On some systems with 10,000+ binlogs, show binary logs could block
log rotation for more than 10 seconds.

This patch fixes this by first caching all binary log names and
releases all mutexes while calculating the sizes of the binary logs.

Other things:
- Ensure that reinit_io_cache() sets end_of_file when moving to read_cache.
  This ensures that external changes of the underlying file is known to
  the cache.
- get_binlog_list() is made more efficent and show_binlogs() is changed
  to call get_binlog_list()

Reviewed by Andrei Elkin

Idea comes from MySQL which does something similar

For tablespaces that do not reside on spinning storage, it does
not make sense to attempt to write nearby pages when writing out
dirty pages from the InnoDB buffer pool. It is actually detrimental
to performance and to the life span of flash ROM storage.

With this change, MariaDB will detect whether an InnoDB file resides
on solid-state storage. The detection has been implemented for Linux
and Microsoft Windows. For other systems, we will err on the safe side
and assume that files reside on SSD.

As part of this change, we will reduce the number of fstat() calls
when opening data files on POSIX systems and slightly clean up some
file I/O code.

FIXME: os_is_sparse_file_supported() on POSIX works in a destructive
manner. Thus, we can only invoke it when creating files, not when
opening them.

For diagnostics, we introduce the column ON_SSD to the table
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING. The table
INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES might seem more appropriate, but its purpose
is to reflect the contents of the InnoDB system table SYS_TABLESPACES,
which we would like to remove at some point.

On Microsoft Windows, querying StorageDeviceSeekPenaltyProperty
sometimes returns ERROR_GEN_FAILURE instead of ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
or ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED. We will silently ignore also this error,
and assume that the file does not reside on SSD.

On Linux, the detection will be based on the files
/sys/block/*/queue/rotational and /sys/block/*/dev.
Especially for USB storage, it is possible that
/sys/block/*/queue/rotational will wrongly report 1 instead of 0.

fil_node_t::on_ssd: Whether the InnoDB data file resides on
solid-state storage.

fil_system_t::ssd: Collection of Linux block devices that reside on
non-rotational storage.

fil_system_t::create(): Detect ssd on Linux based on the contents
of /sys/block/*/queue/rotational and /sys/block/*/dev.

fil_system_t::is_ssd(dev_t): Determine if a Linux block device is
non-rotational. Partitions will be identified with the containing
block device by assuming that the least significant 4 bits of the
minor number identify a partition, and that the "partition number"
of the entire device is 0.

This error occurred when the path to the project contained regular expression characters.

Add wsrep sync waits and if expected result is not reached print
out current contents.

Disabled autocommit retry (set wsrep_retry_autocommit to 0) so that BF
aborted autocommit statement always results in ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK.

Occasionally, the test innodb_gis.rtree_recovery,4k runs out of
buffer pool during crash recovery.

This test might have started failing in connection with MDEV-18726.
Work around it by reserving a little more overhead for the recovery
hash tables.

FIXME: Propagate the "out of memory" error to recv_add_to_hash_table()
and transition to multi-batch recovery with a finer granularity.

Item_cond::eval_not_null_tables(): Use Item::eval_const_cond(),
just like Item_cond::fix_fields().

This inconsistency was found while merging to 10.3, where the
Microsoft compiler is configured to report an error for comparing
longlong to bool.

MDEV-18869 Assertion `!((field)->vcol_info && (field)->stored_in_db())' failed in innodb_col_no upon altering table with system versioning

WITH/WITHOUT SYSTEM VERSIONING is not supported for generated columns
at parser level (see definition of field_def rule).

Before MDEV-12113 (MariaDB Server 10.1.25), on shutdown InnoDB would write
the current LSN to the first page of each file of the system tablespace.
This is incompatible with MariaDB's InnoDB table encryption, because
encryption repurposed the field for an encryption key ID and checksum.

buf_page_is_corrupted(): For the InnoDB system tablespace, skip
FIL_PAGE_FILE_FLUSH_LSN when checking if a page is all zero,
because the first page of each file in the system tablespace can
contain nonzero bytes in the field.

btr_cur_compress_recommendation(): Backport a change from 10.3.

This is a follow-up to commit 1bd98154.

The test case for reproducing MDEV-14126 demonstrates that InnoDB can
end up with an index tree where a non-leaf page has only one child page.

The test case innodb.innodb_bug14676111 demonstrates that such pages
are sometimes unavoidable, because InnoDB does not implement any sort
of B-tree rotation.

But, there is no reason to allow a root page with only one child page.

btr_cur_node_ptr_delete(): Replaces btr_node_ptr_delete().

btr_page_get_father(): Declare globally.

btr_discard_only_page_on_level(): Declare with ATTRIBUTE_COLD.
It turns out that this function is not covered by the
innodb.innodb_bug14676111 test case after all.

btr_discard_page(): If the root page ends up having only one child
page, shrink the tree by invoking btr_lift_page_up().

This is follow-up to commit 1bd98154.

Backport some changes to B-tree page accessor functions from 10.3,
including changing page_get_n_recs() to return uint16_t.

If an index page becomes empty, btr_page_empty() should be called.

The predicate page_is_root(), which was added in MariaDB Server 10.2.2,
is based on a wrong assumption.

Under some circumstances, InnoDB can transform B-trees into a degenerate
state where a non-leaf page has no sibling pages. Because of this,
we cannot assume that a page that has no siblings is the root page.
This bug will be tracked as MDEV-19022.

Because of the bug that may affect many InnoDB data files, we must remove
and replace the wrong predicate. Using the wrong predicate can cause
corruption. A leaf page is not allowed to be empty except if it is the
root page, and the entire table is empty.