This patch allows forward compatibility with future filesystems which
are dynamically grown by using an alternate algorithm for storing the
block group descriptors.  It's also a bit more efficient, in that it
uses just a little bit less disk space.  Currently, the ext2 filesystem
format requires either relocating the inode table, or reserving space in
before doing the on-line resize.  The new scheme, which is documented in
"Planned Extensions to the Ext2/3 Filesystem", by Stephen Tweedie and I 
(see: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/extensions-ext23)

This patch adds support for default mount options to be stored in the
superblock, so they don't have to be specified on the mount command line
(or in /etc/fstab).  While I was in the code, I also cleaned up the
handling of how mount options are processed in the ext2 and ext3
filesystems.

Most mount options are now processed *after* the superblock has been
read in.  This allows for a much cleaner handling of those default mount
option parameters that were already stored in the superblock: the
resuid, resgid, and s_errors fields were handled using some fairly gross
special cases.  Now the only mount option which is processed first is
the sb option, which specifies the location of the superblock.  This
allows the handling of all of the default mount parameters to be much
more cleanly and more generally handled.

This does change the behaviour from earlier kernels, in that if the sb
mount option is specified, it must be specified *first*.  However, this
option is rarely used, and if it is, it generally is specified first, so
this seems to be a reasonable restriction.

into penguin.transmeta.com:/home/penguin/torvalds/repositories/kernel/linux

This means:
  1/ We don't need an order-4 allocation for each nfsd that starts
  2/ We don't need an order-4 allocation in skb_linearize when
     we receive a 32K write request
  3/ It will be easier to incorporate the zero-copy read changes

The pages are handed around using an xdr_buf (instead of svc_buf)
much like the NFS client so future crypto code can use the same
data structure for both client and server.

The code assumes that most requests and replies fit in a single page.
The exceptions are assumed to have some largish 'data' bit, and the
rest must fit in a single page.
The 'data' bits are file data, readdir data, and symlinks.
There must be only one 'data' bit per request.
This is all fine for nfs/nlm.

This isn't complete:
  1/ NFSv4 hasn't been converted yet (it won't compile)
  2/ NFSv3 allows symlinks upto 4096, but the code will only support
     upto about 3800 at the moment
  3/ readdir responses are limited to about 3800.

but I thought that patch was big enough, and the rest can come
later.


This patch introduces vfs_readv and vfs_writev as parallels to
vfs_read and vfs_write.  This means there is a fair bit of
duplication in read_write.c that should probably be tidied up...

nfsd_readdir - the common readdir code for all version of nfsd,
contains a number of version-specific things with appropriate checks,
and also does some xdr-encoding which rightly belongs elsewhere.

This patch simplifies nfsd_readdir to do just the core stuff, and moves
the version specifics into version specific files, and the xdr encoding
into xdr encoding files.

I forgot to add '1' for the record-length header in RPC/TCP.
 Thanks to  Hirokazu Takahashi <taka@valinux.co.jp>

Currently if the kmalloc in exports_open fails,
the seq_file isn't seq_released.

We now do the kmalloc first, and make sure to kfree
if seq_open fails.

The 'unexport everything' that happens when the
last nfsd thread dies was shuting down too much -
things that should only be shut down on module unload.

There is one remaining instance of CONFIG_MULTIQUAD in the kernel source.

Fix it to use the proper CONFIG_X86_NUMAQ instead.

Define an interface for interpreting and updating superblocks
so we can more easily define new formats.

With this patch, (almost) all superblock layout information is
locating in a small set of routines dedicated to superblock
handling.  This will allow us to provide a similar set for
a different format.

The two exceptions are:
 1/ autostart_array where the devices listed in the superblock
    are searched for.
 2/ raid5 'knows' the maximum number of devices for
     compute_parity.

These will be addressed in a later patch.

A few updates for x86-64 in 2.5.44. Some of the bugs fixed were serious.

