serialisation_list was supposed to instantly give minimum registered
transaction serialisation number. However maintaining and accessing
this list requires global mutex protection.

Since we already take MVCC snapshot by iterating trx_sys_t::rw_trx_hash,
it is cheap to integrate minimum registered transaction lookup into this
iteration.

Take snapshot of registered read-write transaction identifiers directly
from rw_trx_hash. It immediately saves one trx_sys.mutex lock, reduces
size of another critical section protected by this mutex, and makes
further optimisations like removing trx_sys_t::serialisation_list
possible.

Downside of this approach is bigger overhead for view opening, because
iterating LF_HASH is more expensive compared to taking snapshot of an
array. However for low concurrency overhead difference is negligible,
while for high concurrency mutex is much bigger evil.

Currently we still take trx_sys.mutex to serialise ReadView creation.
This is required to keep serialisation_list ordered by trx->no as well
as not to let purge thread to create more recent snapshot while another
thread gets suspended during creation of older snapshot. This will
become completely mutex free along with serialisation_list removal.

Compared to previous implementation removing element from rw_trx_hash
and serialisation_list is not atomic. We disregard all possible bad
consequences (if there're any) since it will be solved along with
serialisation_list removal.

trx->state change must be guarded by trx->mutex.
Moved mutex locking to MVCC::view_close().

trx_undo_mem_create_at_db_start(): Do not read TRX_UNDO_TRX_NO
unless the field is known to be valid, that is, the transaction
has been serialized and trx_purge_add_undo_to_history() has been
invoked.

Normally InnoDB pages would be zero-initialized on allocation
(since MySQL 5.5 or so), but the undo log pages skip that
mechanism. So, reused undo log pages can contain garbage.
Undo log headers can start at any offset (there can be
multiple undo log headers in the same undo log page).
Therefore, because the TRX_UNDO_TRX_NO is never explicitly
initialized on undo log header creation, its contents may
be garbage.

extra/mariabackup/xtrabackup.cc: In function ‘ulint xb_process_datadir(const char*, const char*, handle_datadir_entry_func_t)’:
extra/mariabackup/xtrabackup.cc:4534:1: warning: ‘snprintf’ output may be truncated before the last format character [-Wformat-truncation=]
 xb_process_datadir(
 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mariabackup/xtrabackup.cc:4607:11: note: ‘snprintf’ output 2 or more bytes (assuming 4001) into a destination of size 4000
   snprintf(dbpath, sizeof(dbpath), "%s/%s", path, dbinfo.name);
   ~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

gcc7 warning:

sql/table.cc: In member function ‘int TABLE_SHARE::init_from_binary_frm_image(THD*, bool, const uchar*, size_t)’:
sql/table.cc:2032:11: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=]
           if (vers_can_native)
           ^~
sql/table.cc:2037:9: note: here
         default:
         ^~~~~~~

trx_write_serialisation_history(): Only invoke trx_sysf_get()
to exclusively lock the TRX_SYS page if some change really
has to be written to the page.

On transaction commit, we will still write some binlog and
Galera WSREP XID information.

FIXME: If this information has to be written, it should be
partitioned into the rollback segment pages.

InnoDB maintains an internal persistent sequence of transaction
identifiers. This sequence is used for assigning both transaction
start identifiers (DB_TRX_ID=trx->id) and end identifiers (trx->no)
as well as end identifiers for the mysql.transaction_registry table
that was introduced in MDEV-12894.

TRX_SYS_TRX_ID_WRITE_MARGIN: Remove. After this many updates of
the sequence we used to update the TRX_SYS page. We can avoid accessing
the TRX_SYS page if we modify the InnoDB startup so that resurrecting
the sequence from other pages of the transaction system.

TRX_SYS_TRX_ID_STORE: Deprecate. The field only exists for the purpose
of upgrading from an earlier version of MySQL or MariaDB.

Starting with this fix, MariaDB will rely on the fields
TRX_UNDO_TRX_ID, TRX_UNDO_TRX_NO in the undo log header page of
each non-committed transaction, and on the new field
TRX_RSEG_MAX_TRX_ID in rollback segment header pages.

Because of this change, setting innodb_force_recovery=5 or 6 may cause
the system to recover with trx_sys.get_max_trx_id()==0. We must adjust
checks for invalid DB_TRX_ID and PAGE_MAX_TRX_ID accordingly.

We will change the startup and shutdown messages to display the
trx_sys.get_max_trx_id() in addition to the log sequence number.

trx_sys_t::flush_max_trx_id(): Remove.

trx_undo_mem_create_at_db_start(), trx_undo_lists_init():
Add an output parameter max_trx_id, to be updated from
TRX_UNDO_TRX_ID, TRX_UNDO_TRX_NO.

