Merge in Dag's work

Cython/Compiler/Annotate.py

@@ -17,32 +17,34 @@ special_chars = [(u'<', u'\xF0', u'&lt;'),
 
 class AnnotationCCodeWriter(CCodeWriter):
 
-    def __init__(self, f):
-        CCodeWriter.__init__(self, self)
-        self.buffer = StringIO()
-        self.real_f = f
-        self.annotations = []
-        self.last_pos = None
-        self.code = {}
-        
-    def getvalue(self):
-        return self.real_f.getvalue()
-        
+    def __init__(self, create_from=None, buffer=None):
+        CCodeWriter.__init__(self, create_from, buffer)
+        self.annotation_buffer = StringIO()
+        if create_from is None:
+            self.annotations = []
+            self.last_pos = None
+            self.code = {}
+        else:
+            # When creating an insertion point, keep references to the same database
+            self.annotation_buffer = create_from.annotation_buffer
+            self.annotations = create_from.annotations
+            self.code = create_from.code
+
+    def create_new(self, create_from, buffer):
+        return AnnotationCCodeWriter(create_from, buffer)
+
     def write(self, s):
-        self.real_f.write(s)
-        self.buffer.write(s)
+        CCodeWriter.write(self, s)
+        self.annotation_buffer.write(s)
         
     def mark_pos(self, pos):
 #        if pos is not None:
 #            CCodeWriter.mark_pos(self, pos)
 #        return
         if self.last_pos:
-            try:
-                code = self.code[self.last_pos[1]]
-            except KeyError:
-                code = ""
-            self.code[self.last_pos[1]] = code + self.buffer.getvalue()
-        self.buffer = StringIO()
+            code = self.code.get(self.last_pos[1], "")
+            self.code[self.last_pos[1]] = code + self.annotation_buffer.getvalue()
+        self.annotation_buffer = StringIO()
         self.last_pos = pos
 
     def annotate(self, pos, item):

Cython/Compiler/Errors.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ class CompileError(PyrexError):
     def __init__(self, position = None, message = ""):
         self.position = position
         self.message_only = message
+        self.reported = False
     # Deprecated and withdrawn in 2.6:
     #   self.message = message
         if position:
@@ -88,17 +89,23 @@ def close_listing_file():
         listing_file.close()
         listing_file = None
 
-def error(position, message):
-    #print "Errors.error:", repr(position), repr(message) ###
+def report_error(err):
     global num_errors
-    err = CompileError(position, message)
-#    if position is not None: raise Exception(err) # debug
+    # See Main.py for why dual reporting occurs. Quick fix for now.
+    if err.reported: return
+    err.reported = True
     line = "%s\n" % err
     if listing_file:
         listing_file.write(line)
     if echo_file:
         echo_file.write(line)
     num_errors = num_errors + 1
+
+def error(position, message):
+    #print "Errors.error:", repr(position), repr(message) ###
+    err = CompileError(position, message)
+#    if position is not None: raise Exception(err) # debug
+    report_error(err)
     return err
 
 LEVEL=1 # warn about all errors level 1 or higher

Cython/Compiler/Main.py

@@ -46,6 +46,13 @@ class Context:
         self.pyxs = {}
         self.include_directories = include_directories
         self.future_directives = set()
+
+        import os.path
+
+        standard_include_path = os.path.abspath(
+            os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'Includes'))
+        self.include_directories = include_directories + [standard_include_path]
+
         
     def find_module(self, module_name, 
             relative_to = None, pos = None, need_pxd = 1):
@@ -323,14 +330,18 @@ class Context:
                     verbose_flag = options.show_version,
                     cplus = options.cplus)
 
+    def nonfatal_error(self, exc):
+        return Errors.report_error(exc)
+
     def run_pipeline(self, pipeline, source):
         errors_occurred = False
         data = source
         try:
             for phase in pipeline:
                 data = phase(data)
-        except CompileError:
+        except CompileError, err:
             errors_occurred = True
+            Errors.report_error(err)
         return (errors_occurred, data)
 
 def create_parse(context):
@@ -358,22 +369,25 @@ def create_default_pipeline(context, options, result):
     from ParseTreeTransforms import WithTransform, NormalizeTree, PostParse
     from ParseTreeTransforms import AnalyseDeclarationsTransform, AnalyseExpressionsTransform
     from ParseTreeTransforms import CreateClosureClasses, MarkClosureVisitor, DecoratorTransform
-    from Optimize import FlattenInListTransform, SwitchTransform
-    from Buffer import BufferTransform
+    from Optimize import FlattenInListTransform, SwitchTransform, OptimizeRefcounting
+    from Buffer import IntroduceBufferAuxiliaryVars
     from ModuleNode import check_c_classes
-    
+    def printit(x): print x.dump()
     return [
         create_parse(context),
+#        printit,
         NormalizeTree(context),
         PostParse(context),
         FlattenInListTransform(),
         WithTransform(context),
         DecoratorTransform(context),
         AnalyseDeclarationsTransform(context),
+        IntroduceBufferAuxiliaryVars(context),
         check_c_classes,
         AnalyseExpressionsTransform(context),
-        BufferTransform(context),
-        SwitchTransform(), 
+#        BufferTransform(context),
+        SwitchTransform(),
+        OptimizeRefcounting(context),
 #        CreateClosureClasses(context),
         create_generate_code(context, options, result)
     ]
@@ -607,6 +621,7 @@ def main(command_line = 0):
     else:
         options = CompilationOptions(default_options)
         sources = args
+
     if options.show_version:
         sys.stderr.write("Cython version %s\n" % Version.version)
     if options.working_path!="":

