Introduce a separate simple_atomic_counter

This reverts commit 72deed59
which was merged as commit 29d4ac2c.

The change caused regressions, such as mysql-test-run failing
to run at all with --valgrind, or aborting on Windows on the
first test failure.

table opens all partitions.

Not-used partitions are not closed now.

The code passing positions in the query to constructors of
Rewritable_query_parameter descendants (e.g. Item_splocal)
was not reliable. It used various Lex_input_stream methods:
- get_tok_start()
- get_tok_start_prev()
- get_tok_end()
- get_ptr()
to find positions of the recently scanned tokens.

The challenge was mostly to choose between get_tok_start()
and get_tok_start_prev(), taking into account to the current
grammar (depending if lookahead takes place before
or after we read the positions in every particular rule).

But this approach did not work at all in combination
with token contractions, when MYSQLlex() translates
two tokens into one token ID, for example:
   WITH ROLLUP -> WITH_ROLLUP_SYM

As a result, the tokenizer is already one more token ahead.
So in query fragment:

  "GROUP BY d, spvar WITH ROLLUP"

get_tok_start() points to "ROLLUP".
get_tok_start_prev() points to "WITH".

As a result, it was "WITH" who was erroneously replaced
to NAME_CONST() instead of "spvar".

This patch modifies the code to do it a different way.

Changes:

1. For keywords and identifiers, the tokenizer now
returns LEX_CTRING pointing directly to the query
fragment. So query positions are now just available using:
- $1.str           - for the beginning of a token
- $1.str+$1.length - for the end of a token

2. Identifiers are not allocated on the THD memory root
in the tokenizer any more. Allocation is now done
on later stages, in methods like LEX::create_item_ident().

3. Two LEX_CSTRING based structures were added:
- Lex_ident_cli_st - used to store the "client side"
  identifier representation, pointing to the
  query fragment. Note, these identifiers
  are encoded in @@character_set_client
  and can have broken byte sequences.

- Lex_ident_sys_st - used to store the "server side"
  identifier representation, pointing to the
  THD allocated memory. This representation
  guarantees that the identifier was checked
  for being well-formed, and is encoded in utf8.

4. To distinguish between two identifier types
   in the grammar, two Bison types were added:
   <ident_cli> and <ident_sys>

5. All non-reserved keywords were marked as
   being of the type <ident_cli>.
   All reserved keywords are still of the type NONE.

6. All curly brackets in rules collecting
   non-reserved keywords into non-terminal
   symbols were removed, e.g.:

   Was:

       keyword_sp_data_type:
         BIT_SYM           {}
       | BOOLEAN_SYM       {}

   Now:

       keyword_sp_data_type:
         BIT_SYM
       | BOOLEAN_SYM

  This is important NOT to have brackets here!!!!
  This is needed to make sure that the underlying
  Lex_ident_cli_ststructure correctly passes up to
  the calling rule.

6. The code to scan identifiers and keywords
  was moved from lex_one_token() into new
  Lex_input_stream methods:

   scan_ident_sysvar()
   scan_ident_start()
   scan_ident_middle()
   scan_ident_delimited()

  This was done to:
  - get rid of enormous amount of references to &yylval->lex_str
  - and remove a lot of references like lip->xxx

7. The allocating functionality which puts identifiers on the
   THD memory root now resides in methods of Lex_ident_sys_st,
   and in THD::to_ident_sys_alloc().
   get_quoted_token() was removed.

8. Cleanup: check_simple_select() was moved as a method to LEX.

9. Cleanup: Some more functionality was moved from *.yy
   to new methods were added to LEX:
     make_item_colon_ident_ident()
     make_item_func_call_generic()
     create_item_qualified_asterisk()

Rows with no elements are not allowed in a table value constructor
unless it is used in an INSERT statement.

trx_undof_page_add_undo_rec_log(): Write the undo page number
directly from the buf_block_t descriptor, not by decoding the
fields in the page frame.

trx_undof_page_add_undo_rec_log(): Write the MLOG_UNDO_INSERT
record instead of the equivalent MLOG_2BYTES and MLOG_WRITE_STRING.
This essentially reverts commit 9ee8917d.

