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Merging fix from mysql-5.1

Problem:If Disk becomes full while writing into the binlog,
then the server instance hangs till someone frees the space.
After user frees up the disk space, mysql server crashes
with an assert (m_status != DA_EMPTY)

Analysis: wait_for_free_space is being called in an
infinite loop i.e., server instance will hang until
someone frees up the space. So there is no need to
set status bit in diagnostic area.

Fix: Replace my_error/my_printf_error with
sql_print_warning() which prints the warning in error log.

include/my_sys.h:
  Provision to call sql_print_warning from mysys files
mysys/errors.c:
  Replace my_error/my_printf_error with
  sql_print_warning() which prints the warning in error log.
mysys/my_error.c:
  implementation of my_printf_warning
mysys/my_write.c:
  Adding logic to break infinite loop in the simulation
sql/mysqld.cc:
  Provision to call sql_print_warning from mysys files

Before this fix, configuring the server with:
- performance_schema_events_waits_history_size=0
- performance_schema_events_waits_history_long_size=0
could cause a crash in the performance schema.

These settings to 0 are intended to be valid and supported,
and are in fact working properly in mysql 5.6 and up already.

This fix backports the code fix and test cases from mysql 5.6
to the mysql 5.5 release.

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Merging fix from mysql-5.1

Details of BUG#11746142: CALLING MYSQLD WHILE ANOTHER 
INSTANCE IS RUNNING, REMOVES PID FILE
Fix: Before removing the pid file, ensure it was created
by the same process, leave it intact otherwise.

sql/mysqld.cc:
  delete_pid_file() introduced, which checks that the pid file
          belongs to the process before removing it

Some shell interpreters do not support '-e' test
primary to construct conditions.

man test 1 (on S10)
...skip...
-e file True if file exists. (Not available in sh.)
...skip...

Hence, check for the existence of a file using
'-e' might result in a syntax error on such
shell programs.

Fixed by replacing it by '-f'.

                    DOS ATTACKS
      
Problem:
For detailed description, see Bug#42502. This bug is a duplicate
of Bug#42502. The complete fix for Bug#42502 was not made as
proposed. Hence the bug still persists.
      
Fix:
Make the changes as proposed originally for the bugfix of 42502.
Which is to remove the allocation of the memory before we actually
check for any errors.

sql/tztime.cc:
  Remove the double allocation for tz_info

Fixing a pb2 issue.  There is some difference in the output in my local machine and pb2 machines in the explain output.  

              TO SIGNED
Problem:
When we are joining types (of fields) in case of a union, we usually
upgrade the datatypes to the largest present in the query.
In case of mediumint, it is not happening.
Analysis:
When joined with types LONG and LONGLONG, mediumint should get
upgraded to LONG and LONGLONG respectively.
W.r.t the given query, constant '1' will be created as a LONGLONG
internally and SIGNED flag is enabled. As a result, while combining
types for the field, LONGLONG along with MEDIUMINT gets converted
to LONG first. LONG with MEDIUMINT(of the third select) gets converted
to MEDIUMINT. SIGNED FLAG would be that of the first field's.
As a result, the final result would be SIGNED MEDIUMINT.
Fix:
While joining types, MEDIUMINT with LONGLONG and MEDIUMINT with LONG
is converted to LONGLONG and LONG respectively. Also, made some 
changes for FLOAT and DOUBLE.


sql/field.cc:
  Changed merge types for MEDIUMINT.

The problem is a shift operation that is not 64-bit safe.
The consequence is that used tables information for a join with 32 tables
or more will be incorrect.

Fixed by adding a type cast in Item_sum::update_used_tables().

Also used the opportunity to fix some other potential bugs by adding an
explicit type-cast to an integer in a left-shift operation.
Some of them were quite harmless, but was fixed in order to get the same
signed-ness as the other operand of the operation it was used in.

sql/item_cmpfunc.cc
  Adjusted signed-ness for some integers in left-shift.

sql/item_subselect.cc
  Added type-cast to nesting_map (which is a 32/64 bit type, so
  potential bug for deeply nested queries).

sql/item_sum.cc
  Added type-cast to nesting_map (32/64-bit type) and table_map
  (64-bit type).

sql/opt_range.cc
  Added type-cast to ulonglong (which is a 64-bit type).

sql/sql_base.cc
  Added type-cast to nesting_map (which is a 32/64-bit type).

sql/sql_select.cc
  Added type-cast to nesting_map (32/64-bit type) and key_part_map
  (64-bit type).

sql/strfunc.cc
  Changed type-cast from longlong to ulonglong, to preserve signed-ness.

merge from 5.1

Analysis:
When thread cache is enabled, it does not properly initialize
thd->start_utime when a thread is picked from the thread cache.
This breaks the quota management mechanism. 
THD::time_out_user_resource_limits() resets 
m_user_connect->conn_per_hour to 0 based on thd->start_utime

Fix:
Initialize start_utime when cached thread is reused.

Notes:
Enabled back tests which were disabled because of this issue.

ON "DROP TABLE"

In the function ha_archive::write_row(), there is an error code path
that exits the function without releasing the mutex that was acquired
earlier.  

rb#1743 approved by ramil.

