When a GEM object is evicted from the GTT we set it to the CPU domain,
as it might get swapped in and out or ever mmapped regularly.  If the
object is mmapped through the GTT it can still get evicted in this way
by other objects requiring GTT space.  When the GTT mapping is touched
again we fault it back into the GTT, but fail to set it back to the
GTT domain.  This means we fail to flush any cached CPU writes to the
pages backing the object which will then happen "eventually", typically
after we write to the page through the uncached GTT mapping.

[anholt: Note that userland does do a set_domain(GTT, GTT) when starting
to access the GTT mapping.  That covers getting the existing mapping of the
object synchronized if it's bound to the GTT.  But set_domain(GTT, GTT)
doesn't do anything if the object is currently unbound.  This fix covers the
transition to being bound for GTT mapping.]

Fixes glyph and other pixmap corruption during swapping.  fd.o bug #21790
Signed-off-by: Kristian Høgsberg <krh@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Anholt <eric@anholt.net>

On the 865, but not the 855, the clflush we do appears to not actually make
it out to the hardware all the time.  An easy way to safely reproduce was
X -retro, which would show that some of the blits involved in drawing the
lovely root weave didn't make it out to the hardware.  Those blits are 32
bytes each, and 1-2 would be missing at various points around the screen.
Other experimentation (doing more clflush, doing more AGP chipset flush,
poking at some more device registers to maybe trigger more flushing) didn't
help.  krh came up with the wbinvd as a way to successfully get all those
blits to appear.
Signed-off-by: Eric Anholt <eric@anholt.net>

The pitch field is an exponent on pre-965, so we were rejecting buffers
on 8xx that we shouldn't have.  915 got lucky in that the largest legal
value happened to match (8KB / 512 = 0x10), but 8xx has a smaller tile width.
Additionally, we programmed that bad value into the register on 8xx, so the
only pitch that would work correctly was 4096 (512-1023 pixels), while others
would probably give bad rendering or hangs.
Signed-off-by: Eric Anholt <eric@anholt.net>

fd.o bug #20473.

Merge branch 'x86-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip

* 'x86-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
  x86: avoid back to back on_each_cpu in cpa_flush_array
  x86, relocs: ignore R_386_NONE in kernel relocation entries

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/anholt/drm-intel:
  drm/i915: Add support for VGA load detection (pre-945).
  drm/i915: Use an I2C algo to do the flip to SDVO DDC bus.
  drm/i915: Determine type before initialising connector
  drm/i915: Return SDVO LVDS VBT mode if no EDID modes are detected.
  drm/i915: Fetch SDVO LVDS mode lines from VBT, then reserve them
  i915: support 8xx desktop cursors
  drm/i915: allocate large pointer arrays with vmalloc

Merge branch 'core-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip

* 'core-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
  oprofile: fix cpu buffer size

Cleanup cpa_flush_array() to avoid back to back on_each_cpu() calls.

[ Impact: optimizes fix 0af48f42 ]
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>

* 'bugfixes' of git://git.linux-nfs.org/projects/trondmy/nfs-2.6:
  NFSv4: Fix the case where NFSv4 renewal fails
  nfs: fix build error in nfsroot with initconst
  XPRTRDMA: fix client rpcrdma FRMR registration on mlx4 devices

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound-2.6:
  ALSA: hda - Add missing check of pin vref 50 and others in Realtek codecs
  ALSA: hda - Add 5stack-no-fp model for STAC927x
  ALSA: hda - Add forced codec-slots for ASUS W5Fm

* 'fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davej/cpufreq:
  [CPUFREQ] powernow-k8: determine exact CPU frequency for HW Pstates
  [CPUFREQ] powernow-k8 cleanup msg if BIOS does not export ACPI _PSS cpufreq data
  [CPUFREQ] fix timer teardown in ondemand governor
  [CPUFREQ] fix timer teardown in conservative governor
  [CPUFREQ] remove rwsem lock from CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP call
  [CPUFREQ] powernow-k7 build fix when ACPI=n
  [CPUFREQ] add atom family to p4-clockmod