Cython/Compiler/ModuleNode.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         h_extension_types = h_entries(env.c_class_entries)
         if h_types or h_vars or h_funcs or h_extension_types:
             result.h_file = replace_suffix(result.c_file, ".h")
-            h_code = Code.CCodeWriter(open_new_file(result.h_file))
+            h_code = Code.CCodeWriter()
             if options.generate_pxi:
                 result.i_file = replace_suffix(result.c_file, ".pxi")
                 i_code = Code.PyrexCodeWriter(result.i_file)
@@ -129,6 +129,8 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
             h_code.putln("PyMODINIT_FUNC init%s(void);" % env.module_name)
             h_code.putln("")
             h_code.putln("#endif")
+            
+            h_code.copyto(open_new_file(result.h_file))
     
     def generate_public_declaration(self, entry, h_code, i_code):
         h_code.putln("%s %s;" % (
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
                 has_api_extension_types = 1
         if api_funcs or has_api_extension_types:
             result.api_file = replace_suffix(result.c_file, "_api.h")
-            h_code = Code.CCodeWriter(open_new_file(result.api_file))
+            h_code = Code.CCodeWriter()
             name = self.api_name(env)
             guard = Naming.api_guard_prefix + name
             h_code.put_h_guard(guard)
@@ -209,6 +211,8 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
             h_code.putln("}")
             h_code.putln("")
             h_code.putln("#endif")
+            
+            h_code.copyto(open_new_file(result.api_file))
     
     def generate_cclass_header_code(self, type, h_code):
         h_code.putln("%s DL_IMPORT(PyTypeObject) %s;" % (
@@ -232,12 +236,11 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
     def generate_c_code(self, env, options, result):
         modules = self.referenced_modules
         if Options.annotate or options.annotate:
-            code = Annotate.AnnotationCCodeWriter(StringIO())
+            code = Annotate.AnnotationCCodeWriter()
         else:
-            code = Code.CCodeWriter(StringIO())
-        code.h = Code.CCodeWriter(StringIO())
-        code.init_labels()
-        self.generate_module_preamble(env, modules, code.h)
+            code = Code.CCodeWriter()
+        h_code = code.insertion_point()
+        self.generate_module_preamble(env, modules, h_code)
 
         code.putln("")
         code.putln("/* Implementation of %s */" % env.qualified_name)
@@ -259,15 +262,13 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         code.mark_pos(None)
         self.generate_module_cleanup_func(env, code)
         self.generate_filename_table(code)
-        self.generate_utility_functions(env, code)
-        self.generate_buffer_compatability_functions(env, code)
+        self.generate_utility_functions(env, code, h_code)
 
-        self.generate_declarations_for_modules(env, modules, code.h)
+        self.generate_declarations_for_modules(env, modules, h_code)
+        h_code.write('\n')
 
         f = open_new_file(result.c_file)
-        f.write(code.h.f.getvalue())
-        f.write("\n")
-        f.write(code.f.getvalue())
+        code.copyto(f)
         f.close()
         result.c_file_generated = 1
         if Options.annotate or options.annotate:
@@ -441,8 +442,6 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         code.putln("  #define PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS (0x0080 | PyBUF_STRIDES)")
         code.putln("  #define PyBUF_INDIRECT (0x0100 | PyBUF_STRIDES)")
         code.putln("")
-        code.putln("  static int PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags);")
-        code.putln("  static void PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view);")
         code.putln("#endif")
 
         code.put(builtin_module_name_utility_code[0])
@@ -1485,6 +1484,7 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         code.putln("0")
         code.putln("};")
         code.putln()
+        code.enter_cfunc_scope() # as we need labels
         code.putln("static int %s(PyObject *o, PyObject* py_name, char *name) {" % Naming.import_star_set)
         code.putln("char** type_name = %s_type_names;" % Naming.import_star)
         code.putln("while (*type_name) {")
@@ -1535,8 +1535,10 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         code.putln("return -1;")
         code.putln("}")
         code.putln(import_star_utility_code)
+        code.exit_cfunc_scope() # done with labels
 
     def generate_module_init_func(self, imported_modules, env, code):
+        code.enter_cfunc_scope()
         code.putln("")
         header2 = "PyMODINIT_FUNC init%s(void)" % env.module_name
         header3 = "PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_%s(void)" % env.module_name
@@ -1548,8 +1550,7 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         code.putln(header3)
         code.putln("#endif")
         code.putln("{")
-
-        code.put_var_declarations(env.temp_entries)
+        tempdecl_code = code.insertion_point()
         code.putln("%s = PyTuple_New(0); %s" % (Naming.empty_tuple, code.error_goto_if_null(Naming.empty_tuple, self.pos)));
 
         code.putln("/*--- Libary function declarations ---*/")
@@ -1590,6 +1591,7 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
 
         code.putln("/*--- Execution code ---*/")
         code.mark_pos(None)
+        
         self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
 
         if Options.generate_cleanup_code:
@@ -1609,6 +1611,11 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         code.putln("return NULL;")
         code.putln("#endif")
         code.putln('}')
+        
+        tempdecl_code.put_var_declarations(env.temp_entries)
+        tempdecl_code.put_temp_declarations(code.func)
+
+        code.exit_cfunc_scope()
 
     def generate_module_cleanup_func(self, env, code):
         if not Options.generate_cleanup_code:
@@ -1951,7 +1958,7 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
                 "%s = &%s;" % (
                     type.typeptr_cname, type.typeobj_cname))
     
-    def generate_utility_functions(self, env, code):
+    def generate_utility_functions(self, env, code, h_code):
         code.putln("")
         code.putln("/* Runtime support code */")
         code.putln("")
@@ -1960,94 +1967,11 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
             (Naming.filetable_cname, Naming.filenames_cname))
         code.putln("}")
         for utility_code in env.utility_code_used:
-            code.h.put(utility_code[0])
+            h_code.put(utility_code[0])
             code.put(utility_code[1])
         code.put(PyrexTypes.type_conversion_functions)
         code.putln("")
 
