MDEV-11528 Split Item_func_min_max::val_xxx() and Item_func_min_max::get_date() into methods in Type_handler

The configuration parameter innodb_use_fallocate, which is mapped to
the variable srv_use_posix_fallocate, has no effect in MariaDB 10.2.2
or MariaDB 10.2.3.
Thus the configuration parameter and the variable should be removed.

fsp_header_get_crypt_offset(): Remove.

xdes_arr_size(): Remove.

fsp_header_get_encryption_offset(): Make this an inline function.

The correctness of this change was ensured with the following patch
that ensures that the two functions returned the same value, only
differing by FSP_HEADER_OFFSET (38 bytes):

diff --git a/storage/innobase/fsp/fsp0fsp.cc b/storage/innobase/fsp/fsp0fsp.cc
index f2a4c6bf218..e96c788b7df 100644
--- a/storage/innobase/fsp/fsp0fsp.cc
+++ b/storage/innobase/fsp/fsp0fsp.cc
@@ -850,6 +850,7 @@ fsp_parse_init_file_page(
 	return(ptr);
 }

+static ulint fsp_header_get_encryption_offset(const page_size_t&);
 /**********************************************************************//**
 Initializes the fsp system. */
 void
@@ -868,6 +869,31 @@ fsp_init(void)
 #endif

 	/* Does nothing at the moment */
+
+	for (ulint sz = 4096; sz <= 65536; sz *= 2) {
+		ulint m;
+		if (sz <= 16384) {
+			for (ulint ph = 1024; ph <= sz; ph *= 2) {
+				const page_size_t ps(ph, sz, true);
+				ulint maria = fsp_header_get_crypt_offset(ps, &m),
+					oracle = fsp_header_get_encryption_offset(ps);
+				if (maria != oracle + 38) {
+					ib::error() << "zip size mismatch: "
+						    << maria << "!=" << oracle
+						    << "(" << ph <<","<<sz<<")"
+						    << m;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		const page_size_t p(sz, sz, false);
+		ulint maria = fsp_header_get_crypt_offset(p, &m),
+			oracle = fsp_header_get_encryption_offset(p);
+		if (maria != oracle + 38) {
+			ib::error() << "size mismatch: "
+				    << maria << "!=" << oracle
+				    << "(" <<sz<<")" << m;
+		}
+	}
 }

 /**********************************************************************//**

* some of these tests run just fine with InnoDB:
   -> s/have_xtradb/have_innodb/
* sys_var tests did basic tests for xtradb only variables
   -> remove them, they're useless anyway (sysvar_innodb does it better)
* multi_update had innodb specific tests
   -> move to multi_update_innodb.test

Now after the patch for MDEV-11478 added a new method Type_handler::name(),
using the new method in debug output to make test results for MDEV-11514
more readable (func_debug.result).

The problem happened because Item_ident_for_show::field_type() always
returned MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE and ignored the actual data type of the
referenced Field. As a result, the execution always used
Item_ident_for_show::val_real() to send the default value of the field,
so most default values for non-numeric types were displayed as '0'.

This patch:
1. Cleanup:
   a. Removes Send_field::charsetnr, as it's been unused since
      introduction of Item::charset_for_protocol() in MySQL-5.5.
   b. Adds the "const" qualifier to Field::char_length().
      This is needed for (5.a), see below.

2. Introduces a new virtual method Type_handler::charset_for_protocol(),
   returning item->collation.collation for string data types, or
   &my_charset_bin for non-string data types.

3. Changes Item::charset_for_protocol() from virtual to non-virtual.
   It now calls type_handler()->charset_for_protocol().
   As a good side effect, duplicate code in Item::charset_for_protocol() and
   Item_temporal_hybrid_func::charset_for_protocol() is now gone.

4. Fixes Item_ident_for_show::field_type() to correctly return
   its data type according to the data type of the referenced field.
   This actually fixes the problem reported in MDEV-11672.
   Now the default value is sent using a correct method, e.g.
   val_str() for VARCHAR/TEXT, or val_int() for INT/BIGINT.
   This required additional changes:
   a. in DBUG_ASSERT in Protocol::store(const char *,size_t,CHARSET_INFO),
      This method is now used by mysqld_list_fields(), which
      (unlike normal SELECT queries) does not set
      field_types/field_pos/field_count.
   b. Item_ident_for_show::Item_ident_for_show() now set standard attributes
      (collation, decimals, max_length, unsigned_flag) according to the
      referenced field, to make charset_for_protocol() return the correct
      value and to make mysqld_list_fields() correctly send default
      values.

5. In order to share the code between Item_field::set_field() and
   Item_ident_for_show::Item_ident_for_show():
   a. Introduces a new method Type_std_attributes::set(const Field*)
   b. To make (a) possible, moves Item::fix_char_length() from Item
      to Type_std_attributes, also moves char_to_byte_length_safe()
      from item.h to sql_type.h
   c. Additionally, moves Item::fix_length_and_charset() and
      Item::max_char_length() from Item to Type_std_attributes.
      This is not directly needed for the fix and is done just for symmetry
      with fix_char_length(), as these three methods are directly related
      to each other.