When KVM is loaded, and hence VT set up, the vmcall instruction in an
lguest guest causes a #GP, not #UD.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

call_usermodehelper_setup() forgot to kfree(sub_info)
when prepare_usermodehelper_creds() failed.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6: (21 commits)
  r8169: avoid losing MSI interrupts
  tcp: tcp_vegas ssthresh bugfix
  mac8390: fix regression caused during net_device_ops conversion
  gianfar: fix BUG under load after introduction of skb recycling
  wimax/i2400m: usb: fix device reset on autosuspend while not yet idle
  RxRPC: Error handling for rxrpc_alloc_connection()
  ipv4: Fix oops with FIB_TRIE
  pktgen: do not access flows[] beyond its length
  gigaset: beyond ARRAY_SIZE of iwb->data
  IPv6: set RTPROT_KERNEL to initial route
  net: fix rtable leak in net/ipv4/route.c
  net: fix length computation in rt_check_expire()
  wireless: beyond ARRAY_SIZE of intf->crypto_stats
  iwlwifi: update 5000 ucode support to version 2 of API
  cfg80211: fix race between core hint and driver's custom apply
  airo: fix airo_get_encode{,ext} buffer overflow like I mean it...
  ath5k: fix interpolation with equal power levels
  iwlwifi: do not cancel delayed work inside spin_lock_irqsave
  ath5k: fix exp off-by-one when computing OFDM delta slope
  wext: verify buffer size for SIOCSIWENCODEEXT
  ...

* 'merge' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/benh/powerpc:
  powerpc/mm: Fix broken MMU PID stealing on !SMP

* 'for-linus' of git://neil.brown.name/md:
  md: don't use locked_ioctl.
  md: don't update curr_resync_completed without also updating reshape_position.
  md: raid5: avoid sector values going negative when testing reshape progress.
  md: export 'frozen' resync state through sysfs
  md: bitmap: improve bitmap maintenance code.
  md: improve errno return when setting array_size
  md: always update level / chunk_size / layout when writing v1.x metadata.

If the asynchronous lease renewal fails (usually due to a soft timeout),
then we _must_ schedule state recovery in order to ensure that we don't
lose the lease unnecessarily or, if the lease is already lost, that we
recover the locking state promptly...
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>

fix build error with latest kbuild adjustments to initconst.

The commit a447c093 ("vfs: Use
const for kernel parser table") changed:

    static match_table_t __initdata tokens = {
to
    static match_table_t __initconst tokens = {

But the missing const causes popwerpc to fail with latest
updates to __initconst like this:

fs/nfs/nfsroot.c:400: error: __setup_str_nfs_root_setup causes a section type conflict
fs/nfs/nfsroot.c:400: error: __setup_str_nfs_root_setup causes a section type conflict

The bug is only present with kbuild-next.
Following patch has been build tested.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Acked-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>

mlx4/connectX FRMR requires local write enable together with remote
rdma write enable. This fixes NFS/RDMA operation over the ConnectX
Infiniband HCA in the default memreg mode.
Signed-off-by: Vu Pham <vu@mellanox.com>
Signed-off-by: Tom Talpey <tmtalpey@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>

Two approaches for VGA detections: hot plug detection for 945G onwards
and load pipe detection for Pre-945G.  Load pipe detection will get one free
pipe, set border color as red and blue, then check CRT status by
swf register.  This is a sync-up with the 2D driver.
Signed-off-by: Ma Ling <ling.ma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Anholt <eric@anholt.net>

Slightly modified by trenn@suse.de -> only do this on fam 10h and fam 11h.

Currently powernow-k8 determines CPU frequency from ACPI PSS objects, but
according to AMD family 11h BKDG this frequency is just a rounded value:

  "CoreFreq (MHz) = The CPU COF specified by MSRC001_00[6B:64][CpuFid]
  rounded to the nearest 100 Mhz."

