lib: Add xxhash module

Adds xxhash kernel module with xxh32 and xxh64 hashes. xxhash is an
extremely fast non-cryptographic hash algorithm for checksumming.
The zstd compression and decompression modules added in the next patch
require xxhash. I extracted it out from zstd since it is useful on its
own. I copied the code from the upstream XXHash source repository and
translated it into kernel style. I ran benchmarks and tests in the kernel
and tests in userland.

I benchmarked xxhash as a special character device. I ran in four modes,
no-op, xxh32, xxh64, and crc32. The no-op mode simply copies the data to
kernel space and ignores it. The xxh32, xxh64, and crc32 modes compute
hashes on the copied data. I also ran it with four different buffer sizes.
The benchmark file is located in the upstream zstd source repository under
`contrib/linux-kernel/xxhash_test.c` [1].

I ran the benchmarks on a Ubuntu 14.04 VM with 2 cores and 4 GiB of RAM.
The VM is running on a MacBook Pro with a 3.1 GHz Intel Core i7 processor,
16 GB of RAM, and a SSD. I benchmarked using the file `filesystem.squashfs`
from `ubuntu-16.10-desktop-amd64.iso`, which is 1,536,217,088 B large.
Run the following commands for the benchmark:

    modprobe xxhash_test
    mknod xxhash_test c 245 0
    time cp filesystem.squashfs xxhash_test

The time is reported by the time of the userland `cp`.
The GB/s is computed with

    1,536,217,008 B / time(buffer size, hash)

which includes the time to copy from userland.
The Normalized GB/s is computed with

    1,536,217,088 B / (time(buffer size, hash) - time(buffer size, none)).

| Buffer Size (B) | Hash  | Time (s) | GB/s | Adjusted GB/s |
|-----------------|-------|----------|------|---------------|
|            1024 | none  |    0.408 | 3.77 |             - |
|            1024 | xxh32 |    0.649 | 2.37 |          6.37 |
|            1024 | xxh64 |    0.542 | 2.83 |         11.46 |
|            1024 | crc32 |    1.290 | 1.19 |          1.74 |
|            4096 | none  |    0.380 | 4.04 |             - |
|            4096 | xxh32 |    0.645 | 2.38 |          5.79 |
|            4096 | xxh64 |    0.500 | 3.07 |         12.80 |
|            4096 | crc32 |    1.168 | 1.32 |          1.95 |
|            8192 | none  |    0.351 | 4.38 |             - |
|            8192 | xxh32 |    0.614 | 2.50 |          5.84 |
|            8192 | xxh64 |    0.464 | 3.31 |         13.60 |
|            8192 | crc32 |    1.163 | 1.32 |          1.89 |
|           16384 | none  |    0.346 | 4.43 |             - |
|           16384 | xxh32 |    0.590 | 2.60 |          6.30 |
|           16384 | xxh64 |    0.466 | 3.30 |         12.80 |
|           16384 | crc32 |    1.183 | 1.30 |          1.84 |

Tested in userland using the test-suite in the zstd repo under
`contrib/linux-kernel/test/XXHashUserlandTest.cpp` [2] by mocking the
kernel functions. A line in each branch of every function in `xxhash.c`
was commented out to ensure that the test-suite fails. Additionally
tested while testing zstd and with SMHasher [3].

[1] https://phabricator.intern.facebook.com/P57526246
[2] https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/contrib/linux-kernel/test/XXHashUserlandTest.cpp
[3] https://github.com/aappleby/smhasher

zstd source repository: https://github.com/facebook/zstd
XXHash source repository: https://github.com/cyan4973/xxhashSigned-off-by: Nick Terrell <terrelln@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <clm@fb.com>