-    def generate_buffer_compatability_functions(self, env, code):
-        # will be refactored
-        try:
-            env.entries[u'numpy']
-            code.put("""
-static int numpy_getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) {
-  /* This function is always called after a type-check; safe to cast */
-  PyArrayObject *arr = (PyArrayObject*)obj;
-  PyArray_Descr *type = (PyArray_Descr*)arr->descr;
-
-  
-  int typenum = PyArray_TYPE(obj);
-  if (!PyTypeNum_ISNUMBER(typenum)) {
-    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Only numeric NumPy types currently supported.");
-    return -1;
-  }
-
-  /*
-  NumPy format codes doesn't completely match buffer codes;
-  seems safest to retranslate.
-                            01234567890123456789012345*/
-  const char* base_codes = "?bBhHiIlLqQfdgfdgO";
-
-  char* format = (char*)malloc(4);
-  char* fp = format;
-  *fp++ = type->byteorder;
-  if (PyTypeNum_ISCOMPLEX(typenum)) *fp++ = 'Z';
-  *fp++ = base_codes[typenum];
-  *fp = 0;
-
-  view->buf = arr->data;
-  view->readonly = !PyArray_ISWRITEABLE(obj);
-  view->ndim = PyArray_NDIM(arr);
-  view->strides = PyArray_STRIDES(arr);
-  view->shape = PyArray_DIMS(arr);
-  view->suboffsets = NULL;
-  view->format = format;
-  view->itemsize = type->elsize;
-
-  view->internal = 0;
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static void numpy_releasebuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view) {
-  free((char*)view->format);
-  view->format = NULL;
-}
-
-""")
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-        
-        # For now, hard-code numpy imported as "numpy"
-        types = []
-        try:
-            ndarrtype = env.entries[u'numpy'].as_module.entries['ndarray'].type
-            types.append((ndarrtype.typeptr_cname, "numpy_getbuffer", "numpy_releasebuffer"))
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-        code.putln("#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000")
-        code.putln("static int PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) {")
-        if len(types) > 0:
-            clause = "if"
-            for t, get, release in types:
-                code.putln("%s (__Pyx_TypeTest(obj, %s)) return %s(obj, view, flags);" % (clause, t, get))
-                clause = "else if"
-            code.putln("else {")
-        code.putln("PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, \"'%100s' does not have the buffer interface\", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);")
-        code.putln("return -1;")
-        if len(types) > 0: code.putln("}")
-        code.putln("}")
-        code.putln("")
-        code.putln("static void PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view) {")
-        if len(types) > 0:
-            clause = "if"
-            for t, get, release in types:
-                code.putln("%s (__Pyx_TypeTest(obj, %s)) %s(obj, view);" % (clause, t, release))
-                clause = "else if"
-        code.putln("}")
-        code.putln("")
-        code.putln("#endif")
-
-
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
 #  Runtime support code

Cython/Compiler/Naming.py

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
 
 pyrex_prefix    = "__pyx_"
 
+
+codewriter_temp_prefix = pyrex_prefix + "t_"
+
 temp_prefix       = u"__cyt_"
 
 builtin_prefix    = pyrex_prefix + "builtin_"
@@ -31,6 +34,10 @@ prop_set_prefix   = pyrex_prefix + "setprop_"
 type_prefix       = pyrex_prefix + "t_"
 typeobj_prefix    = pyrex_prefix + "type_"
 var_prefix        = pyrex_prefix + "v_"
+bufstruct_prefix  = pyrex_prefix + "bstruct_"
+bufstride_prefix  = pyrex_prefix + "bstride_"
+bufshape_prefix   = pyrex_prefix + "bshape_"
+bufsuboffset_prefix  = pyrex_prefix + "boffset_"
 vtable_prefix     = pyrex_prefix + "vtable_"
 vtabptr_prefix    = pyrex_prefix + "vtabptr_"
 vtabstruct_prefix = pyrex_prefix + "vtabstruct_"

Cython/Compiler/Optimize.py

@@ -134,3 +134,16 @@ class FlattenInListTransform(Visitor.VisitorTransform):
     def visit_Node(self, node):
         self.visitchildren(node)
         return node
+
+
+class OptimizeRefcounting(Visitor.CythonTransform):
+    def visit_SingleAssignmentNode(self, node):
+        if node.first:
+            lhs = node.lhs
+            if isinstance(lhs, ExprNodes.NameNode) and lhs.entry.type.is_pyobject:
+                # Have variable initialized to 0 rather than None
+                lhs.entry.init_to_none = False
+                lhs.entry.init = 0
+                # Set a flag in NameNode to skip the decref
+                lhs.skip_assignment_decref = True
+        return node

Cython/Compiler/ParseTreeTransforms.py

@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ ERR_BUF_DUP = '"%s" buffer option already supplied'
 ERR_BUF_MISSING = '"%s" missing'
 ERR_BUF_INT = '"%s" must be an integer'
 ERR_BUF_NONNEG = '"%s" must be non-negative'
-
+ERR_CDEF_INCLASS = 'Cannot assign default value to cdef class attributes'
+ERR_BUF_LOCALONLY = 'Buffer types only allowed as function local variables'
+ERR_BUF_MODEHELP = 'Only allowed buffer modes are "full" or "strided" (as a compile-time string)'
 class PostParse(CythonTransform):
     """
     Basic interpretation of the parse tree, as well as validity
@@ -91,6 +93,9 @@ class PostParse(CythonTransform):
     as such).
 
     Specifically:
+    - Default values to cdef assignments are turned into single
+    assignments following the declaration (everywhere but in class
+    bodies, where they raise a compile error)
     - CBufferAccessTypeNode has its options interpreted:
     Any first positional argument goes into the "dtype" attribute,
     any "ndim" keyword argument goes into the "ndim" attribute and
@@ -101,12 +106,65 @@ class PostParse(CythonTransform):
     if a more pure Abstract Syntax Tree is wanted.
     """
 