As a consequnce powernow-k8 reports wrong CPU frequency on some systems,
e.g. on Turion X2 Ultra:

  powernow-k8: Found 1 AMD Turion(tm)X2 Ultra DualCore Mobile ZM-82
               processors (2 cpu cores) (version 2.20.00)
  powernow-k8:    0 : pstate 0 (2200 MHz)
  powernow-k8:    1 : pstate 1 (1100 MHz)
  powernow-k8:    2 : pstate 2 (600 MHz)

But this is wrong as frequency for Pstate2 is 550 MHz. x86info reports it
correctly:

  #x86info -a |grep Pstate
  ...
  Pstate-0: fid=e, did=0, vid=24 (2200MHz)
  Pstate-1: fid=e, did=1, vid=30 (1100MHz)
  Pstate-2: fid=e, did=2, vid=3c (550MHz) (current)

Solution is to determine the frequency directly from Pstate MSRs instead
of using rounded values from ACPI table.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Herrmann <andreas.herrmann3@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

- Make the message shorter and easier to grep for
- Use printk_once instead of WARN_ONCE (functionality of these was mixed)
Signed-off-by: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Cc: Langsdorf, Mark <mark.langsdorf@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

* Rafael J. Wysocki (rjw@sisk.pl) wrote:
> This message has been generated automatically as a part of a report
> of regressions introduced between 2.6.28 and 2.6.29.
>
> The following bug entry is on the current list of known regressions
> introduced between 2.6.28 and 2.6.29.  Please verify if it still should
> be listed and let me know (either way).
>
>
> Bug-Entry	: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13186
> Subject		: cpufreq timer teardown problem
> Submitter	: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> Date		: 2009-04-23 14:00 (24 days old)
> References	: http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=124049523515036&w=4
> Handled-By	: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> Patch		: http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/19754/
> 		  http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/19753/
>

(updated changelog)

cpufreq fix timer teardown in ondemand governor

The problem is that dbs_timer_exit() uses cancel_delayed_work() when it should
use cancel_delayed_work_sync(). cancel_delayed_work() does not wait for the
workqueue handler to exit.

The ondemand governor does not seem to be affected because the
"if (!dbs_info->enable)" check at the beginning of the workqueue handler returns
immediately without rescheduling the work. The conservative governor in
2.6.30-rc has the same check as the ondemand governor, which makes things
usually run smoothly. However, if the governor is quickly stopped and then
started, this could lead to the following race :

dbs_enable could be reenabled and multiple do_dbs_timer handlers would run.
This is why a synchronized teardown is required.

The following patch applies to, at least, 2.6.28.x, 2.6.29.1, 2.6.30-rc2.

Depends on patch
cpufreq: remove rwsem lock from CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP call
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
CC: gregkh@suse.de
CC: stable@kernel.org
CC: cpufreq@vger.kernel.org
CC: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
CC: rjw@sisk.pl
CC: Ben Slusky <sluskyb@paranoiacs.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

* Rafael J. Wysocki (rjw@sisk.pl) wrote:
> This message has been generated automatically as a part of a report
> of regressions introduced between 2.6.28 and 2.6.29.
>
> The following bug entry is on the current list of known regressions
> introduced between 2.6.28 and 2.6.29.  Please verify if it still should
> be listed and let me know (either way).
>
>
> Bug-Entry	: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13186
> Subject		: cpufreq timer teardown problem
> Submitter	: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> Date		: 2009-04-23 14:00 (24 days old)
> References	: http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=124049523515036&w=4
> Handled-By	: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> Patch		: http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/19754/
> 		  http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/19753/
>

(re-send with updated changelog)

cpufreq fix timer teardown in conservative governor

The problem is that dbs_timer_exit() uses cancel_delayed_work() when it should
use cancel_delayed_work_sync(). cancel_delayed_work() does not wait for the
workqueue handler to exit.

The ondemand governor does not seem to be affected because the
"if (!dbs_info->enable)" check at the beginning of the workqueue handler returns
immediately without rescheduling the work. The conservative governor in
2.6.30-rc has the same check as the ondemand governor, which makes things
usually run smoothly. However, if the governor is quickly stopped and then
started, this could lead to the following race :

dbs_enable could be reenabled and multiple do_dbs_timer handlers would run.
This is why a synchronized teardown is required.

