MDEV-17848: Galera test failure on galera_sst_xtrabackup-v2[_data_dir]

Internal transactions may not have trx->mysql_thd.
But at the same time, trx->duplicates should only hold if
REPLACE or INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE was executed from SQL.

The flag feels misplaced. A more appropriate place for it would
be row_prebuilt_t or similar.

After validating the post-encryption checksum on an encrypted page,
Mariabackup should decrypt the page and validate the pre-encryption
checksum as well. This should reduce the probability of accepting
invalid pages as valid ones.

This is a backport and refactoring of a patch that was
originally written by Thirunarayanan Balathandayuthapani
for the 10.2 branch.

Innochecksum was being built as if WITH_INNODB_BUG_ENDIAN_CRC32:BOOL=OFF
had been specified.

Also, clean up tests:

innodb.innochecksum: Useless; superceded by innodb_zip.innochecksum.
innodb.innodb_zip_innochecksum: Remove; duplicated innodb_zip.innochecksum.
innodb.innodb_zip_innochecksum2: Remove; duplicated innodb_zip.innochecksum_2.
innodb.innodb_zip_innochecksum3: Remove; duplicated innodb_zip.innochecksum_3.

No test case was added. I tested manually by adding debug instrumentation
to both innochecksum and buf_page_is_checksum_valid_crc32() to make
innochecksum write the buggy crc32, and to get warnings for falling back
to the buggy checksum. Automating this would require that tests be
adjusted depending on the build options.

Allow array binding for DELETE, test it.

With innodb_default_row_format=redundant, InnoDB would crash when
using table options that are incompatible with ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT.

create_table_info_t::m_default_row_format: Cache the value of
innodb_default_row_format.

create_table_info_t::check_table_options(): Validate ROW_TYPE_DEFAULT
with m_default_row_format.

create_table_info_t::innobase_table_flags(): Use the
cached m_default_row_format.

create_table_info_t: Never read m_form->s->row_type.
Use m_create_info->row_type instead.

dict_tf_set(): Never set invalid flags for ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT.

ha_innobase::truncate(): Set info.row_type based on the ROW_FORMAT
of the current table.

In MySQL 5.7, it was noticed that files are not portable between
big-endian and little-endian processor architectures
(such as SPARC and x86), because the original implementation of
innodb_checksum_algorithm=crc32 was not byte order agnostic.

A byte order agnostic implementation of innodb_checksum_algorithm=crc32
was only added to MySQL 5.7, not backported to 5.6. Consequently,
MariaDB Server versions 10.0 and 10.1 only contain the CRC-32C
implementation that works incorrectly on big-endian architectures,
and MariaDB Server 10.2.2 got the byte-order agnostic CRC-32C
implementation from MySQL 5.7.

MySQL 5.7 introduced a "legacy crc32" variant that is functionally
equivalent to the big-endian version of the original crc32 implementation.
Thanks to this variant, old data files can be transferred from big-endian
systems to newer versions.

Introducing new variants of checksum algorithms (without introducing
new names for them, or something on the pages themselves to identify
the algorithm) generally is a bad idea, because each checksum algorithm
is like a lottery ticket. The more algorithms you try, the more likely
it will be for the checksum to match on a corrupted page.

So, essentially MySQL 5.7 weakened innodb_checksum_algorithm=crc32,
and MariaDB 10.2.2 inherited this weakening.

We introduce a build option that together with MDEV-17957
makes innodb_checksum_algorithm=strict_crc32 strict again
by only allowing one variant of the checksum to match.

WITH_INNODB_BUG_ENDIAN_CRC32: A new cmake option for enabling the
bug-compatible "legacy crc32" checksum. This is only enabled on
big-endian systems by default, to facilitate an upgrade from
MariaDB 10.0 or 10.1. Checked by #ifdef INNODB_BUG_ENDIAN_CRC32.

ut_crc32_byte_by_byte: Remove (unused function).

legacy_big_endian_checksum: Remove. This variable seems to have
unnecessarily complicated the logic. When the weakening is enabled,
we must always fall back to the buggy checksum.

buf_page_check_crc32(): A helper function to compute one or
two CRC-32C variants.

Also, apply the MDEV-17957 changes to encrypted page checksums,
and remove error message output from the checksum function,
because these messages would be useless noise when mariabackup
is retrying reads of corrupted-looking pages, and not that
useful during normal server operation either.