-    buffer_options = ("dtype", "ndim") # ordered!
+    # Track our context.
+    scope_type = None # can be either of 'module', 'function', 'class'
+
+    def visit_ModuleNode(self, node):
+        self.scope_type = 'module'
+        self.visitchildren(node)
+        return node
+    
+    def visit_ClassDefNode(self, node):
+        prev = self.scope_type
+        self.scope_type = 'class'
+        self.visitchildren(node)
+        self.scope_type = prev
+        return node
+
+    def visit_FuncDefNode(self, node):
+        prev = self.scope_type
+        self.scope_type = 'function'
+        self.visitchildren(node)
+        self.scope_type = prev
+        return node
+
+    # cdef variables
+    def visit_CVarDefNode(self, node):
+        # This assumes only plain names and pointers are assignable on
+        # declaration. Also, it makes use of the fact that a cdef decl
+        # must appear before the first use, so we don't have to deal with
+        # "i = 3; cdef int i = i" and can simply move the nodes around.
+        try:
+            self.visitchildren(node)
+        except PostParseError, e:
+            # An error in a cdef clause is ok, simply remove the declaration
+            # and try to move on to report more errors
+            self.context.nonfatal_error(e)
+            return None
+        stats = [node]
+        for decl in node.declarators:
+            while isinstance(decl, CPtrDeclaratorNode):
+                decl = decl.base
+            if isinstance(decl, CNameDeclaratorNode):
+                if decl.default is not None:
+                    if self.scope_type == 'class':
+                        raise PostParseError(decl.pos, ERR_CDEF_INCLASS)
+                    stats.append(SingleAssignmentNode(node.pos,
+                        lhs=NameNode(node.pos, name=decl.name),
+                        rhs=decl.default, first=True))
+                    decl.default = None
+        return stats
+
+    # buffer access
+    buffer_options = ("dtype", "ndim", "mode") # ordered!
     def visit_CBufferAccessTypeNode(self, node):
+        if not self.scope_type == 'function':
+            raise PostParseError(node.pos, ERR_BUF_LOCALONLY)
+        
         options = {}
         # Fetch positional arguments
         if len(node.positional_args) > len(self.buffer_options):
-            self.context.error(ERR_BUF_TOO_MANY)
+            raise PostParseError(node.pos, ERR_BUF_TOO_MANY)
         for arg, unicode_name in zip(node.positional_args, self.buffer_options):
             name = str(unicode_name)
             options[name] = arg
@@ -114,21 +172,19 @@ class PostParse(CythonTransform):
         for item in node.keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
             name = str(item.key.value)
             if not name in self.buffer_options:
-                raise PostParseError(item.key.pos,
-                                     ERR_BUF_UNKNOWN % name)
+                raise PostParseError(item.key.pos, ERR_BUF_OPTION_UNKNOWN % name)
             if name in options.keys():
-                raise PostParseError(item.key.pos,
-                                     ERR_BUF_DUP % key)
+                raise PostParseError(item.key.pos, ERR_BUF_DUP % key)
             options[name] = item.value
 
-        provided = options.keys()
         # get dtype
         dtype = options.get("dtype")
-        if dtype is None: raise PostParseError(node.pos, ERR_BUF_MISSING % 'dtype')
+        if dtype is None:
+            raise PostParseError(node.pos, ERR_BUF_MISSING % 'dtype')
         node.dtype_node = dtype
 
         # get ndim
-        if "ndim" in provided:
+        if "ndim" in options:
             ndimnode = options["ndim"]
             if not isinstance(ndimnode, IntNode):
                 # Compile-time values (DEF) are currently resolved by the parser,
@@ -140,7 +196,18 @@ class PostParse(CythonTransform):
             node.ndim = int(ndimnode.value)
         else:
             node.ndim = 1
-        
+
+        if "mode" in options:
+            modenode = options["mode"]
+            if not isinstance(modenode, StringNode):
+                raise PostParseError(modenode.pos, ERR_BUF_MODEHELP)
+            mode = modenode.value
+            if not mode in ('full', 'strided'):
+                raise PostParseError(modenode.pos, ERR_BUF_MODEHELP)
+            node.mode = mode
+        else:
+            node.mode = 'full'
+       
         # We're done with the parse tree args
         node.positional_args = None
         node.keyword_args = None
@@ -253,6 +320,13 @@ class AnalyseDeclarationsTransform(CythonTransform):
         self.env_stack.pop()
         return node
         
+    # Some nodes are no longer needed after declaration
+    # analysis and can be dropped. The analysis was performed
+    # on these nodes in a seperate recursive process from the
+    # enclosing function or module, so we can simply drop them.
+    def visit_CVarDefNode(self, node):
+        return None
+
 class AnalyseExpressionsTransform(CythonTransform):
     def visit_ModuleNode(self, node):
         node.body.analyse_expressions(node.scope)
@@ -263,7 +337,7 @@ class AnalyseExpressionsTransform(CythonTransform):
         node.body.analyse_expressions(node.local_scope)
         self.visitchildren(node)
         return node
-        
+
 class MarkClosureVisitor(CythonTransform):
     
     needs_closure = False

Cython/Compiler/Parsing.py

@@ -1620,9 +1620,7 @@ def p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty):
 
 
     # Treat trailing [] on type as buffer access
-    if 0: # s.sy == '[':
-        if is_basic:
-            s.error("Basic C types do not support buffer access")
+    if not is_basic and s.sy == '[':
         return p_buffer_access(s, type_node)
     else:
         return type_node

Cython/Compiler/PyrexTypes.py

@@ -6,21 +6,6 @@ from Cython import Utils
 import Naming
 import copy
 
-class BufferOptions:
-    # dtype         PyrexType
-    # ndim          int
-    def __init__(self, dtype, ndim):
-        self.dtype = dtype
-        self.ndim = ndim
-
-
-def create_buffer_type(base_type, buffer_options):
-    # Make a shallow copy of base_type and then annotate it
-    # with the buffer information
-    result = copy.copy(base_type)
-    result.buffer_options = buffer_options
-    return result
-
 
 class BaseType:
     #
@@ -57,6 +42,7 @@ class PyrexType(BaseType):
     #  is_unicode            boolean     Is a UTF-8 encoded C char * type
     #  is_returncode         boolean     Is used only to signal exceptions
     #  is_error              boolean     Is the dummy error type
+    #  is_buffer             boolean     Is buffer access type
     #  has_attributes        boolean     Has C dot-selectable attributes
     #  default_value         string      Initial value
     #  parsetuple_format     string      Format char for PyArg_ParseTuple
@@ -106,11 +92,11 @@ class PyrexType(BaseType):
     is_unicode = 0
     is_returncode = 0
     is_error = 0
+    is_buffer = 0
     has_attributes = 0
     default_value = ""
     parsetuple_format = ""
     pymemberdef_typecode = None
-    buffer_options = None # can contain a BufferOptions instance
     
     def resolve(self):
         # If a typedef, returns the base type.
@@ -202,6 +188,37 @@ class CTypedefType(BaseType):
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         return getattr(self.typedef_base_type, name)
 