Depends on patch
cpufreq: remove rwsem lock from CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP call

The following patch applies to 2.6.30-rc2. Stable kernels have a similar
issue which should also be fixed, but the code changed between 2.6.29
and 2.6.30, so this patch only applies to 2.6.30-rc.
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
CC: gregkh@suse.de
CC: stable@kernel.org
CC: cpufreq@vger.kernel.org
CC: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
CC: rjw@sisk.pl
CC: Ben Slusky <sluskyb@paranoiacs.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

* Rafael J. Wysocki (rjw@sisk.pl) wrote:
> This message has been generated automatically as a part of a report
> of regressions introduced between 2.6.28 and 2.6.29.
>
> The following bug entry is on the current list of known regressions
> introduced between 2.6.28 and 2.6.29.  Please verify if it still should
> be listed and let me know (either way).
>
>
> Bug-Entry	: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13186
> Subject		: cpufreq timer teardown problem
> Submitter	: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> Date		: 2009-04-23 14:00 (24 days old)
> References	: http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=124049523515036&w=4
> Handled-By	: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> Patch		: http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/19754/
> 		  http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/19753/

The patches linked above depend on the following patch to remove
circular locking dependency :

cpufreq: remove rwsem lock from CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP call

(the following issue was faced when using cancel_delayed_work_sync() in the
timer teardown (which fixes a race).

* KOSAKI Motohiro (kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com) wrote:
> Hi
>
> my box output following warnings.
> it seems regression by commit 7ccc7608b836e58fbacf65ee4f8eefa288e86fac.
>
> A: work -> do_dbs_timer()  -> cpu_policy_rwsem
> B: store() -> cpu_policy_rwsem -> cpufreq_governor_dbs() -> work
>
>

Hrm, I think it must be due to my attempt to fix the timer teardown race
in ondemand governor mixed with new locking behavior in 2.6.30-rc.

The rwlock seems to be taken around the whole call to
cpufreq_governor_dbs(), when it should be only taken around accesses to
the locked data, and especially *not* around the call to
dbs_timer_exit().

Reverting my fix attempt would put the teardown race back in place
(replacing the cancel_delayed_work_sync by cancel_delayed_work).
Instead, a proper fix would imply modifying this critical section :

cpufreq.c: __cpufreq_remove_dev()
...
        if (cpufreq_driver->target)
                __cpufreq_governor(data, CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP);

        unlock_policy_rwsem_write(cpu);

To make sure the __cpufreq_governor() callback is not called with rwsem
held. This would allow execution of cancel_delayed_work_sync() without
being nested within the rwsem.

Applies on top of the 2.6.30-rc5 tree.

Required to remove circular dep in teardown of both conservative and
ondemande governors so they can use cancel_delayed_work_sync().
CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP does not modify the policy, therefore this locking seemed
unneeded.
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
CC: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
CC: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
CC: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
CC: Ben Slusky <sluskyb@paranoiacs.org>
CC: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/powernow-k7.c:172: warning: 'invalidate_entry' defined but not used
Reported-by: Toralf Förster <toralf.foerster@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

Some atom procs don't do freq scaling (such as the atom 330 on my own
littlefalls2 board). By adding the atom family here, we at least get
the benefit of passive cooling in a thermal emergency. Not sure how
to see that its actually helping any, but the driver does bind and
claim its functioning on my atom 330.
Signed-off-by: Jarod Wilson <jarod@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

The 8169 chip only generates MSI interrupts when all enabled event
sources are quiescent and one or more sources transition to active. If
not all of the active events are acknowledged, or a new event becomes
active while the existing ones are cleared in the handler, we will not
see a new interrupt.