TRX_RSEG_MAX_TRX_ID: New field, for persisting
trx_sys.get_max_trx_id() at the time of the latest transaction commit.
Startup is not reading the undo log pages of committed transactions.
We want to avoid additional page accesses on startup, as well as
trouble when all undo logs have been emptied.
On startup, we will simply determine the maximum value from all pages
that are being read anyway.

TRX_RSEG_FORMAT: Redefined from TRX_RSEG_MAX_SIZE.

Old versions of InnoDB wrote uninitialized garbage to unused data fields.
Because of this, we cannot simply introduce a new field in the
rollback segment pages and expect it to be always zero, like it would
if the database was created by a recent enough InnoDB version.

Luckily, it looks like the field TRX_RSEG_MAX_SIZE was always written
as 0xfffffffe. We will indicate a new subformat of the page by writing
0 to this field. This has the nice side effect that after a downgrade
to older versions of InnoDB, transactions should fail to allocate any
undo log, that is, writes will be blocked. So, there is no problem of
getting corrupted transaction identifiers after downgrading.

trx_rseg_t::max_size: Remove.

trx_rseg_header_create(): Remove the parameter max_size=ULINT_MAX.

trx_purge_add_undo_to_history(): Update TRX_RSEG_MAX_SIZE
(and TRX_RSEG_FORMAT if needed). This is invoked on transaction commit.

trx_rseg_mem_restore(): If TRX_RSEG_FORMAT contains 0,
read TRX_RSEG_MAX_SIZE.

trx_rseg_array_init(): Invoke trx_sys.init_max_trx_id(max_trx_id + 1)
where max_trx_id was the maximum that was encountered in the rollback
segment pages and the undo log pages of recovered active, XA PREPARE,
or some committed transactions. (See trx_purge_add_undo_to_history()
which invokes trx_rsegf_set_nth_undo(..., FIL_NULL, ...);
not all committed transactions will be immediately detached from the
rollback segment header.)

trx_rseg_mem_restore(): Update the max_trx_id from the undo log pages.

trx_sys_init_at_db_start(): Remove; merge with trx_lists_init_at_db_start().

trx_undo_lists_init(): Move to the only calling module, trx0rseg.cc.

trx_undo_mem_create_at_db_start(): Declare globally. Return the number
of pages.

trx_rseg_mem_create(): Initialize rseg->curr_size and rseg->max_size.

trx_rseg_create(), trx_temp_rseg_create():
Do not call trx_rseg_mem_restore().

trx_undo_page_get_prev_rec(), trx_undo_page_get_last_rec(),
trx_undo_page_get_first_rec(), trx_undo_page_get_start():
Move to the only caller, trx0undo.cc.

Add some const qualifiers.

trx_rseg_get_nth_undo(), trx_rsegf_undo_find_free():
Add a const qualifier, and remove the unused parameter mtr_t*.

trx_sysf_t: Remove.

trx_sysf_get(): Return the TRX_SYS page, not a pointer within it.

trx_sysf_rseg_get_space(), trx_sysf_rseg_get_page_no():
Remove a parameter, and merge the declaration and definition.
Take the TRX_SYS page as a parameter.

TRX_SYS_N_RSEGS: Correct the comment.

trx_sysf_rseg_find_free(), trx_sys_update_mysql_binlog_offset(),
trx_sys_update_wsrep_checkpoint(): Take the TRX_SYS page as a parameter.

trx_rseg_header_create(): Add a parameter for the TRX_SYS page.

trx_sysf_rseg_set_space(), trx_sysf_rseg_set_page_no(): Remove;
merge to the only caller, trx_rseg_header_create().

srv_init_abort_low(): Call srv_shutdown_bg_undo_sources() so that if
startup aborts while creating InnoDB system tables, the shutdown will
proceed correctly.

server crash in JOIN::fix_all_splittings_in_plan

Cost formulas must take into account the case when a splittable table
has now rows.

Only give warning if warnings > 2, as there is no plan to change
the current behavior.

- When adding LEX_CSTRING to String, we are now checking that
  string is \0 terminated (as normally LEX_CSTRING should be
  usable for printf(). In the cases when one wants to avoid the
  checking one can use String->append(ptr, length) instead of just
  String->append(LEX_CSTRING*)

This preserves const str for constant strings

Other things
- A few variables where changed from LEX_STRING to LEX_CSTRING
- Incident_log_event::Incident_log_event and record_incident where
  changed to take LEX_CSTRING* as an argument instead of LEX_STRING

This is to make it easier to use the
create_mysqld_error_find_printf_error tool to find wrong print

Rename was done as the old 'name' hide the original item name.