+class BufferType(BaseType):
+    #
+    #  Delegates most attribute
+    #  lookups to the base type. ANYTHING NOT DEFINED
+    #  HERE IS DELEGATED!
+    
+    # dtype         PyrexType
+    # ndim          int
+    # mode          str
+    # is_buffer     boolean
+    # writable      boolean
+
+    is_buffer = 1
+    writable = True
+    def __init__(self, base, dtype, ndim, mode):
+        self.base = base
+        self.dtype = dtype
+        self.ndim = ndim
+        self.buffer_ptr_type = CPtrType(dtype)
+        self.mode = mode
+    
+    def as_argument_type(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.base, name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<BufferType %r>" % self.base
+
+    
 class PyObjectType(PyrexType):
     #
     #  Base class for all Python object types (reference-counted).
@@ -927,7 +944,7 @@ class CEnumType(CType):
     #  name           string
     #  cname          string or None
     #  typedef_flag   boolean
-    
+
     is_enum = 1
     signed = 1
     rank = -1 # Ranks below any integer type

Cython/Compiler/Symtab.py

@@ -15,11 +15,14 @@ from TypeSlots import \
     get_special_method_signature, get_property_accessor_signature
 import ControlFlow
 import __builtin__
+from sets import Set as set
 
 possible_identifier = re.compile(ur"(?![0-9])\w+$", re.U).match
 nice_identifier = re.compile('^[a-zA-Z0-0_]+$').match
 
 class BufferAux:
+    writable_needed = False
+    
     def __init__(self, buffer_info_var, stridevars, shapevars, tschecker):
         self.buffer_info_var = buffer_info_var
         self.stridevars = stridevars
@@ -141,7 +144,7 @@ class Entry:
     def redeclared(self, pos):
         error(pos, "'%s' does not match previous declaration" % self.name)
         error(self.pos, "Previous declaration is here")
-        
+
 class Scope:
     # name              string             Unqualified name
     # outer_scope       Scope or None      Enclosing scope
@@ -216,6 +219,7 @@ class Scope:
         self.num_to_entry = {}
         self.obj_to_entry = {}
         self.pystring_entries = []
+        self.buffer_entries = []
         self.control_flow = ControlFlow.LinearControlFlow()
         
     def start_branching(self, pos):
@@ -616,9 +620,12 @@ class Scope:
         return [entry for entry in self.temp_entries
             if entry not in self.free_temp_entries]
     
-    def use_utility_code(self, new_code):
-        self.global_scope().use_utility_code(new_code)
+    def use_utility_code(self, new_code, name=None):
+        self.global_scope().use_utility_code(new_code, name)
     
+    def has_utility_code(self, name):
+        return self.global_scope().has_utility_code(name)
+
     def generate_library_function_declarations(self, code):
         # Generate extern decls for C library funcs used.
         #if self.pow_function_used:
@@ -738,6 +745,7 @@ class ModuleScope(Scope):
     # doc_cname            string             C name of module doc string
     # const_counter        integer            Counter for naming constants
     # utility_code_used    [string]           Utility code to be included
+    # utility_code_names   set(string)        (Optional) names for named (often generated) utility code
     # default_entries      [Entry]            Function argument default entries
     # python_include_files [string]           Standard  Python headers to be included
     # include_files        [string]           Other C headers to be included
@@ -772,6 +780,7 @@ class ModuleScope(Scope):
         self.doc_cname = Naming.moddoc_cname
         self.const_counter = 1
         self.utility_code_used = []
+        self.utility_code_names = set()
         self.default_entries = []
         self.module_entries = {}
         self.python_include_files = ["Python.h", "structmember.h"]
@@ -930,13 +939,25 @@ class ModuleScope(Scope):
         self.const_counter = n + 1
         return "%s%s%d" % (Naming.const_prefix, prefix, n)
     
-    def use_utility_code(self, new_code):
+    def use_utility_code(self, new_code, name=None):
         #  Add string to list of utility code to be included,
-        #  if not already there (tested using 'is').
+        #  if not already there (tested using the provided name,
+        #  or 'is' if name=None -- if the utility code is dynamically
+        #  generated, use the name, otherwise it is not needed).
+        if name is not None:
+            if name in self.utility_code_names:
+                return
         for old_code in self.utility_code_used:
             if old_code is new_code:
                 return
         self.utility_code_used.append(new_code)
+        self.utility_code_names.add(name)
+
+    def has_utility_code(self, name):
+        # Checks if utility code (that is registered by name) has
+        # previously been registered. This is useful if the utility code
+        # is dynamically generated to avoid re-generation.
+        return name in self.utility_code_names
     
     def declare_c_class(self, name, pos, defining = 0, implementing = 0,
         module_name = None, base_type = None, objstruct_cname = None,

Cython/Compiler/Tests/TestBuffer.py

@@ -47,21 +47,35 @@ class TestBufferParsing(CythonTest):
         self.not_parseable("Non-keyword arg following keyword arg",
                            u"cdef object[foo=1, 2] x")
 
+
+# See also tests/error/e_bufaccess.pyx and tets/run/bufaccess.pyx
 class TestBufferOptions(CythonTest):
     # Tests the full parsing of the options within the brackets
 
