let the caller tell init_tmp_table_share() whether the table
should be thread_specific or not.

In particular, internal tmp tables created in the slave thread
are perfectly thread specific

create templates

  thd->alloc<X>(n) to use instead of (X*)thd->alloc(sizeof(X)*n)

and the same for thd->calloc(). By the default the type is char,
so old usage of thd->alloc(size) works too.

This partially reverts 43623f04

Engines have to set ::position() after ::write_row(), otherwise
the server won't be able to refer to the row just inserted.
This is important for high-level indexes.

heap part isn't reverted, so heap doesn't support high-level indexes.
to fix this, it'll need info->lastpos in addition to info->current_ptr

needed to get partitioning and information about
secondary objects

the information about index algorithm was stored in two
places inconsistently split between both.

BTREE index could have key->algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_BTREE, if the user
explicitly specified USING BTREE or HA_KEY_ALG_UNDEF, if not.

RTREE index had key->algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_RTREE
and always had key->flags & HA_SPATIAL

FULLTEXT index had  key->algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_FULLTEXT
and always had key->flags & HA_FULLTEXT

HASH index had key->algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_HASH or HA_KEY_ALG_UNDEF

long unique index always had key->algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_LONG_HASH

In this commit:

All indexes except BTREE and HASH always have key->algorithm
set, HA_SPATIAL and HA_FULLTEXT flags are not used anymore (except
for storage to keep frms backward compatible).

As a side effect ALTER TABLE now detects FULLTEXT index renames correctly

Bounded_queue<> pretended to be a typesafe C++ wrapper
on top of pure C queues.h.

But it wasn't, it was tightly bounded to filesort and only useful there.

* implement Queue<> - a typesafe C++ wrapper on top of QUEUE
* move Bounded_queue to filesort.cc, remove pointless "generalizations"
  change it to use Queue.
* remove bounded_queue.h
* change subselect_rowid_merge_engine to use Queue, not QUEUE

preparation for indexes that can be in TABLE_SHARE but not in TABLE

more helpers like that can be added as needed

savepoint support was added a year ago as get_last_memroot_block()
and free_all_new_blocks(), but it didn't work and was disabled.

* fix it to work
* instead of freeing the memory, only mark blocks free - this feature
  is supposed to be used inside a loop (otherwise there is no need
  to free anything, end of statement will do it anyway). And freeing
  blocks inside a loop is a bad idea, as they'll be all malloc-ed
  on the next iteration again. So, don't.
* fix a bug in mark_blocks_free() - it doesn't change the number of blocks

as it can never be null (only "" or "disabled")

set transferfmt in .cnf file like other galera tests do.
otherwise it defaults to socat when mtr detected that only nc is available

put the command line at the end. so that when a very long command line
is truncated, it doesn't take the actual error message with it

These variables/parameters have the default read-only value of 1, and
the only way to change them is through a command line flag together
with a command line flag loading spider. After this change, the flag
will have no effect.

           crash recovery

Summary
=======
When doing server recovery, the active transactions will be rolled
back by InnoDB background rollback thread automatically. The
prepared transactions will be committed or rolled back accordingly
by binlog recovery. Binlog recovery is done in main thread before
the server can provide service to users. If there is a big
transaction to rollback, the server will not available for a long
time.

This patch provides a way to rollback the prepared transactions
asynchronously. Thus the rollback will not block server startup.

Design
======
- Handler::recover_rollback_by_xid()
  This patch provides a new handler interface to rollback transactions
  in recover phase. InnoDB just set the transaction's state to active.
  Then the transaction will be rolled back by the background rollback
  thread.

- Handler::signal_tc_log_recover_done()
  This function is called after tc log is opened(typically binlog opened)
  has done. When this function is called, all transactions will be rolled
  back have been reverted to ACTIVE state. Thus it starts rollback thread
  to rollback the transactions.

- Background rollback thread
  With this patch, background rollback thread is defered to run until binlog
  recovery is finished. It is started by innobase_tc_log_recovery_done().

If a slave replicating an event has waited for more than
@@slave_abort_blocking_timeout for a conflicting metadata lock held by a
non-replication thread, the blocking query is killed to allow replication to
proceed and not be blocked indefinitely by a user query.
Reviewed-by: Monty <monty@mariadb.org>
Signed-off-by: Kristian Nielsen <knielsen@knielsen-hq.org>

The recent commit 4ca355d8 (MDEV-33894)
caused a serious regression for online InnoDB ib_logfile0 resizing,
breaking crash-safety unless the memory-mapped log file interface is
being used. However, the log resizing was broken also before this.

To prevent such regressions in the future, we extend the test
innodb.log_file_size_online with a kill and restart of the server
and with some writes running concurrently with the log size change.
When run enough many times, this test revealed all the bugs that
are being fixed by the code changes.

log_t::resize_start(): Do not allow the resized log to start before
the current log sequence number. In this way, there is no need to
copy anything to the first block of resize_buf. The previous logic
regarding that was incorrect in two ways. First, we would have to
copy from the last written buffer (buf or flush_buf). Second, we failed
to ensure that the mini-transaction end marker bytes would be 1
in the buffer. If the source ib_logfile0 had wrapped around an odd number
of times, the end marker would be 0. This was occasionally observed
when running the test innodb.log_file_size_online.

log_t::resize_write_buf(): To adjust for the resize_start() change,
do not write anything that would be before the resize_lsn.
Take the buffer (resize_buf or resize_flush_buf) as a parameter.
Starting with commit 4ca355d8
we no longer swap buffers when rewriting the last log block.

log_t::append(): Define as a static function; only some debug
assertions need to refer to the log_sys object.

innodb_log_file_size_update(): Wake up the buf_flush_page_cleaner()
if needed, and wait for it to complete a batch while waiting for
the log resizing to be completed. If the current LSN is behind the
resize target LSN, we will write redundant FILE_CHECKPOINT records to
ensure that the log resizing completes. If the buf_pool.flush_list is
empty or the buf_flush_page_cleaner() is stuck for some reason, our wait
will time out in 5 seconds, so that we can periodically check if the
execution of SET GLOBAL innodb_log_file_size was aborted. Previously,
we could get into a busy loop here while the buf_flush_page_cleaner()
would remain idle.

Added missing method of Item_static_float_func