- Don't count ACPI mappings in end_pfn. This shrinks mem_map a lot
  on many setups.
- Fix mem= option. Remove custom mapping support.
- Revert per_cpu implementation to the generic version. The optimized one
  that used %gs directly triggered too many toolkit problems and was an
  constant source of bugs.
- Make sure pgd_offset_k works correctly for vmalloc mappings. This makes
  modules work again properly.
- Export pci dma symbols
- Export other symbols to make more modules work
- Don't drop physical address bits >32bit on iommu free.
- Add more prototypes to fix warnings
- Resync pci subsystem with i386
- Fix pci dma kernel option parsing.
- Do PCI peer bus scanning after ACPI in case it missed some busses
  (that's a workaround - 2.5 ACPI seems to have some problems here that
  I need to investigate more closely)
- Remove the .eh_frame on linking. This saves several hundred KB in the
  bzImage
- Fix MTRR initialization. It works properly now on SMP again.
- Fix kernel option parsing, it was broken by section name changes in
  init.h
- A few other cleanups and fixes.
- Fix nonatomic warning in ioport.c

Add a `cold' hint to struct pagevec, and teach truncate and page
reclaim to use it.

Empirical testing showed that truncate's pages tend to be hot.  And page
reclaim's are certainly cold.

It is usually the case that pagecache reads use busmastering hardware
to transfer the data into pagecache.  This invalidates the CPU cache of
the pagecache pages.

So use cache-cold pages for pagecache reads.  To avoid wasting
cache-hot pages.

Hot/Cold pages and zone->lock amortisation

Patch from Martin Bligh.

Implements __free_pages_bulk().  Release multiple pages of a given
order into the buddy all within a single acquisition of the zone lock.

This also removes current->local_pages.  The per-task list of pages
which only ever contained one page.  To prevent other tasks from
stealing pages which this task has just freed up.

Given that we're freeing into the per-cpu caches, and that those are
multipage caches, and the cpu-stickiness of the scheduler, I think
current->local_pages is no longer needed.

This is the hot-n-cold-pages series.  It introduces a per-cpu lockless
LIFO pool in front of the page allocator.  For three reasons:

1: To reduce lock contention on the buddy lock: we allocate and free
   pages in, typically, 16-page chunks.

2: To return cache-warm pages to page allocation requests.

3: As infrastructure for a page reservation API which can be used to
   ensure that the GFP_ATOMIC radix-tree node and pte_chain allocations
   cannot fail.  That code is not complete, and does not absolutely
   require hot-n-cold pages.  It'll work OK though.

We add two queues per CPU.  The "hot" queue contains pages which the
freeing code thought were likely to be cache-hot.  By default, new
allocations are satisfied from this queue.

The "cold" queue contains pages which the freeing code expected to be
cache-cold.  The cold queue is mainly for lock amortisation, although
it is possible to explicitly allocate cold pages.  The readahead code
does that.

I have been hot and cold on these patches for quite some time - the
benefit is not great.

- 4% speedup in Randy Hron's benching of the autoconf regression
  tests on a 4-way.  Most of this came from savings in pte_alloc and
  pmd_alloc: the pagetable clearing code liked the warmer pages (some
  architectures still have the pgt_cache, and can perhaps do away with
  them).

- 1% to 2% speedup in kernel compiles on my 4-way and Martin's 32-way.

- 60% speedup in a little test program which writes 80 kbytes to a
  file and ftruncates it to zero again.  Ran four instances of that on
  4-way and it loved the cache warmth.

- 2.5% speedup in Specweb testing on 8-way

- The thing which won me over: an 11% increase in throughput of the
  SDET benchmark on an 8-way PIII:

	with hot & cold:

	RESULT for 8 users is 17971    +12.1%
	RESULT for 16 users is 17026   +12.0%
	RESULT for 32 users is 17009   +10.4%
	RESULT for 64 users is 16911   +10.3%

	without:

	RESULT for 8 users is 16038
	RESULT for 16 users is 15200
	RESULT for 32 users is 15406
	RESULT for 64 users is 15331

  SDET is a very old SPEC test which simulates a development
  environment with a large number of users.  Lots of users running a
  mix of shell commands, basically.


These patches were written by Martin Bligh and myself.

This one implements rmqueue_bulk() - a function for removing multiple
pages of a given order from the buddy lists.

This is for lock amortisation: take the highly-contended zone->lock
with less frequency, do more work once it has been acquired.

Convert global page state accounting to use per-cpu storage

(I think this code remains a little buggy, btw.  Note how I do

	per_cpu(page_states, cpu).member += (delta);

This gets done at interrupt time and hence is assuming that
the "+=" operation on a ulong is atomic wrt interrupts on
all architectures. How do we feel about that assumption?)

