`ni_E_init()` doesn't use the second parameter pointing to a `struct
comedi_devconfig` passed from a comedi `attach` handler, so remove the
parameter.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert this PCI driver to use the comedi `attach_pci` callback instead
of the `attach` callback for PCI auto-configuration.  There is no need
to support manual attachment of PCI devices supported by this driver, so
remove the `attach` callback altogether.

Note that this driver still uses the list of PCI "mite" devices created
by the "mite" module.  This will be dealt with by a later patch once
dynamic allocation of "mite" structures has been implemented.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

The PCI-6534 needs three firmware files loading to work with the driver.
That is currently done by passing the firmware data using the
`COMEDI_DEVCONFIG` ioctl that uses the comedi `attach()` hook in the
driver.  This doesn't work for auto-configured PCI devices (which also
currently use the `attach()` hook in this driver, but doesn't have the
firmware-loading options set in the `struct comedi_devconfig *`
parameter).

Change the driver to request the firmware files using
`request_firmware()`, ignoring any firmware-loading options set in the
`struct comedi_devconfig`.

The PCI-6534 has a main FPGA which needs to be loaded first, and two
"scarabs".  Scarab A is loaded with firmware to support digital input
mode, and scarab B is loaded with firmware to support digital output
mode.

I don't think the order of loading the scarab firmwares matters as long
as they are loaded with the correct firmware files.  This update loads
scarab B first, whereas the original code loaded scarab A first.  The
firmware files are loaded in the following order:

A) main FPGA: "ni6534a.bin" (FW_PCI_6534_MAIN)
B) scarab B: "niscrb02.bin" (FW_PCI_6534_SCARAB_DO)
C) scarab A: "niscrb01.bin" (FW_PCI_6534_SCARAB_DI)

The required firmware files can be found in the
"comedi-nonfree-firmware" tar-ball at
<http://www.comedi.org/download/comedi-nonfree-firmware-2007.06.22.tar.gz>.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert the `printk()` calls in this driver to use the `dev_...()` calls
where possible, or the `pr_...()` calls otherwise.  Combine
non-line-terminated prints into single-line prints.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert this PCI driver to use the comedi `attach_pci` callback instead
of the `attach` callback for PCI auto-configuration.  Remove support for
manual attachment of PCI boards supported by this driver.  The `attach`
callback is still needed to manually attach ISA boards, but print an
error if an attempt is made to manually attach a PCI board.

Note that this driver still uses the list of PCI "mite" devices created
by the "mite" module.  This will be dealt with by a later patch once
dynamic allocation of "mite" structures has been implemented.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Move the `labpc_driver` and `labpc_pci_table` variables nearer the
module initialization code near the bottom of the module for aesthetic
reasons and to avoid a forward declaration of `labpc_attach()`.

As a consequence, to avoid having to add a forward declaration of the
`labpc_driver` variable, change code that uses
`labpc_driver.driver_name` to use `DRV_NAME` instead, and change code
that uses `labpc_driver.num_names` to use `ARRAY_SIZE(labpc_boards)`
instead.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Use the macro `module_comedi_pci_driver(comedi_driver, pci_driver)` to
register the module as a Comedi PCI driver if the module supports PCI
devices, otherwise use `module_comedi_driver(comedi_driver)` to register
it as an ordinary Comedi driver.  Rename variables and functions that
have prefix `driver_` for consistency.  Set the `name` member of the
`struct pci_driver` variable in its initializer instead of initializing
it in the module initialization function.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert the `printk()` calls in this driver to use the `dev_...()` calls
where possible, or the `pr_...()` calls otherwise.  Remove the ifdefed
out code that prints the EEPROM contents.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert this PCI driver to use the comedi `attach_pci` callback instead
of the `attach` callback for PCI auto-configuration.  There is no need
to support manual attachment of PCI devices supported by this driver, so
remove the `attach` callback altogether.

Note that this driver still uses the list of PCI "mite" devices created
by the "mite" module.  This will be dealt with by a later patch once
dynamic allocation of "mite" structures has been implemented.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert this PCI driver to use the comedi `attach_pci` callback instead
of the `attach` callback for PCI auto-configuration.  There is no need
to support manual attachment of PCI devices supported by this driver, so
remove the `attach` callback altogether.

