MDEV-537 Make multi-column non-top level subqueries to be executed via index (index/unique subquery)
           instead of single_select_engine

This task changes the IN-EXISTS rewrite for multi-column subqueries
"(a, b) IN (select b, c ...)" to work in the same way as for
single-column subqueries "a IN (select b ...) with respect to the
injection of NULL-rejecting predicates.
 
More specifically, the method
Item_in_subselect::create_row_in_to_exists_cond()
adds Item_is_not_null_test and Item_func_trig_cond only if the left
IN operand can be NULL. Not having these predicates when not necessary,
makes it possible to rewrite the subquery into a "unique_subquery" or
"index_subquery" when there is a suitable index on the only
subquery table.

Back-ported the fix and the test case for bug 13528826
from mysql-5.6.

Fix by Sergey Petrunia.

This patch only prevents the evaluation of expensive subqueries during optimization.
The crash reported in this bug has been fixed by some other patch.
The fix is to call value->is_null() only when  !value->is_expensive(), because is_null()
may trigger evaluation of the Item, which in turn triggers subquery evaluation if the
Item is a subquery.

After pullout item during single row subselect transformation it should be fixed properly.

MDEV-405: Server crashes in test_if_skip_sort_order on EXPLAIN with GROUP BY and HAVING in EXISTS subquery
- Testcase

- Don't do early cleanup of uncorrelated subqueries if we're running an EXPLAIN.

The problem was that was_null and null_value variables was reset in each reexecution of IN subquery, but engine rerun only for non-constant subqueries.

Fixed checking constant in Item_equal sort.
Fix constant reporting in Item_subselect.

The fix backports from MWL#182: Explain running statements the logic that
saves the original JOIN_TAB array of a query plan after optimization. This
array is later used during EXPLAIN to iterate over the original JOIN plan
nodes in the cases when this plan could be changed by early subquery
execution during the optimization phase of the outer query.

- Make Item_subselect::fix_fields() ignore UNCACHEABLE_EXPLAIN flag when deciding whether 
  the subquery item should be marked as constant.

Analysis:
The fix for bug lp:985667 implements the method Item_subselect::no_rows_in_result()
for all main kinds of subqueries. The purpose of this method is to be called from
return_zero_rows() and set Items to some default value in the case when a query
returns no rows. Aggregates and subqueries require special treatment in this case.

Every implementation of Item_subselect::no_rows_in_result() called
Item_subselect::make_const() to set the subquery predicate to its default value
irrespective of where the predicate was located in the query. Once the predicate
was set to a constant it was never executed.

At the same time, the JOIN object of the fake select for UNIONs (the one used for
the final result of the UNION), was set after all subqueries in the union were
executed. Since we set the subquery as constant, it was never executed, and the
corresponding JOIN was never created.

In order to decide whether the result of NOT IN is NULL or FALSE, Item_in_optimizer
needs to check if the subquery result was empty or not. This is where we got the
crash, because subselect_union_engine::no_rows() checks for
unit->fake_select_lex->join->send_records, and the join object was NULL.

Solution:
If a subquery is in the HAVING clause it must be evaluated in order to know its
result, so that we can properly filter the result records. Once subqueries in the
HAVING clause are executed even in the case of no result rows, this specific
crash will be solved, because the UNION will be executed, and its JOIN will be
constructed. Therefore the fix for this crash is to narrow the fix for lp:985667,
and to apply Item_subselect::no_rows_in_result() only when the subquery predicate
is in the SELECT clause.

Analysis:

When the method JOIN::choose_subquery_plan() decided to apply
the IN-TO-EXISTS strategy, it set the unit and select_lex
uncacheable flag to UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT_INJECTED unconditionally.
As result, even if IN-TO-EXISTS injected non-correlated predicates,
the subquery was still treated as correlated.

Solution:
Set the subquery as correlated only if the injected predicate(s) depend
on the outer query.

CHEAP SQ: Valgrind warnings "Memory lost" with IN and EXISTS nested subquery, materialization+semijoin

Analysis:
The memory leak was a result of the interaction of semi-join optimization
with early optimization of constant subqueries. The function:
setup_jtbm_semi_joins() created a dummy temporary table "dummy_table"
in order to make some JOIN_TAB objects complete. Normally, such temporary
tables are freed inside JOIN_TAB::cleanup.

However, the inner-most subquery is pre-optimized, which allows the
optimization fo the MAX subquery to determine that its WHERE is TRUE,
and thus to compute the result of the MAX during optimization. This
ultimately allows the optimize phase of the outer query to find that
it WHERE clause is FALSE. Once JOIN::optimize finds that the result
set is empty, it sets zero_result_cause, and returns *before* it ever
reached make_join_statistics(). As a result the query plan has no
JOIN_TABs at all. Since the temporary table is supposed to be cleanup
via JOIN_TAB::cleanup, this never happens because there is no JOIN_TAB
for this table. Hence we get a memory leak.

