
        is_basic_c_type = is_basic, signed = signed,
        longness = longness, is_self_arg = self_flag)

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    # Treat trailing [] on type as buffer access
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    if s.sy == '[':
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        return p_buffer_access(s, type_node)
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    else:
        return type_node

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def p_buffer_access(s, base_type_node):
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    # s.sy == '['
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
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    if s.sy == ']' or s.sy == 'INT':
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        # not buffer, could be [] on C type nameless array arguments
        s.put_back('[', '[')
        return base_type_node
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    positional_args, keyword_args = (
        p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, (']',), (0,), ('dtype',))
    )
    s.expect(']')

    keyword_dict = ExprNodes.DictNode(pos,
        key_value_pairs = [
            ExprNodes.DictItemNode(pos=key.pos, key=key, value=value)
            for key, value in keyword_args
        ])

    result = Nodes.CBufferAccessTypeNode(pos,
        positional_args = positional_args,
        keyword_args = keyword_dict,
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        base_type_node = base_type_node)
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    return result
    

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def looking_at_type(s):
    return looking_at_base_type(s) or s.looking_at_type_name()

def looking_at_base_type(s):
    #print "looking_at_base_type?", s.sy, s.systring, s.position()
    return s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in base_type_start_words

def looking_at_dotted_name(s):
    if s.sy == 'IDENT':
        name = s.systring
        s.next()
        result = s.sy == '.'
        s.put_back('IDENT', name)
        return result
    else:
        return 0

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basic_c_type_names = ("void", "char", "int", "float", "double", "Py_ssize_t", "bint")
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sign_and_longness_words = ("short", "long", "signed", "unsigned")

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base_type_start_words = \
    basic_c_type_names + sign_and_longness_words
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def p_sign_and_longness(s):
    signed = 1
    longness = 0
    while s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in sign_and_longness_words:
        if s.systring == 'unsigned':
            signed = 0
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        elif s.systring == 'signed':
            signed = 2
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        elif s.systring == 'short':
            longness = -1
        elif s.systring == 'long':
            longness += 1
        s.next()
    return signed, longness

def p_opt_cname(s):
    literal = p_opt_string_literal(s)
    if literal:
        _, cname = literal
    else:
        cname = None
    return cname

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def p_c_declarator(s, ctx = Ctx(), empty = 0, is_type = 0, cmethod_flag = 0,
                   assignable = 0, nonempty = 0,
                   calling_convention_allowed = 0):
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    # If empty is true, the declarator must be empty. If nonempty is true,
    # the declarator must be nonempty. Otherwise we don't care.
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    # If cmethod_flag is true, then if this declarator declares
    # a function, it's a C method of an extension type.
    pos = s.position()
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    if s.sy == '(':
        s.next()
        if s.sy == ')' or looking_at_type(s):
            base = Nodes.CNameDeclaratorNode(pos, name = "", cname = None)
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            result = p_c_func_declarator(s, pos, ctx, base, cmethod_flag)
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        else:
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            result = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, empty = empty, is_type = is_type,
                                    cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
                                    nonempty = nonempty,
                                    calling_convention_allowed = 1)
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            s.expect(')')
    else:
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        result = p_c_simple_declarator(s, ctx, empty, is_type, cmethod_flag,
                                       assignable, nonempty)
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    if not calling_convention_allowed and result.calling_convention and s.sy != '(':
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        error(s.position(), "%s on something that is not a function"
            % result.calling_convention)
    while s.sy in ('[', '('):
        pos = s.position()
        if s.sy == '[':
            result = p_c_array_declarator(s, result)
        else: # sy == '('
            s.next()
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            result = p_c_func_declarator(s, pos, ctx, result, cmethod_flag)
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        cmethod_flag = 0
    return result

def p_c_array_declarator(s, base):
    pos = s.position()
    s.next() # '['
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    if s.sy != ']':
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        dim = p_expr(s)
    else:
        dim = None
    s.expect(']')
    return Nodes.CArrayDeclaratorNode(pos, base = base, dimension = dim)

