MariaDB server prints the stack information if a crash happens.

It traverses the stack frames in function `print_with_addr_resolve`.
For *EACH* frame, it tries to parse the file name and line number of the
frame using `addr2line`, or prints `backtrace_symbols_fd` if `addr2line`
fails.

1. Logic in `addr_resolve` function uses addr2line to get the file name
   and line numbers. It has a timeout of 500ms to wait for the response
   from addr2line. However, that's not enough on small instances
   especially if the debug information is in a separate file or
   compressed.

   Increase the timeout to 5 seconds to support some edge cases, as
   experiments showed addr2line may take 2-3 seconds on some frames.

2. While parsing a frame inside of a shared library using `addr2line`,
   the file name and line numbers could be `??`, empty or `0` if the
   debug info is not loaded.
   It's easy to reproduce when glibc-debuginfo is not installed.

   Instead of printing a meaningless frame like:

       :0(__GI___poll)[0x1505e9197639]
       ...
       ??:0(__libc_start_main)[0x7ffff6c8913a]

   We want to print the frame information using `backtrace_symbols_fd`,
   with the shared library name and a hexadecimal offset.
   Stacktrace example on a real instance with this commit:

       /lib64/libc.so.6(__poll+0x49)[0x145cbf71a639]
       ...
       /lib64/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xea)[0x7f4d0034d13a]

   `addr_resolve` has considered the case of meaningless combination of
   file name and line number returned by `addr2line`. e.g. `??:?`
   However, conditions like `:0` and `??:0` are not handled. So now the
   function will rollback to `backtrace_symbols_fd` in above cases.

All new code of the whole pull request, including one or several files
that are either new files or modified ones, are contributed under the
BSD-new license. I am contributing on behalf of my employer Amazon Web
Services, Inc.

MDEV-25045 : Assertion `client_state_.mode() != wsrep::client_state::m_toi' failed in int wsrep::transaction::before_commit()

CREATE [TEMPORARY] SEQUENCE is internally CREATE+INSERT (initial value)
and it is replicated using statement based replication. In Galera
we use either TOI or RSU so we should skip commit time hooks
for it.
Signed-off-by: Julius Goryavsky <julius.goryavsky@mariadb.com>

With binlogs enabled, debug assertion ut_ad(xid_seqno > wsrep_seqno)
fired in trx_rseg_update_wsrep_checkpoint() when an applier thread
synced the seqno out of order for write set which had failed
certification. This was caused by releasing commit
order too early when binlogs were on, allowing group
commit to run in parallel and commit following transactions
too early.

Fixed by extending the commit order critical section to cover
call to wsrep_set_SE_checkpoint() also when binlogs are on.
Signed-off-by: Julius Goryavsky <julius.goryavsky@mariadb.com>

When using LEFT() function with a string that is without a charset,
the function crashes. This is because the function assumes that
the string has a charset, and tries to use it to calculate the
length of the string.

Two functions, UNHEX and WEIGHT_STRING, returned a string without
the charset being set to a not null value.

The fix is to set charset when calling val_str on these two functions.
Reviewed-by: Alexander Barkov <bar@mariadb.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Black <daniel@mariadb.org>

MDEV-30453 Setting innodb_buffer_pool_filename to an empty string attempts to delete the data directory on shutdown

Let us make innodb_buffer_pool_filename a read-only variable
so that a malicious user cannot cause an important file to be
deleted on InnoDB shutdown. An attempt to delete a directory
will fail because it is not a regular file, but what if the
variable pointed to (say) ibdata1, ib_logfile0 or some *.ibd file?

It does not seem to make much sense for this parameter to be
configurable in the first place, but we will not change that in order
to avoid breaking compatibility.

Problem:

UNIX_TIMESTAMP() called for a expression of the TIME data type
returned NULL.

Inside Type_handler_timestamp_common::Item_val_native_with_conversion
the call for item->get_date() did not convert TIME to DATETIME
automatically (because it does not have to, by design).
As a result, Type_handler_timestamp_common::TIME_to_native() received
a MYSQL_TIME value with zero date 0000-00-00 and therefore returned "true"
(indicating SQL NULL value).

Fix:

Removing the call for item->get_date().
Instantiating Datetime(item) instead.
This forces automatic TIME to DATETIME conversion
(unless @@old_mode is zero_date_time_cast).

MDEV-29050 mariabackup issues error messages during InnoDB tablespaces export on partial backup preparing

The solution is to suppress error messages for missing tablespaces if
mariabackup is launched with "--prepare --export" options.