This was done in, among other things:
- thd->db and thd->db_length
- TABLE_LIST tablename, db, alias and schema_name
- Audit plugin database name
- lex->db
- All db and table names in Alter_table_ctx
- st_select_lex db

Other things:
- Changed a lot of functions to take const LEX_CSTRING* as argument
  for db, table_name and alias. See init_one_table() as an example.
- Changed some function arguments from LEX_CSTRING to const LEX_CSTRING
- Changed some lists from LEX_STRING to LEX_CSTRING
- threads_mysql.result changed because process list_db wasn't always
  correctly updated
- New append_identifier() function that takes LEX_CSTRING* as arguments
- Added new element tmp_buff to Alter_table_ctx to separate temp name
  handling from temporary space
- Ensure we store the length after my_casedn_str() of table/db names
- Removed not used version of rename_table_in_stat_tables()
- Changed Natural_join_column::table_name and db_name() to never return
  NULL (used for print)
- thd->get_db() now returns db as a printable string (thd->db.str or "")

MDEV-11415 Remove excessive undo logging during ALTER TABLE…ALGORITHM=COPY

Move a test from innodb.rename_table_debug to innodb.alter_copy.

ha_innobase::extra(HA_EXTRA_BEGIN_ALTER_COPY): Register id-versioned
tables so that mysql.transaction_registry will be updated, even for
empty tables that are subjected to ALTER TABLE…ALGORITHM=COPY.

If a crash occurs during ALTER TABLE…ALGORITHM=COPY, InnoDB would spend
a lot of time rolling back writes to the intermediate copy of the table.
To reduce the amount of busy work done, a work-around was introduced in
commit fd069e2b in MySQL 4.1.8 and 5.0.2,
to commit the transaction after every 10,000 inserted rows.

A proper fix would have been to disable the undo logging altogether and
to simply drop the intermediate copy of the table on subsequent server
startup. This is what happens in MariaDB 10.3 with MDEV-14717,MDEV-14585.
In MariaDB 10.2, the intermediate copy of the table would be left behind
with a name starting with the string #sql.

This is a backport of a bug fix from MySQL 8.0.0 to MariaDB,
contributed by jixianliang <271365745@qq.com>.

Unlike recent MySQL, MariaDB supports ALTER IGNORE. For that operation
InnoDB must for now keep the undo logging enabled, so that the latest
row can be rolled back in case of an error.

In Galera cluster, the LOAD DATA statement will retain the existing
behaviour and commit the transaction after every 10,000 rows if
the parameter wsrep_load_data_splitting=ON is set. The logic to do
so (the wsrep_load_data_split() function and the call
handler::extra(HA_EXTRA_FAKE_START_STMT)) are joint work
by Ji Xianliang and Marko Mäkelä.

The original fix:

Author: Thirunarayanan Balathandayuthapani <thirunarayanan.balathandayuth@oracle.com>
Date:   Wed Dec 2 16:09:15 2015 +0530

Bug#17479594 AVOID INTERMEDIATE COMMIT WHILE DOING ALTER TABLE ALGORITHM=COPY

Problem:

During ALTER TABLE, we commit and restart the transaction for every
10,000 rows, so that the rollback after recovery would not take so long.

Fix:

Suppress the undo logging during copy alter operation. If fts_index is
present then insert directly into fts auxiliary table rather
than doing at commit time.

ha_innobase::num_write_row: Remove the variable.

ha_innobase::write_row(): Remove the hack for committing every 10000 rows.

row_lock_table_for_mysql(): Remove the extra 2 parameters.

lock_get_src_table(), lock_is_table_exclusive(): Remove.
Reviewed-by: Marko Mäkelä <marko.makela@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Shaohua Wang <shaohua.wang@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jon Olav Hauglid <jon.hauglid@oracle.com>

Fortify wsrep_hton so that wsrep calls are not done to NULL-pointers.

        Implementing the 'IF EXISTS' option for statements
        ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET/DROP DEFAULT.

- Galera tests that was not updated with connection change
  messages
- Test where out of memory error was changed (We are now using the
  standard out of memory error in most places)
- Removed tokudb tests that uses include files that doesn't exist
  in MariaDB
- Removed not supported mariadb startup option from option file

- Galera tests that was not updated with connection change
  messages
- Disabled some TokuDB tests that always timed out.
  These should be enabled again when we have an option to
  specicy timeouts per tests.

Do not apply splitting for constant tables.

Do not SET DEBUG_DBUG=-d,... in tests. To disable debug instrumentation,
save and restore the original value of the variable DEBUG_DBUG.
Assigning -d,... will enable the output of a lot of unrelated DBUG
messages to the server error log.