MDEV-27861: Creating partitioned tables should not be allowed with wsrep_osu_method=TOI and wsrep_strict_ddl=ON

Problem was incorrect handling of partitioned tables,
because db_type == DB_TYPE_PARTITION_DB
wsrep_should_replicate_ddl incorrectly marked
DDL as not replicatable. However, in partitioned
tables we should check implementing storage engine
from table->file->partition_ht() if available because
if partition handler is InnoDB all DDL should be allowed
even with wsrep_strict_ddl. For other storage engines
DDL should not be allowed and error should be issued.

This is 10.5 version of the fix.
Signed-off-by: Julius Goryavsky <julius.goryavsky@mariadb.com>

Problem was that there was extra condition !thd->lex->no_write_to_binlog
before call to begin TOI. It seems that this variable is not initialized.
TRUNCATE does not support [NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG | LOCAL] keywords, thus
we should not check this condition. All this was hidden in a macro,
so I decided to remove those macros that were used only a few places
with actual function calls.

failed upon killed TRUNCATE

Note: This is a backport of 1cb4caa6 from
10.3
Analysis: Assertion failure happens because less session memory is set and so
table can't be reopened. So the statement can't be used. This error goes
unreported.
Fix: Return the error state.

When doing a truncate on an Innodb under lock tables, InnoDB would rename
the old table to #sql-... and recreate a new 't1' table. The table lock
would still be on the #sql-table.

When doing ALTER TABLE, Innodb would do the changes on the #sql table
(which would disappear on close).
When the SQL layer, as part of inline alter table, would close the
original t1 table (#sql in InnoDB) and then reopen the t1 table, Innodb
would notice that this does not match it's own (old) t1 table and
generate an error.

Fixed by adding code in truncate table that if we are under lock tables
and truncating an InnoDB table, we would close, reopen and lock the
table after truncate. This will remove the #sql table and ensure that
lock tables is using the new empty table.

Reviewer: Marko Mäkelä

For truncate we try to find out possible foreign key tables
using open_tables. However, table_list was not cleaned up
properly and there was no error handling. Fixed by cleaning
table_list and adding proper error handling.

This PR fixes same issue as MDEV-21577 for TRUNCATE TABLE.
MDEV-21577 fixed TOI replication for OPTIMIZE, REPAIR and ALTER TABLE
operating on FK child table. It was later found out that also TRUNCATE
has similar problem and needs a fix.

The actual fix is to do FK parent table lookup before TRUNCATE TOI
isolation and append found FK parent table names in certification key
list for the write set.

PR contains also new test scenario in galera_ddl_fk_conflict test where
FK child has two FK parent tables and there are two DML transactions operating
on both parent tables.

For development convenience, new TO isolation macro was added:
WSREP_TO_ISOLATION_BEGIN_IF and WSREP_TO_ISOLATION_BEGIN_ALTER macro was changed
to skip the goto statement.
Reviewed-by: Jan Lindström <jan.lindstrom@mariadb.com>

MDEV-22531 Remove maria::implicit_commit()
MDEV-22607 Assertion `ha_info->ht() != binlog_hton' failed in
           MYSQL_BIN_LOG::unlog_xa_prepare

From the handler point of view, Aria now looks like a transactional
engine. One effect of this is that we don't need to call
maria::implicit_commit() anymore.

This change also forces the server to call trans_commit_stmt() after doing
any read or writes to system tables.  This work will also make it easier
to later allow users to have system tables in other engines than Aria.

To handle the case that Aria doesn't support rollback, a new
handlerton flag, HTON_NO_ROLLBACK, was added to engines that has
transactions without rollback (for the moment only binlog and Aria).

Other things
- Moved freeing of MARIA_SHARE to a separate function as the MARIA_SHARE
  can be still part of a transaction even if the table has closed.
- Changed Aria checkpoint to use the new MARIA_SHARE free function. This
  fixes a possible memory leak when using S3 tables
- Changed testing of binlog_hton to instead test for HTON_NO_ROLLBACK
- Removed checking of has_transaction_manager() in handler.cc as we can
  assume that as the transaction was started by the engine, it does
  support transactions.
- Added new class 'start_new_trans' that can be used to start indepdendent
  sub transactions, for example while reading mysql.proc, using help or
  status tables etc.
- open_system_tables...() and open_proc_table_for_Read() doesn't anymore
  take a Open_tables_backup list. This is now handled by 'start_new_trans'.
- Split thd::has_transactions() to thd::has_transactions() and
  thd::has_transactions_and_rollback()
- Added handlerton code to free cached transactions objects.
  Needed by InnoDB.

squash! 2ed35999f2a2d84f1c786a21ade5db716b6f1bbc

Let auto repair table and truncate table routines flush TABLE_SHARE
directly.