-    def parse_opts(self, opts):
-        s = u"cdef object[%s] x" % opts
-        root = self.fragment(s, pipeline=[PostParse(self)]).root
-        buftype = root.stats[0].base_type
-        self.assert_(isinstance(buftype, CBufferAccessTypeNode))
-        self.assert_(isinstance(buftype.base_type_node, CSimpleBaseTypeNode))
-        self.assertEqual(u"object", buftype.base_type_node.name)
-        return buftype
+    def nonfatal_error(self, error):
+        # We're passing self as context to transform to trap this
+        self.error = error
+        self.assert_(self.expect_error)
+
+    def parse_opts(self, opts, expect_error=False):
+        s = u"def f():\n  cdef object[%s] x" % opts
+        self.expect_error = expect_error
+        root = self.fragment(s, pipeline=[NormalizeTree(self), PostParse(self)]).root
+        if not expect_error:
+            vardef = root.stats[0].body.stats[0]
+            assert isinstance(vardef, CVarDefNode) # use normal assert as this is to validate the test code
+            buftype = vardef.base_type
+            self.assert_(isinstance(buftype, CBufferAccessTypeNode))
+            self.assert_(isinstance(buftype.base_type_node, CSimpleBaseTypeNode))
+            self.assertEqual(u"object", buftype.base_type_node.name)
+            return buftype
+        else:
+            self.assert_(len(root.stats[0].body.stats) == 0)
 
     def non_parse(self, expected_err, opts):
-        e = self.should_fail(lambda: self.parse_opts(opts))
-        self.assertEqual(expected_err, e.message_only)
+        self.parse_opts(opts, expect_error=True)
+#        e = self.should_fail(lambda: self.parse_opts(opts))
+        self.assertEqual(expected_err, self.error.message_only)
         
     def test_basic(self):
         buf = self.parse_opts(u"unsigned short int, 3")
@@ -86,10 +100,12 @@ class TestBufferOptions(CythonTest):
     def test_use_DEF(self):
         t = self.fragment(u"""
         DEF ndim = 3
-        cdef object[int, ndim] x
-        cdef object[ndim=ndim, dtype=int] y
-        """, pipeline=[PostParse(self)]).root
-        self.assert_(t.stats[1].base_type.ndim == 3)
-        self.assert_(t.stats[2].base_type.ndim == 3)
+        def f():
+            cdef object[int, ndim] x
+            cdef object[ndim=ndim, dtype=int] y
+        """, pipeline=[NormalizeTree(self), PostParse(self)]).root
+        stats = t.stats[0].body.stats
+        self.assert_(stats[0].base_type.ndim == 3)
+        self.assert_(stats[1].base_type.ndim == 3)
 
-    # add exotic and impossible combinations as they come along
+    # add exotic and impossible combinations as they come along...

Cython/Compiler/TreeFragment.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import re
 from cStringIO import StringIO
 from Scanning import PyrexScanner, StringSourceDescriptor
 from Symtab import BuiltinScope, ModuleScope
+import Symtab
+import PyrexTypes
 from Visitor import VisitorTransform, temp_name_handle
 from Nodes import Node, StatListNode
 from ExprNodes import NameNode
@@ -108,11 +110,16 @@ class TemplateTransform(VisitorTransform):
         self.substitutions = substitutions
         tempdict = {}
         for key in temps:
-            tempdict[key] = temp_name_handle(key)
-        self.temps = tempdict
+            tempdict[key] = temp_name_handle(key) # pending result_code refactor: Symtab.new_temp(PyrexTypes.py_object_type, key)
+        self.temp_key_to_entries = tempdict
         self.pos = pos
         return super(TemplateTransform, self).__call__(node)
 
+    def get_pos(self, node):
+        if self.pos:
+            return self.pos
+        else:
+            return node.pos
 
     def visit_Node(self, node):
         if node is None:
@@ -135,11 +142,11 @@ class TemplateTransform(VisitorTransform):
             
     
     def visit_NameNode(self, node):
-        tempname = self.temps.get(node.name)
-        if tempname is not None:
+        tempentry = self.temp_key_to_entries.get(node.name)
+        if tempentry is not None:
             # Replace name with temporary
-            node.name = tempname
-            return self.visit_Node(node)
+            return NameNode(self.get_pos(node), name=tempentry)
+            # Pending result_code refactor: return NameNode(self.get_pos(node), entry=tempentry)
         else:
             return self.try_substitution(node, node.name)
 
@@ -157,6 +164,7 @@ def copy_code_tree(node):
 INDENT_RE = re.compile(ur"^ *")
 def strip_common_indent(lines):
     "Strips empty lines and common indentation from the list of strings given in lines"
+    # TODO: Facilitate textwrap.indent instead
     lines = [x for x in lines if x.strip() != u""]
     minindent = min([len(INDENT_RE.match(x).group(0)) for x in lines])
     lines = [x[minindent:] for x in lines]

Cython/Includes/python_buffer.pxd

+# Please see the Python header files (object.h) for docs
+
+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef void PyObject
+    
+    ctypedef struct bufferinfo:
+        void *buf     
+        Py_ssize_t len
+        Py_ssize_t itemsize            
+        int readonly
+        int ndim
+        char *format
+        Py_ssize_t *shape
+        Py_ssize_t *strides
+        Py_ssize_t *suboffsets
+        void *internal
+    ctypedef bufferinfo Py_buffer
+
+    cdef enum:
+        PyBUF_SIMPLE,
+        PyBUF_WRITABLE,
+        PyBUF_WRITEABLE, # backwards compatability
+        PyBUF_FORMAT,
+        PyBUF_ND,
+        PyBUF_STRIDES,
+        PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS,
+        PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS,
+        PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS,
+        PyBUF_INDIRECT,
+        PyBUF_CONTIG,
+        PyBUF_CONTIG_RO,
+        PyBUF_STRIDED,
+        PyBUF_STRIDED_RO,
+        PyBUF_RECORDS,
+        PyBUF_RECORDS_RO,
+        PyBUF_FULL,
+        PyBUF_FULL_RO,
+        PyBUF_READ,
+        PyBUF_WRITE,
+        PyBUF_SHADOW
+
+    int PyObject_CheckBuffer(PyObject* obj)
+    int PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
+    void PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view)
+    void* PyBuffer_GetPointer(Py_buffer *view, Py_ssize_t *indices)
+    int PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat(char *) # actually const char
+    int PyBuffer_ToContiguous(void *buf, Py_buffer *view, Py_ssize_t len, char fort)
+    int PyBuffer_FromContiguous(Py_buffer *view, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, char fort)
+    int PyObject_CopyData(PyObject *dest, PyObject *src)
+    int PyBuffer_IsContiguous(Py_buffer *view, char fort)
+    void PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides(int ndims, 
+                                        Py_ssize_t *shape, 
+                                        Py_ssize_t *strides,
+                                        int itemsize,
+                                        char fort)
+    int PyBuffer_FillInfo(Py_buffer *view, void *buf,
+                          Py_ssize_t len, int readonly,
+                          int flags)
+
+    PyObject* PyObject_Format(PyObject* obj,
+                              PyObject *format_spec)