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def p_c_func_declarator(s, pos, ctx, base, cmethod_flag):
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    #  Opening paren has already been skipped
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    args = p_c_arg_list(s, ctx, cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
                        nonempty_declarators = 0)
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    ellipsis = p_optional_ellipsis(s)
    s.expect(')')
    nogil = p_nogil(s)
    exc_val, exc_check = p_exception_value_clause(s)
    with_gil = p_with_gil(s)
    return Nodes.CFuncDeclaratorNode(pos, 
        base = base, args = args, has_varargs = ellipsis,
        exception_value = exc_val, exception_check = exc_check,
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        nogil = nogil or ctx.nogil or with_gil, with_gil = with_gil)
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def p_c_simple_declarator(s, ctx, empty, is_type, cmethod_flag,
                          assignable, nonempty):
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    pos = s.position()
    calling_convention = p_calling_convention(s)
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    if s.sy == '*':
        s.next()
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        base = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, empty = empty, is_type = is_type,
                              cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
                              assignable = assignable, nonempty = nonempty)
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        result = Nodes.CPtrDeclaratorNode(pos, 
            base = base)
    elif s.sy == '**': # scanner returns this as a single token
        s.next()
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        base = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, empty = empty, is_type = is_type,
                              cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
                              assignable = assignable, nonempty = nonempty)
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        result = Nodes.CPtrDeclaratorNode(pos,
            base = Nodes.CPtrDeclaratorNode(pos,
                base = base))
    else:
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        rhs = None
        if s.sy == 'IDENT':
            name = s.systring
            if is_type:
                s.add_type_name(name)
            if empty:
                error(s.position(), "Declarator should be empty")
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            s.next()
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            cname = p_opt_cname(s)
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            if s.sy == '=' and assignable:
                s.next()
                rhs = p_simple_expr(s)
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        else:
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            if nonempty:
                error(s.position(), "Empty declarator")
            name = ""
            cname = None
        result = Nodes.CNameDeclaratorNode(pos,
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            name = name, cname = cname, default = rhs)
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    result.calling_convention = calling_convention
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    return result

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def p_nogil(s):
    if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'nogil':
        s.next()
        return 1
    else:
        return 0

def p_with_gil(s):
    if s.sy == 'with':
        s.next()
        s.expect_keyword('gil')
        return 1
    else:
        return 0

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def p_exception_value_clause(s):
    exc_val = None
    exc_check = 0
    if s.sy == 'except':
        s.next()
        if s.sy == '*':
            exc_check = 1
            s.next()
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        elif s.sy == '+':
            exc_check = '+'
            s.next()
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            if s.sy == 'IDENT':
                name = s.systring
                s.next()
                exc_val = p_name(s, name)
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        else:
            if s.sy == '?':
                exc_check = 1
                s.next()
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            exc_val = p_simple_expr(s)
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    return exc_val, exc_check

c_arg_list_terminators = ('*', '**', '.', ')')

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def p_c_arg_list(s, ctx = Ctx(), in_pyfunc = 0, cmethod_flag = 0,
                 nonempty_declarators = 0, kw_only = 0):
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    #  Comma-separated list of C argument declarations, possibly empty.
    #  May have a trailing comma.
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    args = []
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    is_self_arg = cmethod_flag
    while s.sy not in c_arg_list_terminators:
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        args.append(p_c_arg_decl(s, ctx, in_pyfunc, is_self_arg,
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            nonempty = nonempty_declarators, kw_only = kw_only))
        if s.sy != ',':
            break
        s.next()
        is_self_arg = 0
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    return args

def p_optional_ellipsis(s):
    if s.sy == '.':
        expect_ellipsis(s)
        return 1
    else:
        return 0

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def p_c_arg_decl(s, ctx, in_pyfunc, cmethod_flag = 0, nonempty = 0, kw_only = 0):
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    pos = s.position()
    not_none = 0
    default = None
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    base_type = p_c_base_type(s, cmethod_flag, nonempty = nonempty)
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    declarator = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, nonempty = nonempty)
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    if s.sy == 'not':
        s.next()
        if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'None':
            s.next()
        else:
            s.error("Expected 'None'")
        if not in_pyfunc:
            error(pos, "'not None' only allowed in Python functions")
        not_none = 1
    if s.sy == '=':
        s.next()
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        if 'pxd' in s.level:
            if s.sy not in ['*', '?']:
                error(pos, "default values cannot be specified in pxd files, use ? or *")
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            default = ExprNodes.BoolNode(1)
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            s.next()
        else:
            default = p_simple_expr(s)
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    return Nodes.CArgDeclNode(pos,
        base_type = base_type,
        declarator = declarator,
        not_none = not_none,
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        default = default,
        kw_only = kw_only)
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def p_api(s):
    if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'api':
        s.next()
        return 1
    else:
        return 0