Part of MDEV-17882 - Cleanup refresh version

TDC_RT_REMOVE_ALL -> tdc_remove_table(). Some occurrences replaced with
TDC_element::flush() (whenver TABLE_SHARE is available).

TDC_RT_REMOVE_NOT_OWN[_KEEP_SHARE] -> TDC_element::flush(). These modes
assume that current thread owns TABLE_SHARE reference, which means we can
avoid hash lookup and flush unused TABLE instances directly.

TDC_RT_REMOVE_UNUSED -> TDC_element::flush_unused(). Only [ab]used by
mysql_admin_table() currently. Should be removed eventually.

Part of MDEV-17882 - Cleanup refresh version

MDEV-20051: Add new mode to wsrep_OSU_method in which Galera checks storage engine of the effected table

Introduced a new wsrep_strict_ddl configuration variable in which
Galera checks storage engine of the effected table. If table is not
InnoDB (only storage engine currently fully supporting Galera
replication) DDL-statement will return error code:

ER_GALERA_REPLICATION_NOT_SUPPORTED
       eng "DDL-statement is forbidden as table storage engine does not support Galera replication"

However, when wsrep_replicate_myisam=ON we allow DDL-statements to
MyISAM tables. If effected table is allowed storage engine Galera
will run normal TOI.

This new setting should be for now set globally on all
nodes in a cluster. When this setting is set following DDL-clauses
accessing tables not supporting Galera replication are refused:

* CREATE TABLE (e.g. CREATE TABLE t1(a int) engine=Aria
* ALTER TABLE
* TRUNCATE TABLE
* CREATE VIEW
* CREATE TRIGGER
* CREATE INDEX
* DROP INDEX
* RENAME TABLE
* DROP TABLE

Statements on PROCEDURE, EVENT, FUNCTION are allowed as effected
tables are known only at execution. Furthermore, USER, ROLE, SERVER,
DATABASE statements are also allowed as they do not really have
effected table.

After 7fb9d649 it is used only by ALTER/DROP SERVER, which most probably
wasn't intentional as Federated never supported delayed inserts anyway.

If delayed inserts will ever become an issue with ALTER/DROP SERVER, we
should kill them by acquiring X-lock instead.

Part of MDEV-17882 - Cleanup refresh version

* add error for truncation of versioned tables: `ER_TRUNCATE_ILLEGAL_VERS`
* make a full table open with `tdc_aquire_share` instead of just `ha_table_exists` check
test suites run: main, parts, versioning

Closes #785

             truncating a temporary table

TRUNCATE expects only one TABLE instance (which is used by TRUNCATE
itself) to be open. However this requirement wasn't enforced after
"MDEV-5535: Cannot reopen temporary table".

Fixed by closing unused table instances before performing TRUNCATE.

* Update wrong zip-code

MDEV-18923 Assertion `!lex_string_cmp(system_charset_info, fk_info->referenced_table, &table->s->table_name)' failed in fk_truncate_illegal_if_parent

don't assert the correctness of FK constraints, as it can be
broken under `SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS= OFF`

             truncating a temporary table

TRUNCATE expects only one TABLE instance (which is used by TRUNCATE
itself) to be open. However this requirement wasn't enforced after
"MDEV-5535: Cannot reopen temporary table".

Fixed by closing unused table instances before performing TRUNCATE.

Check if the argument of the FLUSH TABLE is a VIEW and handle it
accordingly.

MDEV-15551 Server hangs or assertion `strcmp(share->unique_file_name,filename) || share->last_version' fails in test_if_reopen or unexpected ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK

only use HA_EXTRA_PREPARE_FOR_DROP when the table is going to be dropped

Problem was that we used table->s->db_type() for accessing
handlerton of opened file instead of table->file->ht

Other bug fixed:
- Ensure that we set error if reopen_tables() fails
  (This was the cause of assert)

Added to:
- if (error)
- Lex
- sql_yacc.yy and sql_yacc_ora.yy
- In header files to alloc() calls
- Added thd argument to thd_net_is_killed()

MDEV-15456 Server crashes upon adding or dropping a partition in ALTER under LOCK TABLE after ER_SAME_NAME_PARTITION

ALTER TABLE ... ADD PARTITION modifies the open TABLE structure,
and sets table->need_reopen=1 to reset these modifications
in case of an error.