DBUG_ENTER and DBUG_LEAVE must *always* match,
otherwise all subsequent DBUG_ENTER calls will 
be poking into undefined stack frames.

HANG

Problem Statement:

When the operation RENAME TABLE is about rename the tablespace of the
table, it will stop all i/o operations on the tablespace temporarily.
For this the fil_space_t::stop_ios member is used.

Once the fil_space_t::stop_ios member is set to TRUE in the RENAME
TABLE operation, it is expected that no new i/o operation will be done
on the tablespace and all pending i/o operation can be completed on
the tablespace.

If the pending i/o operations initiate any new i/o operations then
there will be deadlock.  The RENAME TABLE operation will be waiting
for pending i/o on the tablespace to be completed, and the pending i/o
operations will be waiting on the RENAME TABLE operation to set the
file_space_t::stop_ios flag to be set to FALSE.

But in the given scenario the pending i/o operations did not initiate
new i/o.  But they where still unnecessarily checking the
fil_space_t::stop_ios flag.  This resulted in deadlock.

Solution:

I noticed that this deadlock happens in fil_space_get_size() and
fil_space_get_zip_size() in the i/o threads.  These functions check
the stop_ios flag even when no i/o will be initiated.  I modified
these functions to ensure that they check the stop_ios flag only when
they will be initiating an i/o operation.  This solves the problem.

rb://1635 (mysql-5.5)
rb://1660 (mysql-trunk) approved by Inaam, Jimmy, and ima.

DTUPLE_CREATE_FROM_MEM()

Align to word-size the memory occupied by tuple_buf[] memory chunk.
I confirm that this change fixes the SIGBUS on Solaris.

Approved by:	Marko (via IM)

This is a followup to the fix of
Bug#14628410 ASSERTION `! IS_SET()' FAILED IN DIAGNOSTICS_AREA::SET_OK_STATUS
(satya.bodapati@oracle.com-20121213132316-5joz4phltx9yhjs7)

In innobase_mysql_tmpfile(): allocate/open the file after
the return(-1); statement.

                             IN QUERY CACHE CODE

DESCRIPTION:
MySQL Server crashes sporadically when Query Caching is on and
the server has high contention among clients. 


ANALYSIS :

Scenario 1:
In Query_cache::move_by_type() when handling RESULT or its related blocks,
Write Lock is acquired on its parent Query block. However the next and prev
pointers are cached in local variables before lock acquisition. In an extremely
high contention scenario there exists a possibility that
Query_cache::append_result_data() is operating on the same query block
and as a consequence might append a new Result block to the end of Result
blocks Linked List of the Query. This would manipulate the next, prev pointers
of the Block being processed in move_by_type(), however the local pointers
still point to previous nodes there by causing Data Corruption leading to crash.

Scenario 2:
In Windows SDK "BOOL" is typedefed as "int" and BOOLEAN is typedefed as
"usigned char". The function pointer definition "srw_bool_func" mistakenly uses 
BOOL instead of BOOLEAN thereby virtually making the function 
my_TryAcquireSRWLockExclusive() always succeed because only the LSB of EAX
has the actual result of the call, however due to type mismatch all bytes of EAX
are used for evaluation. Again during high contention scenarios in 
Query_cache::free_old_query() calls try_lock_writing() on a Query, this call 
always succeeds and the query is freed, even though it is used by some other
thread, in this case Query_cache::send_result_to_client() was using it and the
code causes a crash because it accessed free or reallocated memory.

FIX :

Scenario 1:
The next, prev pointers are now accessed only after Lock acquisition in 
Query_cache::move_by_type().

Scenario 2:
In the definition of "srw_bool_func" BOOL has been replaced with "BOOLEAN"

                             IN QUERY CACHE CODE

DESCRIPTION:
MySQL Server crashes sporadically when Query Caching is on and
the server has high contention among clients. 


ANALYSIS :

Scenario 1:
In Query_cache::move_by_type() when handling RESULT or its related blocks,
Write Lock is acquired on its parent Query block. However the next and prev
pointers are cached in local variables before lock acquisition. In an extremely
high contention scenario there exists a possibility that
Query_cache::append_result_data() is operating on the same query block
and as a consequence might append a new Result block to the end of Result
blocks Linked List of the Query. This would manipulate the next, prev pointers
of the Block being processed in move_by_type(), however the local pointers
still point to previous nodes there by causing Data Corruption leading to crash.

FIX :

Scenario 1:
The next, prev pointers are now accessed only after Lock acquisition in 
Query_cache::move_by_type().

SAME VERSION NUMBER 1.0.17

Now that InnoDB/InnoDB Plugin is no longer separately developed and
distributed from the MySQL server it does not need its own version number.
Thus use the MySQL version instead.

"Removing" the version altogether is not feasible because the config
variable 'innodb_version' cannot be removed in GA branches.

Reviewed by:	Marko (rb#1751)

Problem: tag's buffer overflow leads to a problem.
Fix: bound check added.


sql/item_xmlfunc.cc:
  Fix for BUG#15948580 UPDATE_XML() CRASHES THE SERVER.
  
    - XML tag/attribute level shouldn't exceed MAX_LEVEL as we use a
  static buffer to store them in the MY_XML_USER_DATA.