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def p_cdef_statement(s, ctx):
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    pos = s.position()
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    ctx.visibility = p_visibility(s, ctx.visibility)
    ctx.api = ctx.api or p_api(s)
    if ctx.api:
        if ctx.visibility not in ('private', 'public'):
            error(pos, "Cannot combine 'api' with '%s'" % ctx.visibility)
    if (ctx.visibility == 'extern') and s.sy == 'from':
        return p_cdef_extern_block(s, pos, ctx)
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    elif s.sy == 'import':
        s.next()
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        return p_cdef_extern_block(s, pos, ctx)
    if p_nogil(s):
        ctx.nogil = 1
    if s.sy == ':':
        return p_cdef_block(s, ctx)
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    elif s.sy == 'class':
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        if ctx.level not in ('module', 'module_pxd'):
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            error(pos, "Extension type definition not allowed here")
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        #if ctx.api:
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        #    error(pos, "'api' not allowed with extension class")
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        return p_c_class_definition(s, pos, ctx)
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    elif s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in struct_union_or_enum:
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        if ctx.level not in ('module', 'module_pxd'):
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            error(pos, "C struct/union/enum definition not allowed here")
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        #if ctx.visibility == 'public':
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        #    error(pos, "Public struct/union/enum definition not implemented")
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        #if ctx.api:
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        #    error(pos, "'api' not allowed with '%s'" % s.systring)
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        if s.systring == "enum":
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            return p_c_enum_definition(s, pos, ctx)
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        else:
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            return p_c_struct_or_union_definition(s, pos, ctx)
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    elif s.sy == 'pass':
        node = p_pass_statement(s)
        s.expect_newline('Expected a newline')
        return node
    else:
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        return p_c_func_or_var_declaration(s, pos, ctx)
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def p_cdef_block(s, ctx):
    return p_suite(s, ctx(cdef_flag = 1))
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def p_cdef_extern_block(s, pos, ctx):
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    include_file = None
    s.expect('from')
    if s.sy == '*':
        s.next()
    else:
        _, include_file = p_string_literal(s)
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    ctx = ctx(cdef_flag = 1, visibility = 'extern')
    if p_nogil(s):
        ctx.nogil = 1
    body = p_suite(s, ctx)
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    return Nodes.CDefExternNode(pos,
        include_file = include_file,
        body = body)

struct_union_or_enum = (
    "struct", "union", "enum"
)

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def p_c_enum_definition(s, pos, ctx):
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    # s.sy == ident 'enum'
    s.next()
    if s.sy == 'IDENT':
        name = s.systring
        s.next()
        s.add_type_name(name)
        cname = p_opt_cname(s)
    else:
        name = None
        cname = None
    items = None
    s.expect(':')
    items = []
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    if s.sy != 'NEWLINE':
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        p_c_enum_line(s, items)
    else:
        s.next() # 'NEWLINE'
        s.expect_indent()
        while s.sy not in ('DEDENT', 'EOF'):
            p_c_enum_line(s, items)
        s.expect_dedent()
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    return Nodes.CEnumDefNode(
        pos, name = name, cname = cname, items = items,
        typedef_flag = ctx.typedef_flag, visibility = ctx.visibility,
        in_pxd = ctx.level == 'module_pxd')
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def p_c_enum_line(s, items):
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    if s.sy != 'pass':
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        p_c_enum_item(s, items)
        while s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
            if s.sy in ('NEWLINE', 'EOF'):
                break
            p_c_enum_item(s, items)
    else:
        s.next()
    s.expect_newline("Syntax error in enum item list")

def p_c_enum_item(s, items):
    pos = s.position()
    name = p_ident(s)
    cname = p_opt_cname(s)
    value = None
    if s.sy == '=':
        s.next()
        value = p_simple_expr(s)
    items.append(Nodes.CEnumDefItemNode(pos, 
        name = name, cname = cname, value = value))