But under LOCK TABLES the table isn't get reopened, despite need_reopen.

Fixed by reopening need_reopen tables under LOCK TABLE.

              PREBUILT->TABLE->N_MYSQL_HANDLES_OPENED == 1

ANALYSIS:
=========

Adding unique index to a InnoDB table which is locked as
mutliple instances may trigger an InnoDB assert.

When we add a primary key or an unique index, we need to
drop the original table and rebuild all indexes. InnoDB
expects that only the instance of the table that is being
rebuilt, is open during the process. In the current
scenario we have opened multiple instances of the table.
This triggers an assert during table rebuild.
'Locked_tables_list' encapsulates a list of all
instances of tables locked by LOCK TABLES statement.

FIX:
===
We are now temporarily closing all the instances of the
table except the one which is being altered and later
reopen them via Locked_tables_list::reopen_tables().

This was done in, among other things:
- thd->db and thd->db_length
- TABLE_LIST tablename, db, alias and schema_name
- Audit plugin database name
- lex->db
- All db and table names in Alter_table_ctx
- st_select_lex db

Other things:
- Changed a lot of functions to take const LEX_CSTRING* as argument
  for db, table_name and alias. See init_one_table() as an example.
- Changed some function arguments from LEX_CSTRING to const LEX_CSTRING
- Changed some lists from LEX_STRING to LEX_CSTRING
- threads_mysql.result changed because process list_db wasn't always
  correctly updated
- New append_identifier() function that takes LEX_CSTRING* as arguments
- Added new element tmp_buff to Alter_table_ctx to separate temp name
  handling from temporary space
- Ensure we store the length after my_casedn_str() of table/db names
- Removed not used version of rename_table_in_stat_tables()
- Changed Natural_join_column::table_name and db_name() to never return
  NULL (used for print)
- thd->get_db() now returns db as a printable string (thd->db.str or "")

- Added inline lex_string_cmp() to replace my_strcase_cmp().
- Added inline lex_string_eq to first compares lengths before comparing strings

- Added sql/mariadb.h file that should be included first by files in sql
  directory, if sql_plugin.h is not used (sql_plugin.h adds SHOW variables
  that must be done before my_global.h is included)
- Removed a lot of include my_global.h from include files
- Removed include's of some files that my_global.h automatically includes
- Removed duplicated include's of my_sys.h
- Replaced include my_config.h with my_global.h

Refs: MW-360 * splitting DROP TABLE query in separate DROP commands for temporary and real tables * not replicating temporary table DROP command * using wsrep_sidno GTID group only for innodb table drop command part all this follows more or less the logic of how mysql wants to split drop table list

Benefits of this patch:
- Removed a lot of calls to strlen(), especially for field_string
- Strings generated by parser are now const strings, less chance of
  accidently changing a string
- Removed a lot of calls with LEX_STRING as parameter (changed to pointer)
- More uniform code
- Item::name_length was not kept up to date. Now fixed
- Several bugs found and fixed (Access to null pointers,
  access of freed memory, wrong arguments to printf like functions)
- Removed a lot of casts from (const char*) to (char*)

Changes:
- This caused some ABI changes
  - lex_string_set now uses LEX_CSTRING
  - Some fucntions are now taking const char* instead of char*
- Create_field::change and after changed to LEX_CSTRING
- handler::connect_string, comment and engine_name() changed to LEX_CSTRING
- Checked printf() related calls to find bugs. Found and fixed several
  errors in old code.
- A lot of changes from LEX_STRING to LEX_CSTRING, especially related to
  parsing and events.
- Some changes from LEX_STRING and LEX_STRING & to LEX_CSTRING*
- Some changes for char* to const char*
- Added printf argument checking for my_snprintf()
- Introduced null_clex_str, star_clex_string, temp_lex_str to simplify
  code
- Added item_empty_name and item_used_name to be able to distingush between
  items that was given an empty name and items that was not given a name
  This is used in sql_yacc.yy to know when to give an item a name.
- select table_name."*' is not anymore same as table_name.*
- removed not used function Item::rename()
- Added comparision of item->name_length before some calls to
  my_strcasecmp() to speed up comparison
- Moved Item_sp_variable::make_field() from item.h to item.cc
- Some minimal code changes to avoid copying to const char *
- Fixed wrong error message in wsrep_mysql_parse()
- Fixed wrong code in find_field_in_natural_join() where real_item() was
  set when it shouldn't
- ER_ERROR_ON_RENAME was used with extra arguments.
- Removed some (wrong) ER_OUTOFMEMORY, as alloc_root will already
  give the error.

