tools/memory-model: Improve data-race detection

Herbert Xu recently reported a problem concerning RCU and compiler
barriers.  In the course of discussing the problem, he put forth a
litmus test which illustrated a serious defect in the Linux Kernel
Memory Model's data-race-detection code [1].

The defect was that the LKMM assumed visibility and executes-before
ordering of plain accesses had to be mediated by marked accesses.  In
Herbert's litmus test this wasn't so, and the LKMM claimed the litmus
test was allowed and contained a data race although neither is true.

In fact, plain accesses can be ordered by fences even in the absence
of marked accesses.  In most cases this doesn't matter, because most
fences only order accesses within a single thread.  But the rcu-fence
relation is different; it can order (and induce visibility between)
accesses in different threads -- events which otherwise might be
concurrent.  This makes it relevant to data-race detection.

This patch makes two changes to the memory model to incorporate the
new insight:

	If a store is separated by a fence from another access,
	the store is necessarily visible to the other access (as
	reflected in the ww-vis and wr-vis relations).  Similarly,
	if a load is separated by a fence from another access then
	the load necessarily executes before the other access (as
	reflected in the rw-xbstar relation).

	If a store is separated by a strong fence from a marked access
	then it is necessarily visible to any access that executes
	after the marked access (as reflected in the ww-vis and wr-vis
	relations).

With these changes, the LKMM gives the desired result for Herbert's
litmus test and other related ones [2].

[1]	https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/Pine.LNX.4.44L0.1906041026570.1731-100000@iolanthe.rowland.org/

[2]	https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus/blob/master/manual/plain/C-S-rcunoderef-1.litmus
	https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus/blob/master/manual/plain/C-S-rcunoderef-2.litmus
	https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus/blob/master/manual/plain/C-S-rcunoderef-3.litmus
	https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus/blob/master/manual/plain/C-S-rcunoderef-4.litmus
	https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus/blob/master/manual/plain/strong-vis.litmusReported-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Acked-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Akira Yokosawa <akiyks@gmail.com>

tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat

@@ -179,9 +179,11 @@ let r-post-bounded = (nonrw-fence | ([~Noreturn] ; fencerel(Rmb) ; [R4rmb]))? ;
 	[Marked]
 
 (* Visibility and executes-before for plain accesses *)
-let ww-vis = w-post-bounded ; vis ; w-pre-bounded
-let wr-vis = w-post-bounded ; vis ; r-pre-bounded
-let rw-xbstar = r-post-bounded ; xbstar ; w-pre-bounded
+let ww-vis = fence | (strong-fence ; xbstar ; w-pre-bounded) |
+	(w-post-bounded ; vis ; w-pre-bounded)
+let wr-vis = fence | (strong-fence ; xbstar ; r-pre-bounded) |
+	(w-post-bounded ; vis ; r-pre-bounded)
+let rw-xbstar = fence | (r-post-bounded ; xbstar ; w-pre-bounded)
 
 (* Potential races *)
 let pre-race = ext & ((Plain * M) | ((M \ IW) * Plain))