The error messages in fil_space_verify_crypt_checksum()
should be refactored separately.

This is a backport of a part of
commit 18455ec3
from 10.1.

Problem:

  Innodb_checksum_algorithm checks for all checksum algorithm to
validate the page checksum even though the algorithm is specified as
strict_crc32, strict_innodb, strict_none.

Fix:

   Remove the checks for all checksum algorithm to validate the page
checksum if the algo is specified as strict_* values.

1. don't run full mysql_upgrade on every server restart,
   use --version-check to do it only once

2. fix syslog tag name in the postinst script, don't pretend
   mysqld_safe generated all these messages. Auto-detect the version
   to simplify maintenance

ha_innobase::truncate(): Because CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE
allows invalid table options when innodb_file_per_table=1,
do allow them also in TRUNCATE for temporary tables.

The mariabackup SST script was incorrectly processes
innodb_data_home_dir parameter if it is specified in
the configuration file for one of the cluster nodes.
Therefore, a corresponding revision of the mariabackup
SST script was made, which provides reading of the
corresponding parameter from the configuration file
or from the command line.

https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-17848

Current implementation is conflicting. If UNICODE is defined, FormatMessage() will be FormatMessageW(), and variable win_errormsg with type char can not be passed to it, which should be changed to TCHAR instead. Since we don't use UNICODE here, we can use FormatMessageA() directly to avoid conversion error.
```
my_global.h(1092): error C2664: 'DWORD FormatMessageW(D
WORD,LPCVOID,DWORD,DWORD,LPWSTR,DWORD,va_list *)' : cannot convert argument 5 from 'char [2048]' to 'LPWSTR'
```

References to global symbols prevent InnoDB from being built as a
dynamic plugin on Windows.

Refer to CHARSET_INFO::number, because that is what InnoDB is already
persistently storing in its data dictionary.

btr_node_ptr_max_size(): Treat CHAR(0) from SQL as a special case.
The InnoDB internal SQL parser maps the type "CHAR" to DATA_VARCHAR,
but MariaDB does allow CHAR(0) with an empty value, and does enforce
the length limitation.

keyinfo->name is a LEX_CSTRING

also, fix the location comment (that applied to ext_key_part_map)

ha_innobase::prepare_inplace_alter_table(): check max column length for every
index in a table, not just added in this particular ALTER TABLE with ADD INDEX ones.

Alter statement changed the THD structure by setting the value to FIELD_CHECK_WARN
and then not resetting it back. This led ANALYZE to throw a warning which previously
it didn't.

This regression was introduced in MDEV-11369 instant ADD COLUMN.

prepare_inplace_alter_table_dict(): Avoid dereferencing ctx->new_table
after row_create_table_for_mysql() returns a failure code, because
it will have freed the memory.

There was a race condition in the error handling of ALTER TABLE when
the table contains FULLTEXT INDEX.

During the error handling of an erroneous ALTER TABLE statement,
when InnoDB would drop the internally created tables for FULLTEXT INDEX,
it could happen that one of the hidden tables was being concurrently
accessed by a background thread. Because of this, InnoDB would defer
the drop operation to the background.

However, related to MDEV-13564 backup-safe TRUNCATE TABLE and its
prerequisite MDEV-14585, we had to make the background drop table queue
crash-safe by renaming the table to a temporary name before enqueueing it.
This renaming was introduced in a follow-up of the MDEV-13407 fix.
As part of this rename operation, we were unnecessarily parsing the
current SQL statement, because the same rename operation could also be
executed as part of ALTER TABLE via ha_innobase::rename_table().

If an ALTER TABLE statement was being refused due to incorrectly formed
FOREIGN KEY constraint, then it could happen that the renaming of the hidden
internal tables for FULLTEXT INDEX could also fail, triggering a host of
error log messages, and causing a subsequent table-rebuilding ALTER TABLE
operation to fail due to the tablespace already existing.

innobase_rename_table(), row_rename_table_for_mysql(): Add the parameter
use_fk for suppressing the parsing of FOREIGN KEY constraints. It
will only be passed as use_fk=true by ha_innobase::rename_table(),
which can be invoked as part of ALTER TABLE...ALGORITHM=COPY.

The problem here is EITS statistics does not calculate statistics for the partitions of the table.
So a temporary solution would be to not read EITS statistics for partitioned tables.

Also disabling reading of EITS for columns that participate in the partition list of a table.