The current interrupt handler masks off the Rx and Tx events once the
NAPI handler has been scheduled, which opens a race window in which we
can get another Rx or Tx event and never ACK'ing it, stopping all
activity until the link is reset (ifconfig down/up). Fix this by always
ACK'ing all event sources, and loop in the handler until we have all
sources quiescent.
Signed-off-by: David Dillow <dave@thedillows.org>
Tested-by: Michael Buesch <mb@bu3sch.de>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>

For relocatable 32bit kernels, boot/compressed/relocs.c processes
relocation entries in the kernel image and appends it to the kernel
image such that boot/compressed/head_32.S can relocate the kernel.
The kernel image is one statically linked object and only uses two
relocation types - R_386_PC32 and R_386_32, of the two only the latter
needs massaging during kernel relocation and thus handled by relocs.
R_386_PC32 is ignored and all other relocation types are considered
error.

When the target of a relocation resides in a discarded section,
binutils doesn't throw away the relocation record but nullifies it by
changing it to R_386_NONE, which unfortunately makes relocs fail.

The problem was triggered by yet out-of-tree x86 stack unwind patches
but given the binutils behavior, ignoring R_386_NONE is the right
thing to do.

The problem has been tracked down to binutils behavior by Jan Beulich.

[ Impact: fix build with certain binutils by ignoring R_386_NONE ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jan Beulich <JBeulich@novell.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
LKML-Reference: <4A1B8150.40702@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>

This patch fixes ssthresh accounting issues in tcp_vegas when cwnd decreases
Signed-off-by: Doug Leith <doug.leith@nuim.ie>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>

Changeset ca17584b ("mac8390: update
to net_device_ops") broke mac8390 by adding 8390.o to the link. That
meant that lib8390.c was included twice, once in mac8390.c and once in
8390.c, subject to different macros. This patch reverts that by
avoiding the wrappers in 8390.c. They seem to be of no value since
COMPAT_NET_DEV_OPS is going away soon.

Tested with a Kinetics EtherPort card.
Signed-off-by: Finn Thain <fthain@telegraphics.com.au>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>

The recent rework of the MMU PID handling for non-hash CPUs has a
subtle bug in the !SMP "optimized" variant of the PID stealing
function.  It clears the PID in the mm context before it calls
local_flush_tlb_mm(). However, the later will not flush anything
if the PID in the context is clear...
Signed-off-by: Hideo Saito <hsaito.ppc@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>

md has no need for the BKL - it does its own locking.
So md_ioctl doesn't need to be a locked_ioctl.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>

In order for the metadata to always be consistent, we mustn't updated
curr_resync_completed without also updating reshape_position.

The reshape code updates both at the same time.  However since
commit 97e4f42d
the common md_do_sync will sometimes update curr_resync_completed
but is not in a position to update reshape_position.
So if MD_RECOVERY_RESHAPE is set (indicating that a reshape is
happening, so reshape_position might change), don't update
curr_resync_completed in md_do_sync, leave it to the per-personality
reshape code.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>

As sector_t in unsigned, we cannot afford to let 'safepos' etc go
negative.
So replace
   a -= b;
by
   a -= min(b,a);
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>

The md resync engine has a 'frozen' state which ensures that
no resync/recovery.  This is used to avoid races.

Export this state through the 'sync_action' sysfs attribute
so that user-space can benefit and also avoid some races.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>

The code for checking which bits in the bitmap can be cleared
has 2 problems:
 1/ it repeatedly takes and drops a spinlock, where it would make
    more sense to just hold on to it most of the time.
 2/ it doesn't make use of some opportunities to skip large sections
    of the bitmap

This patch fixes those.  It will only affect CPU consumption, not
correctness.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>

Instead of always returns EINVAL if anything goes wrong
when setting the array size, add the option of
  E2BIG
if the size requested is too large.  This makes it easier
for user-space to be sure what went wrong.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>

We previously didn't update these fields when writing the metadata
because they could never change.  They can now, so we better write
them.
v0.90 metadata always updated these fields.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>

* 'kvm-updates/2.6.30' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvm:
  KVM: Fix PDPTR reloading on CR4 writes
  KVM: Make paravirt tlb flush also reload the PAE PDPTRs