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def p_c_struct_or_union_definition(s, pos, ctx):
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    # s.sy == ident 'struct' or 'union'
    kind = s.systring
    s.next()
    name = p_ident(s)
    cname = p_opt_cname(s)
    s.add_type_name(name)
    attributes = None
    if s.sy == ':':
        s.next()
        s.expect('NEWLINE')
        s.expect_indent()
        attributes = []
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        body_ctx = Ctx()
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        while s.sy != 'DEDENT':
            if s.sy != 'pass':
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                attributes.append(
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                    p_c_func_or_var_declaration(s, s.position(), body_ctx))
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            else:
                s.next()
                s.expect_newline("Expected a newline")
        s.expect_dedent()
    else:
        s.expect_newline("Syntax error in struct or union definition")
    return Nodes.CStructOrUnionDefNode(pos, 
        name = name, cname = cname, kind = kind, attributes = attributes,
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        typedef_flag = ctx.typedef_flag, visibility = ctx.visibility,
        in_pxd = ctx.level == 'module_pxd')
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def p_visibility(s, prev_visibility):
    pos = s.position()
    visibility = prev_visibility
    if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in ('extern', 'public', 'readonly'):
        visibility = s.systring
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        if prev_visibility != 'private' and visibility != prev_visibility:
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            s.error("Conflicting visibility options '%s' and '%s'"
                % (prev_visibility, visibility))
        s.next()
    return visibility
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def p_c_modifiers(s):
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    if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in ('inline',):
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        modifier = s.systring
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        s.next()
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        return [modifier] + p_c_modifiers(s)
    return []
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def p_c_func_or_var_declaration(s, pos, ctx):
    cmethod_flag = ctx.level in ('c_class', 'c_class_pxd')
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    modifiers = p_c_modifiers(s)
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    base_type = p_c_base_type(s, nonempty = 1)
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    declarator = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
                                assignable = 1, nonempty = 1)
    declarator.overridable = ctx.overridable
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    if s.sy == ':':
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        if ctx.level not in ('module', 'c_class'):
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            s.error("C function definition not allowed here")
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        doc, suite = p_suite(s, Ctx(level = 'function'), with_doc = 1)
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        result = Nodes.CFuncDefNode(pos,
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            visibility = ctx.visibility,
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            base_type = base_type,
            declarator = declarator, 
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            body = suite,
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            doc = doc,
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            modifiers = modifiers,
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            api = ctx.api,
            overridable = ctx.overridable)
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    else:
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        #if api:
        #    error(s.pos, "'api' not allowed with variable declaration")
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        declarators = [declarator]
        while s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
            if s.sy == 'NEWLINE':
                break
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            declarator = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
                                        assignable = 1, nonempty = 1)
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            declarators.append(declarator)
        s.expect_newline("Syntax error in C variable declaration")
        result = Nodes.CVarDefNode(pos, 
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            visibility = ctx.visibility,
            base_type = base_type,
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            declarators = declarators,
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            in_pxd = ctx.level == 'module_pxd',
            api = ctx.api,
            overridable = ctx.overridable)
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    return result

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def p_ctypedef_statement(s, ctx):
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    # s.sy == 'ctypedef'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
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    visibility = p_visibility(s, ctx.visibility)
    ctx = ctx(typedef_flag = 1, visibility = visibility)
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    if s.sy == 'class':
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        return p_c_class_definition(s, pos, ctx)
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    elif s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in ('struct', 'union', 'enum'):
        if s.systring == 'enum':
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            return p_c_enum_definition(s, pos, ctx)
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        else:
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            return p_c_struct_or_union_definition(s, pos, ctx)
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    else:
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        base_type = p_c_base_type(s, nonempty = 1)
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        declarator = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, is_type = 1, nonempty = 1)
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        s.expect_newline("Syntax error in ctypedef statement")
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        return Nodes.CTypeDefNode(
            pos, base_type = base_type,
            declarator = declarator, visibility = visibility,
            in_pxd = ctx.level == 'module_pxd')
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def p_decorators(s):
    decorators = []
    while s.sy == 'DECORATOR':
        pos = s.position()
        s.next()
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        decstring = p_dotted_name(s, as_allowed=0)[2]
        names = decstring.split('.')
        decorator = ExprNodes.NameNode(pos, name=Utils.EncodedString(names[0]))
        for name in names[1:]:
            decorator = ExprNodes.AttributeNode(pos,
                                           attribute=Utils.EncodedString(name),
                                           obj=decorator)
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        if s.sy == '(':
            decorator = p_call(s, decorator)
        decorators.append(Nodes.DecoratorNode(pos, decorator=decorator))
        s.expect_newline("Expected a newline after decorator")
    return decorators

