Change more Elasticsearch indexes to keyword type

Related to https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/213035 .

The [Elasticsearch keyword type](
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/7.10/keyword.html)
"is used for structured content such as IDs, email addresses, hostnames,
status codes, zip codes, or tags". This index is preferred over the
current [text type](
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/7.10/text.html)
as the text type takes up more storage.

The `text` type splits up the text as though it was human readable text
(ie. splitting words apart) and indexes each word separately in the
inverted index. As such the `text` type will usually take up more space
in the inverted index and should only be used when you need to search
for individual words in the text.

For each of these cases this is not adding any value and possibly making
certain searches incorrect. After testing locally this change appears to
save `4%` disk storage.

As per
https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/213035#note_439629162 here
is the reasoning on a per field basis:

1. `state/merge_status` => We only do exact matches against this for
filtering. It's only 1 word so changing to keyword won't make any
difference
2. `target_branch/source_branch` => these are not used in any searches
today so there is no risk to changing the index options. Changing this
to keyword should have a decent storage improvement as these can be
quite long and composed of many words
3. `merge_status` => this is not used in any searches today so there is
no risk to changing the index options. This appears to be things like
`can_be_merged/cannot_be_merged/unchecked` which implies to me that it
should be a keyword anyway as splitting this by word will be producing
wrong results if we ever did filter on it and it will save some storage.
4. `commit.(commiter/author).email` => this is used in commit searches
today and it's hard to know exactly how this might be used by our
current users.Users will lose some behaviour though if they were
searching for partial email addresses before. For example you can
[search for `dyl.griffith`](
https://gitlab.com/search?scope=commits&repository_ref=&search=dyl.griffith&group_id=9970&project_id=278964)
and you will find commits authored by my email address which starts with
`dyl.griffith`. After this change to use keyword you'd need to search
for the entire exact email address or you could use the prefix search
`dyl.griffith*` as well. However, since prefix searches are (wildcards)
can only be used at the end of the word you will not be able to search
for `griffith` only after this change.

ee/changelogs/unreleased/213035-more-elasticsearch-index-options-optimizations.yml

+---
+title: Change more Elasticsearch indexes to keyword type to save storage
+merge_request: 46640
+author:
+type: performance

ee/lib/elastic/latest/config.rb

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ module Elastic
           index_options: 'positions'
         indexes :description, type: :text,
           index_options: 'positions'
-        indexes :state, type: :text
+        indexes :state, type: :keyword
         indexes :project_id, type: :integer
         indexes :author_id, type: :integer
 
@@ -150,11 +150,9 @@ module Elastic
         indexes :assignee_id, type: :integer
 
         ### MERGE REQUESTS
-        indexes :target_branch, type: :text,
-          index_options: 'docs'
-        indexes :source_branch, type: :text,
-          index_options: 'docs'
-        indexes :merge_status, type: :text
+        indexes :target_branch, type: :keyword
+        indexes :source_branch, type: :keyword
+        indexes :merge_status, type: :keyword
         indexes :source_project_id, type: :integer
         indexes :target_project_id, type: :integer
 
@@ -234,13 +232,13 @@ module Elastic
 
           indexes :author do
             indexes :name, type: :text, index_options: 'positions'
-            indexes :email, type: :text, index_options: 'positions'
+            indexes :email, type: :keyword
             indexes :time, type: :date, format: :basic_date_time_no_millis
           end
 
           indexes :committer do
             indexes :name, type: :text, index_options: 'positions'
-            indexes :email, type: :text, index_options: 'positions'
+            indexes :email, type: :keyword
             indexes :time, type: :date, format: :basic_date_time_no_millis
           end