Cython/StringIOTree.py

+from cStringIO import StringIO
+
+class StringIOTree(object):
+    """
+    See module docs.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream=None):
+        self.prepended_children = []
+        if stream is None: stream = StringIO()
+        self.stream = stream
+
+    def getvalue(self):
+        return ("".join([x.getvalue() for x in self.prepended_children]) +
+                self.stream.getvalue())
+
+    def copyto(self, target):
+        """Potentially cheaper than getvalue as no string concatenation
+        needs to happen."""
+        for child in self.prepended_children:
+            child.copyto(target)
+        target.write(self.stream.getvalue())
+
+    def write(self, what):
+        self.stream.write(what)
+
+    def insertion_point(self):
+        # Save what we have written until now
+        # (would it be more efficient to check with len(self.stream.getvalue())?
+        # leaving it out for now)
+        self.prepended_children.append(StringIOTree(self.stream))
+        # Construct the new forked object to return
+        other = StringIOTree()
+        self.prepended_children.append(other)
+        self.stream = StringIO()
+        return other
+
+__doc__ = r"""
+Implements a buffer with insertion points. When you know you need to
+"get back" to a place and write more later, simply call insertion_point()
+at that spot and get a new StringIOTree object that is "left behind".
+
+EXAMPLE:
+
+>>> a = StringIOTree()
+>>> a.write('first\n')
+>>> b = a.insertion_point()
+>>> a.write('third\n')
+>>> b.write('second\n')
+>>> print a.getvalue()
+first
+second
+third
+<BLANKLINE>
+
+>>> c = b.insertion_point()
+>>> d = c.insertion_point()
+>>> d.write('alpha\n')
+>>> b.write('gamma\n')
+>>> c.write('beta\n')
+>>> print b.getvalue()
+second
+alpha
+beta
+gamma
+<BLANKLINE>
+
+>>> out = StringIO()
+>>> a.copyto(out)
+>>> print out.getvalue()
+first
+second
+alpha
+beta
+gamma
+third
+<BLANKLINE>
+"""
+            
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()

runtests.py

@@ -46,12 +46,13 @@ class ErrorWriter(object):
 
 class TestBuilder(object):
     def __init__(self, rootdir, workdir, selectors, annotate,
-                 cleanup_workdir, with_pyregr):
+                 cleanup_workdir, cleanup_sharedlibs, with_pyregr):
         self.rootdir = rootdir
         self.workdir = workdir
         self.selectors = selectors
         self.annotate = annotate
         self.cleanup_workdir = cleanup_workdir
+        self.cleanup_sharedlibs = cleanup_sharedlibs
         self.with_pyregr = with_pyregr
 
     def build_suite(self):
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ class TestBuilder(object):
         for filename in filenames:
             if not (filename.endswith(".pyx") or filename.endswith(".py")):
                 continue
+            if filename.startswith('.'): continue # certain emacs backup files
             if context == 'pyregr' and not filename.startswith('test_'):
                 continue
             module = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
@@ -99,25 +101,29 @@ class TestBuilder(object):
                 test = build_test(
                     path, workdir, module,
                     annotate=self.annotate,
-                    cleanup_workdir=self.cleanup_workdir)
+                    cleanup_workdir=self.cleanup_workdir,
+                    cleanup_sharedlibs=self.cleanup_sharedlibs)
             else:
                 test = CythonCompileTestCase(
                     path, workdir, module,
                     expect_errors=expect_errors,
                     annotate=self.annotate,
-                    cleanup_workdir=self.cleanup_workdir)
+                    cleanup_workdir=self.cleanup_workdir,
+                    cleanup_sharedlibs=self.cleanup_sharedlibs)
             suite.addTest(test)
         return suite
 
 class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def __init__(self, directory, workdir, module,
-                 expect_errors=False, annotate=False, cleanup_workdir=True):
+                 expect_errors=False, annotate=False, cleanup_workdir=True,
+                 cleanup_sharedlibs=True):
         self.directory = directory
         self.workdir = workdir
         self.module = module
         self.expect_errors = expect_errors
         self.annotate = annotate
         self.cleanup_workdir = cleanup_workdir
+        self.cleanup_sharedlibs = cleanup_sharedlibs
         unittest.TestCase.__init__(self)
 
     def shortDescription(self):
@@ -125,10 +131,13 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def tearDown(self):
         cleanup_c_files = WITH_CYTHON and self.cleanup_workdir
+        cleanup_lib_files = self.cleanup_sharedlibs
         if os.path.exists(self.workdir):
             for rmfile in os.listdir(self.workdir):
                 if not cleanup_c_files and rmfile[-2:] in (".c", ".h"):
                     continue
+                if not cleanup_lib_files and rmfile.endswith(".so") or rmfile.endswith(".dll"):
+                    continue
                 if self.annotate and rmfile.endswith(".html"):
                     continue
                 try:
@@ -278,7 +287,7 @@ class CythonUnitTestCase(CythonCompileTestCase):
         except Exception:
             pass
 