Solution:
Whenever there are no JOIN_TABs, iterate over all table reference in
JOIN::join_list, and free the ones that contain semi-join temporary
tables.

Patch for mdev-287: CHEAP SQ: A query with subquery in SELECT list, EXISTS, inner joins takes hundreds times longer

Analysis:

The fix for lp:944706 introduces early subquery optimization.
While a subquery is being optimized some of its predicates may be
removed. In the test case, the EXISTS subquery is constant, and is
evaluated to TRUE. As a result the whole OR is TRUE, and thus the
correlated condition "b = alias1.b" is optimized away. The subquery
becomes non-correlated.

The subquery cache is designed to work only for correlated subqueries.
If constant subquery optimization is disallowed, then the constant
subquery is not evaluated, the subquery remains correlated, and its
execution is cached. As a result execution is fast.

However, when the constant subquery was optimized away, it was neither
cached by the subquery cache, nor it was cached by the internal subquery
caching. The latter was due to the fact that the subquery still appeared
as correlated to the subselect_XYZ_engine::exec methods, and they
re-executed the subquery on each call to Item_subselect::exec.

Solution:

The solution is to update the correlated status of the subquery after it has
been optimized. This status consists of:
- st_select_lex::is_correlated
- Item_subselect::is_correlated
- SELECT_LEX::uncacheable
- SELECT_LEX_UNIT::uncacheable
The status is updated by st_select_lex::update_correlated_cache(), and its
caller st_select_lex::optimize_unflattened_subqueries. The solution relies
on the fact that the optimizer already called
st_select_lex::update_used_tables() for each subquery. This allows to
efficiently update the correlated status of each subquery without walking
the whole subquery tree.

Notice that his patch is an improvement over MySQL 5.6 and older, where
subqueries are not pre-optimized, and the above analysis is not possible.

- Disable IndexConditionPushdown for reverse scans.

  
  Analysis:
  The optimizer detects an empty result through constant table optimization.
  Then it calls return_zero_rows(), which in turns calls inderctly
  Item_maxmin_subselect::no_rows_in_result(). The latter method set "value=0",
  however "value" is pointer to Item_cache, and not just an integer value.
  
  All of the Item_[maxmin | singlerow]_subselect::val_XXX methods does:
    if (forced_const)
      return value->val_real();
  which of course crashes when value is a NULL pointer.
  
  Solution:
  When the optimizer discovers an empty result set, set
  Item_singlerow_subselect::value to a FALSE constant Item instead of NULL.

The cause for this bug is that the method JOIN::get_examined_rows iterates over all
JOIN_TABs of the join assuming they are just a sequence. In the query above, the
innermost subquery is merged into its parent query. When we call
JOIN::get_examined_rows for the second-level subquery, the iteration that
assumes sequential order of join tabs goes outside the join_tab array and calls
the method JOIN_TAB::get_examined_rows on uninitialized memory. 

The fix is to iterate over JOIN_TABs in a way that takes into account the nested
semi-join structure of JOIN_TABs. In particular iterate as select_describe.

The patch enables back constant subquery execution during
query optimization after it was disabled during the development
of MWL#89 (cost-based choice of IN-TO-EXISTS vs MATERIALIZATION).

The main idea is that constant subqueries are allowed to be executed
during optimization if their execution is not expensive.

The approach is as follows:
- Constant subqueries are recursively optimized in the beginning of
  JOIN::optimize of the outer query. This is done by the new method
  JOIN::optimize_constant_subqueries(). This is done so that the cost
  of executing these queries can be estimated.
- Optimization of the outer query proceeds normally. During this phase
  the optimizer may request execution of non-expensive constant subqueries.
  Each place where the optimizer may potentially execute an expensive
  expression is guarded with the predicate Item::is_expensive().
- The implementation of Item_subselect::is_expensive has been extended
  to use the number of examined rows (estimated by the optimizer) as a
  way to determine whether the subquery is expensive or not.
- The new system variable "expensive_subquery_limit" controls how many
  examined rows are considered to be not expensive. The default is 100.

In addition, multiple changes were needed to make this solution work
in the light of the changes made by MWL#89. These changes were needed
to fix various crashes and wrong results, and legacy bugs discovered
during development.

Analysis:

The reason for the wrong result is the interaction between constant
optimization (in this case 1-row table) and subquery optimization.

- First the outer query is optimized, and 'make_join_statistics' finds that
table t2 has one row, reads that row, and marks the whole table as constant.
This also means that all fields of t2 are constant.

- Next, we optimize the subquery in the end of the outer 'make_join_statistics'.
The field 'f2' is considered constant, with value '3'. The subquery predicate
is rewritten as the constant TRUE.