"mariabackup --prepare --export" invokes itself with --mysqld parameter.
If the parameter is set, then it starts server to feed "FLUSH TABLES ...
FOR EXPORT;" queries for exported tablespaces. This is "normal" server
start, that's why new srv_operation value is introduced.

Reviewed by Marko Makela.

MDEV-24453 Added support for a 5th --verbose parameter in mariadb-upgrade to show mysql results for mysql_fix_privilege_tables

EXPLAIN EXTENDED for an UPDATE/DELETE/INSERT/REPLACE statement did not
produce the warning containing the text representation of the query
obtained after the optimization phase. Such warning was produced for
SELECT statements, but not for DML statements.
The patch fixes this defect of EXPLAIN EXTENDED for DML statements.

This was failing to compile with AppleClang 14.0.0.14000029.

Thanks to Arunesh Choudhary for noticing.

All the .inc files that included from binlog_encryption are refactored.

Moved rpl_parallel.inc to rpl_parallel.test

- Description:
  - Before 10.3.8 semisync was a plugin that is built into the server with
    MDEV-13073,starting with commit cbc71485.
    There are still some usage of `rpl_semi_sync_master` in mtr.
Note:
  - To recognize the replica in the `dump_thread`, replica is creating
    local variable `rpl_semi_sync_slave` (the keyword of plugin) in
    function `request_transmit`, that is catched by primary in
    `is_semi_sync_slave()`. This is the user variable and as such not
    related to the obsolete plugin.

 - Found in `sys_vars.all_vars` and `rpl_semi_sync_wait_point` tests,
   usage of plugins `rpl_semi_sync_master`, `rpl_semi_sync_slave`.
   The former test is disabled by default (`sys_vars/disabled.def`)
   and marked as `obsolete`, however this patch will remove the queries.

- Add cosmetic fixes to semisync codebase

Reviewer: <brandon.nesterenko@mariadb.com>
Closes PR #2528, PR #2380

row_upd_rec_in_place(): Avoid calling page_zip_write_rec() if we
are not modifying any fields that are stored in compressed format.

btr_cur_update_in_place_zip_check(): New function to check if a
ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED record can actually be updated in place.

btr_cur_pessimistic_update(): If the BTR_KEEP_POS_FLAG is not set
(we are in a ROLLBACK and cannot write any BLOBs), ignore the potential
overflow and let page_zip_reorganize() or page_zip_compress() handle it.
This avoids a failure when an attempted UPDATE of an NULL column to 0 is
rolled back. During the ROLLBACK, we would try to move a non-updated
long column to off-page storage in order to avoid a compression failure
of the ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED page.

page_zip_write_trx_id_and_roll_ptr(): Remove an assertion that would fail
in row_upd_rec_in_place() because the uncompressed page would already
have been modified there.

Thanks to Jean-François Gagné for providing a copy of a page that
triggered these bugs on the ROLLBACK of UPDATE and DELETE.

A 10.6 version of this was tested by Matthias Leich using
cmake -DWITH_INNODB_EXTRA_DEBUG=ON a.k.a. UNIV_ZIP_DEBUG.

mtr uses group suffix, but some existing inc and test files use
server_id for expect files. This patch aims to fix that.

For spider:

With this change we will not have to maintain a separate version of
restart_mysqld.inc for spider, that duplicates code, just because
spider tests use different names for expect files, and shutdown_mysqld
requires magical names for them.

With this change spider tests will also be able to use other features
provided by restart_mysqld.inc without code duplication, like the
parameter $restart_parameters (see e.g. the testcase mdev_29904.test
in commit ef1161e5d4f).

Tests run after this change: default, spider, rocksdb, galera, using
the following command

mtr --parallel=auto --force --max-test-fail=0 --skip-core-file
mtr --suite spider,spider/*,spider/*/* \
    --skip-test="spider/oracle.*|.*/t\..*" --parallel=auto --big-test \
    --force --max-test-fail=0 --skip-core-file
mtr --suite galera --parallel=auto
mtr --suite rocksdb --parallel=auto

buf_LRU_block_remove_hashed(): Ever since
commit 2e814d47
we could get page_zip_validate() failures after an ALTER TABLE
operation was aborted and BtrBulk::pageCommit() had never been
executed on some blocks.

fil_iterate(): Allocation bitmap pages are never encrypted.

Reviewed by: Thirunarayanan Balathandayuthapani

MDEV-28187 mariadb-backup doesn't utilise innodb-undo-log-directory (if specified as a relative path) during copy-back operation

Make absolute destination path from relative one, basing on mysql data
directory.

Reviewed by Alexander Barkov.