def p_def_statement(s, decorators=None):
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    # s.sy == 'def'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
    name = p_ident(s)
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    #args = []
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    s.expect('(');
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    args = p_c_arg_list(s, in_pyfunc = 1, nonempty_declarators = 1)
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    star_arg = None
    starstar_arg = None
    if s.sy == '*':
        s.next()
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        if s.sy == 'IDENT':
            star_arg = p_py_arg_decl(s)
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        if s.sy == ',':
            s.next()
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            args.extend(p_c_arg_list(s, in_pyfunc = 1,
                nonempty_declarators = 1, kw_only = 1))
        elif s.sy != ')':
            s.error("Syntax error in Python function argument list")
    if s.sy == '**':
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        s.next()
        starstar_arg = p_py_arg_decl(s)
    s.expect(')')
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    if p_nogil(s):
        error(s.pos, "Python function cannot be declared nogil")
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    doc, body = p_suite(s, Ctx(level = 'function'), with_doc = 1)
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    return Nodes.DefNode(pos, name = name, args = args, 
        star_arg = star_arg, starstar_arg = starstar_arg,
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        doc = doc, body = body, decorators = decorators)
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def p_py_arg_decl(s):
    pos = s.position()
    name = p_ident(s)
    return Nodes.PyArgDeclNode(pos, name = name)

def p_class_statement(s):
    # s.sy == 'class'
    pos = s.position()
    s.next()
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    class_name = Utils.EncodedString( p_ident(s) )
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    class_name.encoding = s.source_encoding
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    if s.sy == '(':
        s.next()
        base_list = p_simple_expr_list(s)
        s.expect(')')
    else:
        base_list = []
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    doc, body = p_suite(s, Ctx(level = 'class'), with_doc = 1)
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    return Nodes.PyClassDefNode(pos,
        name = class_name,
        bases = ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos, args = base_list),
        doc = doc, body = body)

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def p_c_class_definition(s, pos,  ctx):
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    # s.sy == 'class'
    s.next()
    module_path = []
    class_name = p_ident(s)
    while s.sy == '.':
        s.next()
        module_path.append(class_name)
        class_name = p_ident(s)
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    if module_path and ctx.visibility != 'extern':
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        error(pos, "Qualified class name only allowed for 'extern' C class")
    if module_path and s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'as':
        s.next()
        as_name = p_ident(s)
    else:
        as_name = class_name
    s.add_type_name(as_name)
    objstruct_name = None
    typeobj_name = None
    base_class_module = None
    base_class_name = None
    if s.sy == '(':
        s.next()
        base_class_path = [p_ident(s)]
        while s.sy == '.':
            s.next()
            base_class_path.append(p_ident(s))
        if s.sy == ',':
            s.error("C class may only have one base class")
        s.expect(')')
        base_class_module = ".".join(base_class_path[:-1])
        base_class_name = base_class_path[-1]
    if s.sy == '[':
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        if ctx.visibility not in ('public', 'extern'):
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            error(s.position(), "Name options only allowed for 'public' or 'extern' C class")
        objstruct_name, typeobj_name = p_c_class_options(s)
    if s.sy == ':':
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        if ctx.level == 'module_pxd':
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            body_level = 'c_class_pxd'
        else:
            body_level = 'c_class'
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        doc, body = p_suite(s, Ctx(level = body_level), with_doc = 1)
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    else:
        s.expect_newline("Syntax error in C class definition")
        doc = None
        body = None
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    if ctx.visibility == 'extern':
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        if not module_path:
            error(pos, "Module name required for 'extern' C class")
        if typeobj_name:
            error(pos, "Type object name specification not allowed for 'extern' C class")
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    elif ctx.visibility == 'public':
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        if not objstruct_name:
            error(pos, "Object struct name specification required for 'public' C class")
        if not typeobj_name:
            error(pos, "Type object name specification required for 'public' C class")
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    elif ctx.visibility == 'private':
        if ctx.api:
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            error(pos, "Only 'public' C class can be declared 'api'")
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    else:
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        error(pos, "Invalid class visibility '%s'" % ctx.visibility)
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    return Nodes.CClassDefNode(pos,
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        visibility = ctx.visibility,
        typedef_flag = ctx.typedef_flag,
        api = ctx.api,
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        module_name = ".".join(module_path),
        class_name = class_name,
        as_name = as_name,
        base_class_module = base_class_module,
        base_class_name = base_class_name,
        objstruct_name = objstruct_name,
        typeobj_name = typeobj_name,
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        in_pxd = ctx.level == 'module_pxd',
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        doc = doc,
        body = body)