TODO:
- Check possible unsafe casts in plugin/auth_examples/qa_auth_interface.c
- Change code to not modify LEX_CSTRING for database name
  (as part of lower_case_table_names)

Working features:
CREATE OR REPLACE [TEMPORARY] SEQUENCE [IF NOT EXISTS] name
    [ INCREMENT [ BY | = ] increment ]
    [ MINVALUE [=] minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
    [ MAXVALUE [=] maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
    [ START [ WITH | = ] start ] [ CACHE [=] cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
    ENGINE=xxx COMMENT=".."
SELECT NEXT VALUE FOR sequence_name;
SELECT NEXTVAL(sequence_name);
SELECT PREVIOUS VALUE FOR sequence_name;
SELECT LASTVAL(sequence_name);

SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name;
SHOW CREATE TABLE sequence_name;
CREATE TABLE sequence-structure ... SEQUENCE=1
ALTER TABLE sequence RENAME TO sequence2;
RENAME TABLE sequence TO sequence2;
DROP [TEMPORARY] SEQUENCE  [IF EXISTS] sequence_names

Missing features
- SETVAL(value,sequence_name), to be used with replication.
- Check replication, including checking that sequence tables are marked
  not transactional.
- Check that a commit happens for NEXT VALUE that changes table data (may
  already work)
- ALTER SEQUENCE. ANSI SQL version of setval.
- Share identical sequence entries to not add things twice to table list.
- testing insert/delete/update/truncate/load data
- Run and fix Alibaba sequence tests (part of mysql-test/suite/sql_sequence)
- Write documentation for NEXT VALUE / PREVIOUS_VALUE
- NEXTVAL in DEFAULT
  - Ensure that NEXTVAL in DEFAULT uses database from base table
- Two NEXTVAL for same row should give same answer.
- Oracle syntax sequence_table.nextval, without any FOR or FROM.
- Sequence tables are treated as 'not read constant tables' by SELECT; Would
  be better if we would have a separate list for sequence tables so that
  select doesn't know about them, except if refereed to with FROM.

Other things done:
- Improved output for safemalloc backtrack
- frm_type_enum changed to Table_type
- Removed lex->is_view and replaced with lex->table_type. This allows
  use to more easy check if item is view, sequence or table.
- Added table flag HA_CAN_TABLES_WITHOUT_ROLLBACK, needed for handlers
  that want's to support sequences
- Added handler calls:
 - engine_name(), to simplify getting engine name for partition and sequences
 - update_first_row(), to be able to do efficient sequence implementations.
 - Made binlog_log_row() global to be able to call it from ha_sequence.cc
- Added handler variable: row_already_logged, to be able to flag that the
  changed row is already logging to replication log.
- Added CF_DB_CHANGE and CF_SCHEMA_CHANGE flags to simplify
  deny_updates_if_read_only_option()
- Added sp_add_cfetch() to avoid new conflicts in sql_yacc.yy
- Moved code for add_table_options() out from sql_show.cc::show_create_table()
- Added String::append_longlong() and used it in sql_show.cc to simplify code.
- Added extra option to dd_frm_type() and ha_table_exists to indicate if
  the table is a sequence. Needed by DROP SQUENCE to not drop a table.

Attempt to truncate temporary table using Blackhole storage and
locked by LOCK TABLES caused assertion failure and crashes.

Blackhole is a transaction-aware engine. While creating the temporary
table in transaction-aware engine, temporary table of type
"TRANSACTIONAL_TMP_TABLE" is created. For such temporary tables
a THR_LOCK lock is acquired by the LOCK TABLE operation. References
to them are also added into MYSQL_LOCK::table[] array. Also for
Blackhole engine, flag HTON_CAN_RECREATE is set.

While truncating temporary tables, no locks are taken and
recreate_temporary_table() is called for engines having
"HTON_CAN_RECREATE" in flag.

Function closefrm() is called from the recreate_temporary_table(),
to close the current temporary table. In closefrm(), the lock on
table expected is "F_UNLCK". In debug builds, assert condition on
this fails when lock of type "F_WRLCK" is acquired by LOCK TABLE
operation on temporary tables using Blackhole engine.

In non-debug builds closefrm() simply freed TABLE object leaving
dangling pointer to this object in MYSQL_LOCK::table[] array which
might lead to crashes later.

Fix:
---------
To fix this issue, we now unlock and remove table from MYSQL_LOCK::table[]
array before calling close_temporary_table() in recreate_temporary_table().
This is achieved by calling mysql_lock_remove() function for this table.