This is needed so that per-cpu information in the core kernel can be
accessed from modules.

Patch from Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>

This patch makes per_cpu bh_accounting safe for cpu_possible
allocation by using cpu notifiers.

Patch from Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>

This patch makes per_cpu tasklet vectors safe for cpu_possible
allocation by using CPU notifiers.

Patch from Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>

This patch changes the per-CPU data in timer management (tvec_bases)
to use per_cpu data area and makes it safe for cpu_possible allocation
by using CPU notifiers. End result - saving space.

Depends on cpu_possible patch.

Patch from Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>

This patch convers RCU per_cpu data to use per_cpu data area
and makes it safe for cpu_possible allocation by using CPU
notifiers.

A typical construct is:

	int cpu = get_cpu();

	foo = per_cpu(bar, cpu);
	put_cpu();

but this generates a compiler warning on uniprocessor builds: unused
variable `cpu'.

Add a dummy ref to `cpu' to per_cpu() to prevent this.

Convert balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited() to use percpu storage
for the ratelimiting counters.

- allocate memory for cpu buffers in cpu_up_prepare

- start the timer in cpu_online

- free the memory for cpu buffers in cpu_up_cancel.

From Manfred Spraul

- remove all typedef, except the kmem_bufctl_t.  It's a redefine for
  an int, i.e.  qualifies as tiny.

- convert most macros to inline functions.

Manfred added a new lock to protect the global list of slab caches.  We
already have a semaphore from those but he needs locking from timer
context.

So here we remove that lock and just do a down_trylock() on the
existing semaphore.  If that fails give up - we'll try again next timer
tick.

Manfred had all this weird code to schedule a kernel thread onto a
different CPU just so that we could bond a timer to that CPU.

Convert it all to use the new add_timer_on().

- add a reap timer that returns stale objects from the cpu arrays
- use list_for_each instead of while loops
- /proc/slabinfo layout change, for a new field about reaping.

Implementation:
slab contains 2 caches that contain objects that might be usable to the
systems:
- the cpu arrays contains objects that other cpus could use
- the slabs_free list contains freeable slabs, i.e. pages that someone
else might want.

The patch now keeps track of accesses to the cpu arrays and to the free
list. If there were no recent activities in one of the caches, part of
the cache is flushed.

Unlike <2.5.39, only a small part (~20%) is flushed each time:
The older kernel would refill/drain bounce heavily under memory pressure:

- kmem_cache_alloc: notices that there are no objects in the cpu
        cache, loads 120 objects from the slab lists, return 1.
        [assuming batchcount=120]
- kmem_cache_reap is called due to memory pressure, finds 119
        objects in the cpu array and returns them to the slab lists.
- repeat.

In addition, the length of the free list is limited based on the free
list accesses: a fixed "1" limit hurts the large object caches.

That's the last part for now, next is: [not yet written]
- cleanup: BUG_ON instead of if() BUG
- OOM handling for enable_cpucaches
- remove the unconditional might_sleep() from
        cache_alloc_debugcheck_before, and make that DEBUG dependant.
- initial NUMA support, just to collect some stats:
        Which percentage of the objects are freed on the wrong
        node? 0.1% or 20%?

remove inline from the cache poison checks: the functions are not
performance critical.

- enable the cpu array for all caches

- remove the optimized implementations for quick list access - with
  cpu arrays in all caches, the list access is now rare.

- make the cpu arrays mandatory, this removes 50% of the conditional
  branches from the hot path of kmem_cache_alloc [1]

- poisoning for objects with constructors

Patch got a bit longer...

I forgot to mention this: head arrays mean that some pages can be
blocked due to objects in the head arrays, and not returned to
page_alloc.c.  The current kernel never flushes the head arrays, this
might worsen the behaviour of low memory systems.  The hunk that
flushes the arrays regularly comes next.

Details changelog: [to be read site by side with the patch]

* docu update

* "growing" is not really needed: races between grow and shrink are
  handled by retrying.  [additionally, the current kernel never
  shrinks]

* move the batchcount into the cpu array:
	the old code contained a race during cpu cache tuning:
		update batchcount [in cachep] before or after the IPI?
	And NUMA will need it anyway.

* bootstrap support: the cpu arrays are really mandatory, nothing
  works without them.  Thus a statically allocated cpu array is needed
  to for starting the allocators.