def p_c_class_options(s):
    objstruct_name = None
    typeobj_name = None
    s.expect('[')
    while 1:
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        if s.sy != 'IDENT':
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            break
        if s.systring == 'object':
            s.next()
            objstruct_name = p_ident(s)
        elif s.systring == 'type':
            s.next()
            typeobj_name = p_ident(s)
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        if s.sy != ',':
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            break
        s.next()
    s.expect(']', "Expected 'object' or 'type'")
    return objstruct_name, typeobj_name

def p_property_decl(s):
    pos = s.position()
    s.next() # 'property'
    name = p_ident(s)
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    doc, body = p_suite(s, Ctx(level = 'property'), with_doc = 1)
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    return Nodes.PropertyNode(pos, name = name, doc = doc, body = body)

def p_doc_string(s):
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    if s.sy == 'BEGIN_STRING':
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        pos = s.position()
        kind, result = p_cat_string_literal(s)
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        if s.sy != 'EOF':
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            s.expect_newline("Syntax error in doc string")
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        if kind != 'u':
            # warning(pos, "Python 3 requires docstrings to be unicode strings")
            if kind == 'b':
                result.encoding = None # force a unicode string
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        return result
    else:
        return None
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def p_code(s, level=None):
    s.add_type_name("object")
    s.add_type_name("Py_buffer")
    body = p_statement_list(s, Ctx(level = level), first_statement = 1)
    if s.sy != 'EOF':
        s.error("Syntax error in statement [%s,%s]" % (
            repr(s.sy), repr(s.systring)))
    return body
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def p_option_comments(s):
    result = {}
    while s.sy == 'option_comment':
        opts = s.systring[len("#cython:"):]
        try:
            result.update(Options.parse_option_list(opts))
        except ValueError, e:
            s.error(e.message, fatal=False)
        s.next()
    return result

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def p_module(s, pxd, full_module_name):
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    s.add_type_name("object")
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    s.add_type_name("Py_buffer")
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    pos = s.position()
    doc = p_doc_string(s)
    if pxd:
        level = 'module_pxd'
    else:
        level = 'module'
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    option_comments = p_option_comments(s)
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    s.parse_option_comments = False
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    body = p_statement_list(s, Ctx(level = level), first_statement = 1)
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    if s.sy != 'EOF':
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        s.error("Syntax error in statement [%s,%s]" % (
            repr(s.sy), repr(s.systring)))
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    return ModuleNode(pos, doc = doc, body = body,
                      full_module_name = full_module_name,
                      option_comments = option_comments)
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#----------------------------------------------
#
#   Debugging
#
#----------------------------------------------

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def print_parse_tree(f, node, level, key = None):
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    from Nodes import Node
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    ind = "  " * level
    if node:
        f.write(ind)
        if key:
            f.write("%s: " % key)
        t = type(node)
        if t == TupleType:
            f.write("(%s @ %s\n" % (node[0], node[1]))
            for i in xrange(2, len(node)):
                print_parse_tree(f, node[i], level+1)
            f.write("%s)\n" % ind)
            return
        elif isinstance(node, Node):
            try:
                tag = node.tag
            except AttributeError:
                tag = node.__class__.__name__
            f.write("%s @ %s\n" % (tag, node.pos))
            for name, value in node.__dict__.items():
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                if name != 'tag' and name != 'pos':
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                    print_parse_tree(f, value, level+1, name)
            return
        elif t == ListType:
            f.write("[\n")
            for i in xrange(len(node)):
                print_parse_tree(f, node[i], level+1)
            f.write("%s]\n" % ind)
            return
    f.write("%s%s\n" % (ind, node))