This patch implements MDEV-12514 according to the task descriptions.
It automatically fixes:
MDEV-12515 Wrong value when storing DATE_ADD() and ADDTIME() to a numeric field

Additionally:

a. Moves Item_func::set_attributes_temporal() to
   Type_str_attributes::fix_attributes_temporal(),
  which is a more proper place and name for it.

b. Continues replacing calls for:
     set_handler_by_field_type(MYSQL_TYPE_XXX)
   to corresponding:
     set_handler(&type_handler_xxx)
   which is faster.
   Note, we should eventually get rid of almost all set_handler_by_field_type().

c. Makes type_handler_string, type_handler_time2, type_handler_newdate,
   type_handler_datetime2 public.
   (all built-in handlers will become public eventually)

d. Removing Item_temporal_func::sql_mode, as it was not used.