* move the full, partial & free lists into a separate structure, as a
  preparation for NUMA

* structure reorganization: now the cpu arrays are the most important
  part, not the lists.

* dead code elimination: remove "failures", nowhere read.

* dead code elimination: remove "OPTIMIZE": not implemented.  The
  idea is to skip the virt_to_page lookup for caches with on-slab slab
  structures, and use (ptr&PAGE_MASK) instead.  The details are in
  Bonwicks paper.  Not fully implemented.

* remove GROWN: kernel never shrinks a cache, thus grown is
  meaningless.

* bootstrap: starting the slab allocator is now a 3 stage process:
	- nothing works, use the statically allocated cpu arrays.
	- the smallest kmalloc allocator works, use it to allocate
		cpu arrays.
	- all kmalloc allocators work, use the default cpu array size

* register a cpu nodifier callback, and allocate the needed head
  arrays if a new cpu arrives

* always enable head arrays, even for DEBUG builds.  Poisoning and
  red-zoning now happens before an object is added to the arrays.
  Insert enable_all_cpucaches into cpucache_init, there is no need for
  seperate function.

* modifications to the debug checks due to the earlier calls of the
  dtor for caches with poisoning enabled

* poison+ctor is now supported

* squeezing 3 objects into a cacheline is hopeless, the FIXME is not
  solvable and can be removed.

* add additional debug tests: check_irq_off(), check_irq_on(),
  check_spinlock_acquired().

* move do_ccupdate_local nearer to do_tune_cpucache.  Should have
  been part of -04-drain.

* additional objects checks.  red-zoning is tricky: it's implemented
  by increasing the object size by 2*BYTES_PER_WORD.  Thus
  BYTES_PER_WORD must be added to objp before calling the destructor,
  constructor or before returing the object from alloc.  The poison
  functions add BYTES_PER_WORD internally.

* create a flagcheck function, right now the tests are duplicated in
  cache_grow [always] and alloc_debugcheck_before [DEBUG only]

* modify slab list updates: all allocs are now bulk allocs that try
  to get multiple objects at once, update the list pointers only at the
  end of a bulk alloc, not once per alloc.

* might_sleep was moved into kmem_flagcheck.

* major hotpath change:
	- cc always exists, no fallback
	- cache_alloc_refill is called with disabled interrupts,
	  and does everything to recover from an empty cpu array.
	  Far shorter & simpler __cache_alloc [inlined in both
	  kmalloc and kmem_cache_alloc]

* __free_block, free_block, cache_flusharray: main implementation of
  returning objects to the lists.  no big changes, diff lost track.

* new debug check: too early kmalloc or kmem_cache_alloc

* slightly reduce the sizes of the cpu arrays: keep the size < a
  power of 2, including batchcount, avail and now limit, for optimal
  kmalloc memory efficiency.

That's it.  I even found 2 bugs while reading: dtors and ctors for
verify were called with wrong parameters, with RED_ZONE enabled, and
some checks still assumed that POISON and ctor are incompatible.

From Manfred Spraul

remove the space from the name of the DMA caches: they make it
impossible to tune the caches through /proc/slabinfo, and make parsing
/proc/slabinfo difficult

In 2.5, local_irq_disable() provides protection against
smp_call_function() on all architectures.  (Or it will, not sure.  But
davem says this is OK).

So a spin_lock() within the smp_call_function() callback is now
permitted, and we can remove/cleanup the workaround.

From Manfred Spraul

If an object is freed from a slab, then move the slab to the tail of
the partial list - this should increase the probability that the other
objects from the same page are freed, too, and that a page can be
returned to gfp later.

In other words: if we just freed an object from this page then make
this page be the *last* page which is eligible for new allocations.
Under the assumption that other objects in that same page are about to
be freed up as well.

The cpu arrays are now always in front of the list, i.e.  cache hit
rates should not matter.

From Manfred Spraul

Always enable the cpu arrays, even on uniprocessor.

They provide LIFO ordering, which should improve cache hit rates.  And
the array allocator is slightly faster than the list operations.

From Manfred Spraul

remove kmem_ from all static function that are only used in slab.c.
Except kmem_cache_slabmgmt, I've renamed it to alloc_slabmgmt().

add_timer_on is like add_timer, except it takes a target CPU on which
to add the timer.

The slab code needs per-cpu timers for shrinking the per-cpu caches.