Allocate password hash in statment memory

Allocate password hash in statment memory

MDEV-11656: 'Data structure corruption' IMPORT TABLESPACE doesn't work for encrypted InnoDB tables if space_id changed

Problem was that for encryption we use temporary scratch area for
reading and writing tablespace pages. But if page was not really
decrypted the correct updated page was not moved to scratch area
that was then written. This can happen e.g. for page 0 as it is
newer encrypted even if encryption is enabled and as we write
the contents of old page 0 to tablespace it contained naturally
incorrect space_id that is then later noted and error message
was written. Updated page with correct space_id was lost.

If tablespace is encrypted we use additional
temporary scratch area where pages are read
for decrypting readptr == crypt_io_buffer != io_buffer.

Destination for decryption is a buffer pool block
block->frame == dst == io_buffer that is updated.
Pages that did not require decryption even when
tablespace is marked as encrypted are not copied
instead block->frame is set to src == readptr.

If tablespace was encrypted we copy updated page to
writeptr != io_buffer. This fixes above bug.

For encryption we again use temporary scratch area
writeptr != io_buffer == dst
that is then written to the tablespace

(1) For normal tables src == dst ==  writeptr
ut_ad(!encrypted && !page_compressed ?
	src == dst && dst == writeptr + (i * size):1);
(2) For page compressed tables src == dst == writeptr
ut_ad(page_compressed && !encrypted ?
	src == dst && dst == writeptr + (i * size):1);
(3) For encrypted tables src != dst != writeptr
ut_ad(encrypted ?
	src != dst && dst != writeptr + (i * size):1);

Replace all exit() calls in InnoDB with abort() [possibly via ut_a()].
Calling exit() in a multi-threaded program is problematic also for
the reason that other threads could see corrupted data structures
while some data structures are being cleaned up by atexit() handlers
or similar.

In the long term, all these calls should be replaced with something
that returns an error all the way up the call stack.

MTR raises default wait_for_pos_timeout from 300 to 1500 when tests
are run with valgrind. The same needs to be done for other
replication-related waits

        Item_func_json_length fixed.

        Array counter didn't increment after an item was found.

fil_tablespace_iterate(): Call fil_space_destroy_crypt_data() to
invoke mutex_free() for the mutex_create() that was done in
fil_space_read_crypt_data(). Also, remember to free
iter.crypt_io_buffer.

The failure to call mutex_free() would cause sync_latch_meta_destroy()
to access freed memory on shutdown. This affected the IMPORT of
encrypted tablespaces.

Copy and adapt the test from MySQL 5.7.17.

fil_space_crypt_cleanup(): Call mutex_free() to pair with
fil_space_crypt_init().

fil_space_destroy_crypt_data(): Call mutex_free() to pair with
fil_space_create_crypt_data() and fil_space_read_crypt_data().

fil_crypt_threads_cleanup(): Call mutex_free() to pair with
fil_crypt_threads_init().

fil_space_free_low(): Invoke fil_space_destroy_crypt_data().

fil_close(): Invoke fil_space_crypt_cleanup(), just like
fil_init() invoked fil_space_crypt_init().

Datafile::shutdown(): Set m_crypt_info=NULL without dereferencing
the pointer. The object will be freed along with the fil_space_t
in fil_space_free_low().
Remove some unnecessary conditions (ut_free(NULL) is OK).

srv_shutdown_all_bg_threads(): Shut down the encryption threads
by calling fil_crypt_threads_end().

srv_shutdown_bg_undo_sources(): Do not prematurely call
fil_crypt_threads_end(). Many pages can still be written by
change buffer merge, rollback of incomplete transactions, and
purge, especially in slow shutdown (innodb_fast_shutdown=0).

innobase_shutdown_for_mysql(): Call fil_crypt_threads_cleanup()
also when innodb_read_only=1, because the threads will have been
created also in that case.

sync_check_close(): Re-enable the invocation of sync_latch_meta_destroy()
to free the mutex list.

Make some global fil_crypt_ variables static.

fil_close(): Call mutex_free(&fil_system->mutex) also in InnoDB, not
only in XtraDB. In InnoDB, sync_close() was called before fil_close().

innobase_shutdown_for_mysql(): Call fil_close() before sync_close(),
similar to XtraDB shutdown.

fil_space_crypt_cleanup(): Call mutex_free() to pair with
fil_space_crypt_init().

fil_crypt_threads_cleanup(): Call mutex_free() to pair with
fil_crypt_threads_init().

Try to stabilize test cases. These test behave badly when run in certain order.

Merged fix for innodb_mysql from 5.7.

The reason was that the test was reusing the same log file without deleting it between tests.
Fixed by creating a new log file as part of the test