Note that this driver still uses the list of PCI "mite" devices created
by the "mite" module.  This will be dealt with by a later patch once
dynamic allocation of "mite" structures has been implemented.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Use the macro `module_comedi_pci_driver(comedi_driver, pci_driver)` to
register the module as a Comedi PCI driver.  Rename variables and
functions that have prefix `driver_` for consistency.  Set the `name`
member of the `struct pci_driver` variable in its initializer instead of
initializing it in the module initialization function.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert the `printk()` calls in this drivers to use the `dev_...()`
calls instead.  Replace some `printk()` calls in the comedi `attach()`
handler (`ni_660x_attach()`) with a single `dev_info()` at the end.
Remove some `printk()` calls before `BUG()` calls.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert this PCI driver to use the comedi `attach_pci` callback instead
of the `attach` callback for PCI auto-configuration.  There is no need
to support manual attachment of PCI devices supported by this driver, so
remove the `attach` callback altogether.

Note that this driver still uses the list of PCI "mite" devices created
by the "mite" module.  This will be dealt with by a later patch once
dynamic allocation of "mite" structures has been implemented.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Move the `struct comedi_driver ni_65xx_driver` variable further down the
function to be closer to the `module_comedi_pci_driver()` module call
and to avoid having to forward declare `ni_65xx_attach()` and
`ni_65xx_detach()`.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Use the macro `module_comedi_pci_driver(comedi_driver, pci_driver)` to
register the module as a Comedi PCI driver.  Rename variables and
functions that have prefix `driver_` for consistency.  Set the `name`
member of the `struct pci_driver` variable in its initializer instead of
initializing it in the module initialization function.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert the `printk()` calls in this drivers to use the `dev_...()`
calls instead.  Remove the initial `printk()` call in the comedi
`attach()` handler (`ni_65xx_attach()`) as it's a bit redundant - the
board type and contents of a board ID register are printed later in the
function.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert this PCI driver to use the comedi `attach_pci` callback instead
of the `attach` callback for PCI auto-configuration.  There is no need
to support manual attachment of PCI devices supported by this driver, so
remove the `attach` callback altogether.

Note that this driver still uses the list of PCI "mite" devices created
by the "mite" module.  This will be dealt with by a later patch once
dynamic allocation of "mite" structures has been implemented.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Move the `struct comedi_driver ni6527_driver` variable further down the
function to be closer to the `module_comedi_pci_driver()` module call
and to avoid having to forward declare `ni6527_attach()` and
`ni6527_detach()`.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Use the macro `module_comedi_pci_driver(comedi_driver, pci_driver)` to
register the module as a Comedi PCI driver.  Rename variables and
functions that have prefix `driver_` for consistency.  Set the `name`
member of the `struct pci_driver` variable in its initializer instead of
initializing it in the module initialization function.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Change the driver name string used in data structures, kernel messages,
etc. from "ni6527" to "ni_6527" to match the module name.  Use a macro
`DRIVER_NAME` that expands to this string literal.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Convert the `printk()` calls in this drivers to use the `dev_...()`
calls instead.  Remove the initial `printk()` call in the comedi
`attach()` handler (`ni6527_attach()`) as it's a bit redundant - the
board type and contents of a board ID register are printed later in the
function.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti@mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

This pulls in the staging tree fixes in 3.6-rc6 into our branch to resolve the
merge issues.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Pull mfd fixes from Samuel Ortiz:
 "This is the remaining MFD fixes for 3.6, with 5 pending fixes:

   - A tps65217 build error fix.
   - A lcp_ich regression fix caused by the MFD driver failing to
     initialize the watchdog sub device due to ACPI conflicts.
   - 2 MAX77693 interrupt handling bug fixes.
   - An MFD core fix, adding an IRQ domain argument to the MFD device
     addition API in order to prevent silent and potentially harmful
     remapping behaviour changes for drivers supporting non-DT
     platforms."

* tag 'mfd-for-linus-3.6-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sameo/mfd-2.6:
  mfd: MAX77693: Fix NULL pointer error when initializing irqs
  mfd: MAX77693: Fix interrupt handling bug
  mfd: core: Push irqdomain mapping out into devices
  mfd: lpc_ich: Fix a 3.5 kernel regression for iTCO_wdt driver
  mfd: Move tps65217 regulator plat data handling to regulator

Pull pwm fixes from Thierry Reding:
 "While this comes a bit later than I had wished, both patches are
  rather minor and touch only new drivers so I think these are still
  safe for merging."

* tag 'for-3.6-rc6' of git://gitorious.org/linux-pwm/linux-pwm:
  pwm: pwm-tiehrpwm: Fix conflicting channel period setting
  pwm: pwm-tiecap: Disable APWM mode after configure

Pull scsi target fixes from Nicholas Bellinger:
 "Here is the current set of target-pending fixes headed for v3.6-final

  The main parts of this series include bug-fixes from Paolo Bonzini to
  address an use-after-free bug in pSCSI sense exception handling, along
  with addressing some long-standing bugs wrt the handling of zero-
  length SCSI CDB payloads also specific to pSCSI pass-through device
  backends."

* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nab/target-pending:
  target: go through normal processing for zero-length REQUEST_SENSE
  target: support zero allocation length in REQUEST SENSE
  target: support zero-size allocation lengths in transport_kmap_data_sg
  target: fail REPORT LUNS with less than 16 bytes of payload
  target: report too-small parameter lists everywhere
  target: go through normal processing for zero-length PSCSI commands
  target: fix use-after-free with PSCSI sense data
  target: simplify code around transport_get_sense_data
  target: move transport_get_sense_data
  target: Check idr_get_new return value in iscsi_login_zero_tsih_s1
  target: Fix ->data_length re-assignment bug with SCSI overflow

Pull power management fixes from Rafael J. Wysocki:
 "Three ACPI device power management fixes related to checking and
  setting device power states."

* tag 'pm-for-3.6-rc6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm:
  ACPI / PM: Use KERN_DEBUG when no power resources are found
  ACPI / PM: Fix resource_lock dead lock in acpi_power_on_device
  ACPI / PM: Infer parent power state from child if unknown, v2

Pull a btrfs revert from Chris Mason:
 "My for-linus branch has one revert in the new quota code.

  We're building up more fixes at etc for the next merge window, but I'm
  keeping them out unless they are bigger regressions or have a huge
  impact."

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mason/linux-btrfs:
  Revert "Btrfs: fix some error codes in btrfs_qgroup_inherit()"

Pull more sound fixes from Takashi Iwai:
 "Yet more (a bunch of) small fixes that slipped from the previous pull
  request.  Most of commits are pending ASoC fixes, all of which are
  fairly trivial commits."

* tag 'sound-3.6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound:
  ASoC: wm8904: correct the index
  ALSA: hda - Yet another position_fix quirk for ASUS machines
  ASoC: tegra: fix maxburst settings in dmaengine code
  ASoC: samsung dma - Don't indicate support for pause/resume.
  ASoC: mc13783: Remove mono support
  ASoC: arizona: Fix typo in 44.1kHz rates
  ASoC: spear: correct the check for NULL dma_buffer pointer
  sound: tegra_alc5632: remove HP detect GPIO inversion
  ASoC: atmel-ssc: include linux/io.h for raw io
  ASoC: dapm: Don't force card bias level to be updated
  ASoC: dapm: Make sure we update the bias level for CODECs with no op
  ASoC: am3517evm: fix error return code
  ASoC: ux500_msp_i2s: better use devm functions and fix error return code
  ASoC: imx-sgtl5000: fix error return code

This reverts commit 970e1789.

Nikolay Ulyanitsky reported thatthe 3.6-rc5 kernel has a 15-20%
performance drop on PostgreSQL 9.2 on his machine (running "pgbench").

Borislav Petkov was able to reproduce this, and bisected it to this
commit 970e1789 ("sched: Improve scalability via 'CPU buddies' ...")
apparently because the new single-idle-buddy model simply doesn't find
idle CPU's to reschedule on aggressively enough.

Mike Galbraith suspects that it is likely due to the user-mode spinlocks
in PostgreSQL not reacting well to preemption, but we don't really know
the details - I'll just revert the commit for now.

There are hopefully other approaches to improve scheduler scalability
without it causing these kinds of downsides.
Reported-by: Nikolay Ulyanitsky <lystor@gmail.com>
Bisected-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Acked-by: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patch initialize register map of MUIC device because mfd driver
of Maxim MAX77693 use regmap-muic instance of MUIC device when irqs of
Maxim MAX77693 is initialized before call max77693-muic probe() function.
Signed-off-by: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Myungjoo Ham <myungjoo.ham@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Reported-by: Sylwester Nawrocki <s.nawrocki@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>

This patch fix bug related to interrupt handling for MAX77693 devices.
- Unmask interrupt masking bit for charger/flash/muic to revolve
that interrupt isn't happened when external connector is attached.
- Fix wrong regmap instance when muic interrupt is happened.

This patch were discussed and confirm discussion about this patch on below url:
http://lkml.org/lkml/2012/7/16/118Signed-off-by: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Myungjoo Ham <myungjoo.ham@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>

Currently the MFD core supports remapping MFD cell interrupts using an
irqdomain but only if the MFD is being instantiated using device tree
and only if the device tree bindings use the pattern of registering IPs
in the device tree with compatible properties.  This will be actively
harmful for drivers which support non-DT platforms and use this pattern
for their DT bindings as it will mean that the core will silently change
remapping behaviour and it is also limiting for drivers which don't do
DT with this particular pattern.  There is also a potential fragility if
there are interrupts not associated with MFD cells and all the cells are
omitted from the device tree for some reason.