include/linux/xxhash.h

+/*
+ * xxHash - Extremely Fast Hash algorithm
+ * Copyright (C) 2012-2016, Yann Collet.
+ *
+ * BSD 2-Clause License (http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php)
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ *     in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *     distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation. This program is dual-licensed; you may select
+ * either version 2 of the GNU General Public License ("GPL") or BSD license
+ * ("BSD").
+ *
+ * You can contact the author at:
+ * - xxHash homepage: http://cyan4973.github.io/xxHash/
+ * - xxHash source repository: https://github.com/Cyan4973/xxHash
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Notice extracted from xxHash homepage:
+ *
+ * xxHash is an extremely fast Hash algorithm, running at RAM speed limits.
+ * It also successfully passes all tests from the SMHasher suite.
+ *
+ * Comparison (single thread, Windows Seven 32 bits, using SMHasher on a Core 2
+ * Duo @3GHz)
+ *
+ * Name            Speed       Q.Score   Author
+ * xxHash          5.4 GB/s     10
+ * CrapWow         3.2 GB/s      2       Andrew
+ * MumurHash 3a    2.7 GB/s     10       Austin Appleby
+ * SpookyHash      2.0 GB/s     10       Bob Jenkins
+ * SBox            1.4 GB/s      9       Bret Mulvey
+ * Lookup3         1.2 GB/s      9       Bob Jenkins
+ * SuperFastHash   1.2 GB/s      1       Paul Hsieh
+ * CityHash64      1.05 GB/s    10       Pike & Alakuijala
+ * FNV             0.55 GB/s     5       Fowler, Noll, Vo
+ * CRC32           0.43 GB/s     9
+ * MD5-32          0.33 GB/s    10       Ronald L. Rivest
+ * SHA1-32         0.28 GB/s    10
+ *
+ * Q.Score is a measure of quality of the hash function.
+ * It depends on successfully passing SMHasher test set.
+ * 10 is a perfect score.
+ *
+ * A 64-bits version, named xxh64 offers much better speed,
+ * but for 64-bits applications only.
+ * Name     Speed on 64 bits    Speed on 32 bits
+ * xxh64       13.8 GB/s            1.9 GB/s
+ * xxh32        6.8 GB/s            6.0 GB/s
+ */
+
+#ifndef XXHASH_H
+#define XXHASH_H
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+/*-****************************
+ * Simple Hash Functions
+ *****************************/
+
+/**
+ * xxh32() - calculate the 32-bit hash of the input with a given seed.
+ *
+ * @input:  The data to hash.
+ * @length: The length of the data to hash.
+ * @seed:   The seed can be used to alter the result predictably.
+ *
+ * Speed on Core 2 Duo @ 3 GHz (single thread, SMHasher benchmark) : 5.4 GB/s
+ *
+ * Return:  The 32-bit hash of the data.
+ */
+uint32_t xxh32(const void *input, size_t length, uint32_t seed);
+
+/**
+ * xxh64() - calculate the 64-bit hash of the input with a given seed.
+ *
+ * @input:  The data to hash.
+ * @length: The length of the data to hash.
+ * @seed:   The seed can be used to alter the result predictably.
+ *
+ * This function runs 2x faster on 64-bit systems, but slower on 32-bit systems.
+ *
+ * Return:  The 64-bit hash of the data.
+ */
+uint64_t xxh64(const void *input, size_t length, uint64_t seed);
+
+/*-****************************
+ * Streaming Hash Functions
+ *****************************/
+
+/*
+ * These definitions are only meant to allow allocation of XXH state
+ * statically, on stack, or in a struct for example.
+ * Do not use members directly.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * struct xxh32_state - private xxh32 state, do not use members directly
+ */
+struct xxh32_state {
+	uint32_t total_len_32;
+	uint32_t large_len;
+	uint32_t v1;
+	uint32_t v2;
+	uint32_t v3;
+	uint32_t v4;
+	uint32_t mem32[4];
+	uint32_t memsize;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct xxh32_state - private xxh64 state, do not use members directly