- The outer query execution detects early that the whole query result is empty
and calls 'return_zero_rows'. Since the query is with implicit grouping, we
have to produce one row with special values for the aggregates (depending on
each aggregate function), and NULL values for all non-aggregate fields.  This
function calls 'no_rows_in_result' to set each aggregate function to the
default value when it aggregates over an empty result, and then calls
'send_data', which in turn evaluates each Item in the SELECT list.

- When evaluation reaches the subquery predicate, it executes the subquery
with field 'f2' having a constant value '3', and the subquery produces the
incorrect result '7'.

Solution:

Implement Item::no_rows_in_result for all subquery predicates. In order to
make this work, it is also needed to make all val_* methods of all subquery
predicates respect the Item_subselect::forced_const flag. Otherwise subqueries
are executed anyways, and override the default value set by no_rows_in_result
with whatever result is produced from the subquery evaluation.

Problem is that subquery execution can't be called during prepare/optimize phase.

Also small fix for subquery test suite.

The bug itself is fixed by the patch for bug lp:908269.

Fix for LP BUG#908269 Wrong result with subquery in select list, EXISTS, constant MyISAM/Aria table.

Problem: When building the condition for JOIN::outer_ref_cond the optimizer forgot to take into account
that this condition could depend on constant tables as well.

fixed several defects in the greedy optimization:

1) The greedy optimizer calculated the 'compare-cost' (CPU-cost)
   for iterating over the partial plan result at each level in
   the query plan as 'record_count / (double) TIME_FOR_COMPARE'

   This cost was only used locally for 'best' calculation at each
   level, and *not* accumulated into the total cost for the query plan.

   This fix added the 'CPU-cost' of processing 'current_record_count'
   records at each level to 'current_read_time' *before* it is used as
   'accumulated cost' argument to recursive 
   best_extension_by_limited_search() calls. This ensured that the
   cost of a huge join-fanout early in the QEP was correctly
   reflected in the cost of the final QEP.

   To get identical cost for a 'best' optimized query and a
   straight_join with the same join order, the same change was also
   applied to optimize_straight_join() and get_partial_join_cost()

2) Furthermore to get equal cost for 'best' optimized query and a
   straight_join the new code substrcated the same '0.001' in
   optimize_straight_join() as it had been already done in
   best_extension_by_limited_search()

3) When best_extension_by_limited_search() aggregated the 'best' plan a
   plan was 'best' by the check :

   'if ((search_depth == 1) || (current_read_time < join->best_read))'

   The term '(search_depth == 1' incorrectly caused a new best plan to be
   collected whenever the specified 'search_depth' was reached - even if
   this partial query plan was more expensive than what we had already
   found.

The patch differs from the original MySQL patch as follows:
- All test case differences have been reviewed one by one, and
  care has been taken to restore the original plan so that each
  test case executes the code path it was designed for.
- A bug was found and fixed in MariaDB 5.3 in
  Item_allany_subselect::cleanup().
- ORDER BY is not removed because we are unsure of all effects,
  and it would prevent enabling ORDER BY ... LIMIT subqueries.
- ref_pointer_array.m_size is not adjusted because we don't do
  array bounds checking, and because it looks risky.

Original comment by Jorgen Loland:
-------------------------------------------------------------
WL#5953 - Optimize away useless subquery clauses
      
For IN/ALL/ANY/SOME/EXISTS subqueries, the following clauses are 
meaningless:
      
* ORDER BY (since we don't support LIMIT in these subqueries)
* DISTINCT
* GROUP BY if there is no HAVING clause and no aggregate 
  functions
      
This WL detects and optimizes away these useless parts of the
query during JOIN::prepare()

Do not perform index condition pushdown for conditions containing subqueries
and stored functions.

set to 'on' by default.

* rename all debugging related command-line options
  and variables to start from "debug-", and made them all
  OFF by default.
* replace "MySQL" with "MariaDB" in error messages
* "Cast ... converted ... integer to it's ... complement"
  is now a note, not a warning
* @@query_cache_strip_comments now has a session scope,
  not global.

in EXPLAIN as select_type==MATERIALIZED. 

Before, we had select_type==SUBQUERY and it was difficult to tell materialized
subqueries from uncorrelated scalar-context subqueries.

The cause of the wrong result was that Item_ref_null_helper::get_date()
didn't use a method of the *_result() family, and fetched the data
for the field from the current row instead of result_field. Changed to
use the correct *_result() method, like to all other similar methods
of Item_ref_null_helper.

Analysis:
lp:894397 was a consequence of a prior incorrect fix of lp:833777
which didn't take into account that even when all tables are
constant there may be correlated conditions, and the where clause
is not equivalent to the constant conditions.