The hang could be seen as show slave status displaying an error like
    Last_Error: Could not execute Write_rows_v1
along with
    Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

accompanied with one of the replication threads in show-processlist
characteristically having status like

   2394 | system user  |    | NULL | Slave_worker | 50852| closing tables

It turns out that closing tables worker got entrapped in endless looping
in mark_start_commit_inner() across already garbage-collected gco items.

The reclaimed gco links are explained with actually possible
out-of-order groups of events termination due to the Last_Error.
This patch reinforces the correct ordering to perform
finish_event_group's cleanup actions, incl unlinking gco:s
from the active list.

		redundant table rebuild

- InnoDB alter fails to apply the online log during redundant table
rebuild. Problem is that InnoDB wrongly reads the length flags of the
record while applying the temporary log record.

rec_init_offsets_comp_ordinary(): For finding the n_core_null_bytes,
InnoDB should use the same logic as rec_convert_dtuple_to_rec_comp().

Included config file for proper compilation without <my_global.h>

convert empty host.db to "%", just as it's done for host.hostname
(in update_hostname())

and my_getwd(). The cause is my_errno define which
depends on my_thread_var being a not null pointer
otherwise it will be de-referenced and cause
a SEGV already in the signal handler.

Replace uses of these functions in the output_core_info
using posix read/getcwd functions instead.

The getwd fallback in my_getcwd isn't needed as
its been obsolute for a very long time.

Thanks Vladislav Vaintroub for diagnosis and posix
recommendation.

- Adding test case for --raw without -R
- Adding unsuported combination of --raw and --flashback parameters and
covered with test case

- Update per Monty's review for commit 5328dbdaa237d97e443120f2e08437fb274198c2

Replace calls to `sprintf` and `strcpy` by the safer options `snprintf`
and `safe_strcpy` in the following directories:

- libmysqld
- mysys
- sql-common
- strings

All new code of the whole pull request, including one or several files
that are either new files or modified ones, are contributed under the
BSD-new license. I am contributing on behalf of my employer
Amazon Web Services, Inc.

rec_init_offsets_comp_ordinary(), rec_init_offsets(),
rec_get_offsets_reverse(), rec_get_nth_field_offs_old():
Simplify some bitwise arithmetics to avoid conditional jumps,
and add branch prediction hints with the assumption that most
variable-length columns are short.

Tested by: Matthias Leich

MDEV-30668 Set function aggregated in outer select used in view definition

This patch fixes two bugs concerning views whose specifications contain
subqueries with set functions aggregated in outer selects.
Due to the first bug those such views that have implicit grouping were
considered as mergeable. This led to wrong result sets for selects from
these views.
Due to the second bug the aggregation select was determined incorrectly and
this led to bogus error messages.
The patch added several test cases for these two bugs and for four other
duplicate bugs.
The patch also enables view-protocol for many other test cases.

Approved by Oleksandr Byelkin <sanja@mariadb.com>

- Avoid passing real field cache as a parameter when we check for duplicates.

- Correct cache cleanup (cached field number also have to be reset).

- Name resolution cache simple test added.

While performing SAST scanning using Cppcheck against source code of
commit 81196469, several code vulnerabilities were found.

Fix following issues:

1. Parameters of `snprintf` function are incorrect.

   Cppcheck error:

       client/mysql_plugin.c:1228: error: snprintf format string requires 6 parameters but only 5 are given.

   It is due to commit 630d7229 introduced option `--lc-messages-dir`
   in the bootstrap command. However the parameter was not even given
   in the `snprintf` after changing the format string.

   Fix:
   Restructure the code logic and correct the function parameters for
   `snprintf`.

2. Null pointer is used in a `snprintf` which could cause a crash.

   Cppcheck error:

       extra/mariabackup/xbcloud.cc:2534: error: Null pointer dereference

   The code intended to print the swift_project name, if the
   opt_swift_project_id is NULL but opt_swift_project is not NULL.
   However the parameter of `snprintf` was mistakenly using
   `opt_swift_project_id`.

   Fix:
   Change to use the correct string from `opt_swift_project`.

3. Potential double release of a memory

   Cppcheck error:

       plugin/auth_pam/testing/pam_mariadb_mtr.c:69: error: Memory pointed to by 'resp' is freed twice.

   A pointer `resp` is reused and allocated new memory after it has been
   freed. However, `resp` was not set to NULL after freed.
   Potential double release of the same pointer if the call back
   function doesn't allocate new memory for `resp` pointer.

   Fix:
   Set the `resp` pointer to NULL after the first free() to make sure
   the same address is not freed twice.

All new code of the whole pull request, including one or several files
that are either new files or modified ones, are contributed under the
BSD-new license. I am contributing on behalf of my employer Amazon Web
Services, Inc.