+ */
+struct xxh64_state {
+	uint64_t total_len;
+	uint64_t v1;
+	uint64_t v2;
+	uint64_t v3;
+	uint64_t v4;
+	uint64_t mem64[4];
+	uint32_t memsize;
+};
+
+/**
+ * xxh32_reset() - reset the xxh32 state to start a new hashing operation
+ *
+ * @state: The xxh32 state to reset.
+ * @seed:  Initialize the hash state with this seed.
+ *
+ * Call this function on any xxh32_state to prepare for a new hashing operation.
+ */
+void xxh32_reset(struct xxh32_state *state, uint32_t seed);
+
+/**
+ * xxh32_update() - hash the data given and update the xxh32 state
+ *
+ * @state:  The xxh32 state to update.
+ * @input:  The data to hash.
+ * @length: The length of the data to hash.
+ *
+ * After calling xxh32_reset() call xxh32_update() as many times as necessary.
+ *
+ * Return:  Zero on success, otherwise an error code.
+ */
+int xxh32_update(struct xxh32_state *state, const void *input, size_t length);
+
+/**
+ * xxh32_digest() - produce the current xxh32 hash
+ *
+ * @state: Produce the current xxh32 hash of this state.
+ *
+ * A hash value can be produced at any time. It is still possible to continue
+ * inserting input into the hash state after a call to xxh32_digest(), and
+ * generate new hashes later on, by calling xxh32_digest() again.
+ *
+ * Return: The xxh32 hash stored in the state.
+ */
+uint32_t xxh32_digest(const struct xxh32_state *state);
+
+/**
+ * xxh64_reset() - reset the xxh64 state to start a new hashing operation
+ *
+ * @state: The xxh64 state to reset.
+ * @seed:  Initialize the hash state with this seed.
+ */
+void xxh64_reset(struct xxh64_state *state, uint64_t seed);
+
+/**
+ * xxh64_update() - hash the data given and update the xxh64 state
+ * @state:  The xxh64 state to update.
+ * @input:  The data to hash.
+ * @length: The length of the data to hash.
+ *
+ * After calling xxh64_reset() call xxh64_update() as many times as necessary.
+ *
+ * Return:  Zero on success, otherwise an error code.
+ */
+int xxh64_update(struct xxh64_state *state, const void *input, size_t length);
+
+/**
+ * xxh64_digest() - produce the current xxh64 hash
+ *
+ * @state: Produce the current xxh64 hash of this state.
+ *
+ * A hash value can be produced at any time. It is still possible to continue
+ * inserting input into the hash state after a call to xxh64_digest(), and
+ * generate new hashes later on, by calling xxh64_digest() again.
+ *
+ * Return: The xxh64 hash stored in the state.
+ */
+uint64_t xxh64_digest(const struct xxh64_state *state);
+
+/*-**************************
+ * Utils
+ ***************************/
+
+/**
+ * xxh32_copy_state() - copy the source state into the destination state
+ *
+ * @src: The source xxh32 state.
+ * @dst: The destination xxh32 state.
+ */
+void xxh32_copy_state(struct xxh32_state *dst, const struct xxh32_state *src);
+
+/**
+ * xxh64_copy_state() - copy the source state into the destination state
+ *
+ * @src: The source xxh64 state.
+ * @dst: The destination xxh64 state.
+ */
+void xxh64_copy_state(struct xxh64_state *dst, const struct xxh64_state *src);
+
+#endif /* XXHASH_H */

lib/Kconfig

@@ -192,6 +192,9 @@ config CRC8
 	  when they need to do cyclic redundancy check according CRC8
 	  algorithm. Module will be called crc8.
 
+config XXHASH
+	tristate
+
 config AUDIT_GENERIC
 	bool
 	depends on AUDIT && !AUDIT_ARCH

lib/Makefile

@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_CRC4)	+= crc4.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRC7)	+= crc7.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_LIBCRC32C)	+= libcrc32c.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRC8)	+= crc8.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_XXHASH)	+= xxhash.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_ALLOCATOR) += genalloc.o
 
 obj-$(CONFIG_842_COMPRESS) += 842/