Solution:
When there are constant tables only, evaluate only the conditions
that reference outer fields, because the constant conditions are
already checked, and the where clause doesn't have other conditions
than constant ones, and outer referencing ones. The fix for
lp:894397 also fixes lp:833777.

The problem was that when we have single row subquery with no rows
Item_cache(es) which represent result row was not null and being
requested via element_index() returned random value.

The fix is setting all Item_cache(es) in NULL before executing the
query (reset() method) which guaranty NULL value of whole query
or its elements requested in any way if no rows was found.

set_null() method was added to Item_cache to guaranty correct NULL
value in case of reseting the cache.

and 'derived_with_keys'. Now they are set on by default.

Stop attempts to apply IN/ALL/ANY optimizations to so called "fake_select"
(used for ordering and filtering results of union) in union subquery execution.

the depth of subquery nestedness to less than 31
(sizeof(ulong)-1).

Analysis:
The optimizer distinguishes two kinds of 'constant' conditions:
expensive ones, and non-expensive ones. The non-expensive conditions
are evaluated inside make_join_select(), and if false, already the
optimizer detects empty query results.

In order to avoid arbitrarily expensive optimization, the evaluation of
expensive constant conditions is delayed until execution. These conditions
are attached to JOIN::exec_const_cond and evaluated in the beginning of
JOIN::exec. The relevant execution logic is:

JOIN::exec()
{
  if (! join->exec_const_cond->val_int())
  {
    produce an empty result;
    stop execution
  }
  continue execution
  execute the original WHERE clause (that contains exec_const_cond)
 ...
}

As a result, when an expensive constant condition is
TRUE, it is evaluated twice - once through
JOIN::exec_const_cond, and once through JOIN::cond.
When the expensive constant condition is a subquery,
predicate, the subquery is evaluated twice. If we have
many levels of subqueries, this logic results in a chain
of recursive subquery executions that walk a perfect
binary tree. The result is that for subquries with depth N,
JOIN::exec is executed O(2^N) times.

Solution:
Notice that the second execution of the constant conditions
happens inside do_select(), in the branch:
if (join->table_count == join->const_tables) { ... }
In this case exec_const_cond is equivalent to the whole WHERE
clause, therefore the WHERE clause has already been checked in
the beginnig of JOIN::exec, and has been found to be true.
The bug is addressed by not evaluating the WHERE clause if there
was exec_const_conds, and it was TRUE.

If the optimizer switch 'semijoin_with_cache' is set to 'off' then 
join cache cannot be used to join inner tables of a semijoin.

Also fixed a bug in the function check_join_cache_usage() that led
to wrong output of the EXPLAIN commands for some test cases.

In MariaDB, when running in ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY mode,
the server produced in incorrect error message that there
is an aggregate function without GROUP BY, for artificially
created MIN/MAX functions during subquery MIN/MAX optimization.

The fix introduces a way to distinguish between artifially
created MIN/MAX functions as a result of a rewrite, and normal
ones present in the query. The test for ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY violation
now tests in addition if a MIN/MAX function was part of a MIN/MAX
subquery rewrite.

In order to be able to distinguish these MIN/MAX functions, the
patch introduces an additional flag in Item_in_subselect::in_strategy -
SUBS_STRATEGY_CHOSEN. This flag is set when the optimizer makes its
final choice of a subuqery strategy. In order to make the choice
consistent, access to Item_in_subselect::in_strategy is provided
via new class methods.
******
Fix MySQL BUG#12329653

In MariaDB, when running in ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY mode,
the server produced in incorrect error message that there
is an aggregate function without GROUP BY, for artificially
created MIN/MAX functions during subquery MIN/MAX optimization.

The fix introduces a way to distinguish between artifially
created MIN/MAX functions as a result of a rewrite, and normal
ones present in the query. The test for ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY violation
now tests in addition if a MIN/MAX function was part of a MIN/MAX
subquery rewrite.

In order to be able to distinguish these MIN/MAX functions, the
patch introduces an additional flag in Item_in_subselect::in_strategy -
SUBS_STRATEGY_CHOSEN. This flag is set when the optimizer makes its
final choice of a subuqery strategy. In order to make the choice
consistent, access to Item_in_subselect::in_strategy is provided
via new class methods.

Analysis:
Equality propagation propagated the constant '7' into
args[0] of the Item_in_optimizer that stands for the
"< ANY" predicate. At the same the min/max subquery
rewrite swapped the order of the left and right operands
of the "<" predicate, but used Item_in_subselect::left_expr.

As a result, when the <ANY predicate is executed early in the
execution phase as a contant condition, instead of a constant
right (swapped) argument of the < predicate, there was a field
(t3.a). This field had no data, since the whole predicate is
considered constant, and it is evaluated before any tables are
read. Having junk in the field row buffer produced wrong result

Solution:
Fix create_swap to pick the correct Item_in_optimizer left
argument.