Instead change the code to take an IRQ domain as an optional argument,
allowing drivers to take the decision about the parent domain for their
interrupts.  The one current user of this feature is ab8500-core, it has
the domain lookup pushed out into the driver.
Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>

ASoC: Updates for 3.6

A bigger set of updates than I'm entirely comfortable with - things
backed up a bit due to travel.  As ever the majority of these are small,
focused updates for specific drivers though there are a couple of core
changes.  There's been good exposure in -next.

The AT91 patch fixes a build break.

Pull GFS2 fixes from Steven Whitehouse:
 "Here are three GFS2 fixes for the current kernel tree.  These are all
  related to the block reservation code which was added at the merge
  window.  That code will be getting an update at the forthcoming merge
  window too.  In the mean time though there are a few smaller issues
  which should be fixed.

  The first patch resolves an issue with write sizes of greater than 32
  bits with the size hinting code.  The second ensures that the
  allocation data structure is initialised when using xattrs and the
  third takes into account allocations which may have been made by other
  nodes which affect a reservation on the local node."

* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/steve/gfs2-3.0-fixes:
  GFS2: Take account of blockages when using reserved blocks
  GFS2: Fix missing allocation data for set/remove xattr
  GFS2: Make write size hinting code common

Pull x86 platform driver updates from Matthew Garrett:
 "A few small updates for 3.6 - a trivial regression fix and a couple of
  conformance updates for the gmux driver, plus some tiny fixes for
  asus-wmi, eeepc-laptop and thinkpad_acpi."

* 'for_linus' of git://cavan.codon.org.uk/platform-drivers-x86:
  thinkpad_acpi: buffer overflow in fan_get_status()
  eeepc-laptop: fix device reference count leakage in eeepc_rfkill_hotplug()
  platform/x86: fix asus_laptop.wled_type description
  asus-laptop: HRWS/HWRS typo
  drivers-platform-x86: remove useless #ifdef CONFIG_ACPI_VIDEO
  apple-gmux: Fix port address calculation in gmux_pio_write32()
  apple-gmux: Fix index read functions
  apple-gmux: Obtain version info from indexed gmux

Pull i2c embedded fixes from Wolfram Sang:
 "The last bunch of (typical) i2c-embedded driver fixes for 3.6.

  Also update the MAINTAINERS file to point to my tree since people keep
  asking where to find their patches."

* 'i2c-embedded/for-current' of git://git.pengutronix.de/git/wsa/linux:
  i2c: algo: pca: Fix mode selection for PCA9665
  MAINTAINERS: fix tree for current i2c-embedded development
  i2c: mxs: correctly setup speed for non devicetree
  i2c: pnx: Fix read transactions of >= 2 bytes
  i2c: pnx: Fix bit definitions

Merge tag 'ecryptfs-3.6-rc6-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs

Pull ecryptfs fixes from Tyler Hicks:

 - Fixes a regression, introduced in 3.6-rc1, when a file is closed
   before its shared memory mapping is dirtied and unmapped.  The lower
   file was being released when the eCryptfs file was closed and the
   dirtied pages could not be written out.
 - Adds a call to the lower filesystem's ->flush() from
   ecryptfs_flush().
 - Fixes a regression, introduced in 2.6.39, when a file is renamed on
   top of another file.  The target file's inode was not being evicted
   and the space taken by the file was not reclaimed until eCryptfs was
   unmounted.

* tag 'ecryptfs-3.6-rc6-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs:
  eCryptfs: Copy up attributes of the lower target inode after rename
  eCryptfs: Call lower ->flush() from ecryptfs_flush()
  eCryptfs: Write out all dirty pages just before releasing the lower file

Pull one more DMA-mapping fix from Marek Szyprowski:
 "This patch fixes very subtle bug (typical off-by-one error) which
  might appear in very rare circumstances."

* 'fixes-for-3.6' of git://git.linaro.org/people/mszyprowski/linux-dma-mapping:
  arm: mm: fix DMA pool affiliation check

Pull hwmon fixes from Guenter Roeck:
 "Fix word size register read and write operations in ina2xx driver, and
  initialize uninitialized structure elements in twl4030-madc-hwmon
  driver."

* tag 'hwmon-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/groeck/linux-staging:
  hwmon: (ina2xx) Fix word size register read and write operations
  hwmon: (twl4030-madc-hwmon) Initialize uninitialized structure elements