-def collect_unittests(path, suite, selectors):
+def collect_unittests(path, module_prefix, suite, selectors):
     def file_matches(filename):
         return filename.startswith("Test") and filename.endswith(".py")
 
@@ -304,7 +313,7 @@ def collect_unittests(path, suite, selectors):
             for f in filenames:
                 if file_matches(f):
                     filepath = os.path.join(dirpath, f)[:-len(".py")]
-                    modulename = filepath[len(path)+1:].replace(os.path.sep, '.')
+                    modulename = module_prefix + filepath[len(path)+1:].replace(os.path.sep, '.')
                     if not [ 1 for match in selectors if match(modulename) ]:
                         continue
                     module = __import__(modulename)
@@ -312,18 +321,50 @@ def collect_unittests(path, suite, selectors):
                         module = getattr(module, x)
                     suite.addTests([loader.loadTestsFromModule(module)])
 
+def collect_doctests(path, module_prefix, suite, selectors):
+    def package_matches(dirname):
+        return dirname not in ("Mac", "Distutils", "Plex")
+    def file_matches(filename):
+        return (filename.endswith(".py") and not ('~' in filename
+                or '#' in filename or filename.startswith('.')))
+    import doctest, types
+    for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(path):
+        parentname = os.path.split(dirpath)[-1]
+        if package_matches(parentname):
+            for f in filenames:
+                if file_matches(f):
+                    if not f.endswith('.py'): continue
+                    filepath = os.path.join(dirpath, f)[:-len(".py")]
+                    modulename = module_prefix + filepath[len(path)+1:].replace(os.path.sep, '.')
+                    if not [ 1 for match in selectors if match(modulename) ]:
+                        continue
+                    module = __import__(modulename)
+                    for x in modulename.split('.')[1:]:
+                        module = getattr(module, x)
+                    if hasattr(module, "__doc__") or hasattr(module, "__test__"):
+                        try:
+                            suite.addTests(doctest.DocTestSuite(module))
+                        except ValueError: # no tests
+                            pass
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     from optparse import OptionParser
     parser = OptionParser()
     parser.add_option("--no-cleanup", dest="cleanup_workdir",
                       action="store_false", default=True,
                       help="do not delete the generated C files (allows passing --no-cython on next run)")
+    parser.add_option("--no-cleanup-sharedlibs", dest="cleanup_sharedlibs",
+                      action="store_false", default=True,
+                      help="do not delete the generated shared libary files (allows manual module experimentation)")
     parser.add_option("--no-cython", dest="with_cython",
                       action="store_false", default=True,
                       help="do not run the Cython compiler, only the C compiler")
     parser.add_option("--no-unit", dest="unittests",
                       action="store_false", default=True,
                       help="do not run the unit tests")
+    parser.add_option("--no-doctest", dest="doctests",
+                      action="store_false", default=True,
+                      help="do not run the doctests")
     parser.add_option("--no-file", dest="filetests",
                       action="store_false", default=True,
                       help="do not run the file based tests")
@@ -360,6 +401,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     # RUN ALL TESTS!
     ROOTDIR = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]), 'tests')
     WORKDIR = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'BUILD')
+    UNITTEST_MODULE = "Cython"
+    UNITTEST_ROOT = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), UNITTEST_MODULE)
     if WITH_CYTHON:
         if os.path.exists(WORKDIR):
             shutil.rmtree(WORKDIR, ignore_errors=True)
@@ -382,13 +425,15 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
 
     if options.unittests:
-        collect_unittests(os.getcwd(), test_suite, selectors)
+        collect_unittests(UNITTEST_ROOT, UNITTEST_MODULE + ".", test_suite, selectors)
+
+    if options.doctests:
+        collect_doctests(UNITTEST_ROOT, UNITTEST_MODULE + ".", test_suite, selectors)
 
     if options.filetests:
         filetests = TestBuilder(ROOTDIR, WORKDIR, selectors,
-                                options.annotate_source,
-                                options.cleanup_workdir,
-                                options.pyregr)
+                                options.annotate_source, options.cleanup_workdir,
+                                options.cleanup_sharedlibs, options.pyregr)
         test_suite.addTests([filetests.build_suite()])
 
     unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=options.verbosity).run(test_suite)

tests/compile/carrdecl.pyx

+cdef extern:
+    cdef func(int[])

tests/errors/e_bufaccess.pyx

+cdef object[int] buf
+cdef class A:
+    cdef object[int] buf
+
+def f():
+    cdef object[fakeoption=True] buf1
+    cdef object[int, -1] buf1b 
+    cdef object[ndim=-1] buf2
+    cdef object[int, 'a'] buf3
+    cdef object[int,2,3,4,5,6] buf4
+    cdef object[int, 2, 'foo'] buf5
+    cdef object[int, 2, well] buf6
+
+_ERRORS = u"""
+1:11: Buffer types only allowed as function local variables
+3:15: Buffer types only allowed as function local variables
+6:27: "fakeoption" is not a buffer option
+7:22: "ndim" must be non-negative
+8:15: "dtype" missing
+9:21: "ndim" must be an integer
+10:15: Too many buffer options
+11:24: Only allowed buffer modes are "full" or "strided" (as a compile-time string)
+12:28: Only allowed buffer modes are "full" or "strided" (as a compile-time string)
+"""
+

tests/errors/e_cdefassign.pyx

+cdef class A:
+    cdef int value = 3
+
+_ERRORS = u"""
+2:13: Cannot assign default value to cdef class attributes
+"""

tests/run/cdefassign.pyx

+
+__doc__ = """
+   >>> test(1, 2)
+   4 1 2 2 0 7 8
+"""
+
+cdef int g = 7
+
+def test(x, int y):
+    if True:
+        before = 0
+    cdef int a = 4, b = x, c = y, *p = &y
+    cdef object o = int(8)
+    print a, b, c, p[0], before, g, o
+
+# Also test that pruning cdefs doesn't hurt 
+def empty():
+    cdef int i