In MariaDB 10.3, I attempted to simplify the crash recovery code
by making use of lower-level redo log records. It turns out that
we must keep the redo log parsing code in order to allow crash-upgrade
from older MariaDB versions (MDEV-14848).

Now, it further turns out that the InnoDB redo log record format is
suboptimal for logging multiple changes to a single page. This simple
change to the redo logging of undo log significantly affects the
INSERT and UPDATE performance.

Essentially, we wrote
	(space_id,page_number,MLOG_2BYTES,2 bytes)
	(space_id,page_number,MLOG_WRITE_STRING,N+4 bytes)
instead of the previously written
	(space_id,page_number,MLOG_UNDO_INSERT,N+2 bytes)

The added redo log volume caused a single-threaded INSERT
(without innodb_adaptive_hash_index) of
1,000,000 rows to consume 11 seconds instead of 9 seconds,
and a subsequent UPDATE of 30,000,000 rows to consume 64 seconds
instead of 58 seconds. If we omitted all redo logging for the
undo log, the INSERT would consume only 4 seconds.

The trx_t::undo_mutex covered both some main-memory data structures
(trx_undo_t) and access to undo pages. The trx_undo_t is only
accessed by the thread that is associated with a running transaction.
Likewise, each transaction has its private set of undo pages.
The thread that is associated with an active transaction may
lock multiple undo pages concurrently, but no other thread may
lock multiple pages of a foreign transaction.

Concurrent access to the undo logs of an active transaction is possible,
but trx_undo_get_undo_rec_low() only locks one undo page at a time,
without ever holding any undo_mutex.

It seems that the trx_t::undo_mutex would have been necessary if
multi-threaded execution or rollback of a single transaction
had been implemented in InnoDB.

Use the value trx_undo_t::top_undo_no == IB_ID_MAX for indicating
that an undo log is empty.

rw_trx_hash_t::find(): Implement a fast path for looking up
the current transaction. This helps transactions that visit
rows modified by themselves.

In the merge of commit e7f4e61f
the call fil_flush_file_spaces(FIL_TYPE_LOG) is necessary.
Tablespaces will be flushed as part of the redo log
checkpoint, but the redo log will not necessarily
be flushed, depending on innodb_flush_method.

Related implementations.

InnoDB takes a lot of time to perform null updates. The reason is that
even though an empty update vector was created, InnoDB will go on to
write undo log records and update the system columns
DB_TRX_ID and DB_ROLL_PTR in the clustered index, and of course write
redo log for all this.

This could have been fixed properly in
commit 54a492ec more than 10 years ago.

- Removed never used warning that explicit_defaults_for_timestamp was
  not set

MDEV-15732: Assertion `next_free_value % real_increment == offset && next_free_value >= reserved_until' failed in sequence_definition::adjust_values upon SETVAL for sequence with INCREMENT 0

there was a problem with "next_free_value >= reserved_until" condition:
SEQUENCE::set_value handle next_free_value & reserved_until after adjust_values() call, so it is incorect to put assert on it in adjust_values()

Differences:

MariaDB doesn't support a JSON type therefore the crc32 on those values
are different.

JSON extract syntax is different.

loaddata_utf8 has 3 duplicate lines removed compared to MySQL version.

From mysql-server:
09fdfad50764ff6809e7dd5300e9ce1ab727b62a
e90ae1707e0ca46abc775d1680d1856c4be38b66

described in http://github.com/mysql/mysql-server/pull/157

Apart from external contribution I have added few more additional testcases
for CRC32() function, which are given below.

New Testcases added:
  ->Verify the crc value of various numeric and string data types(int,
      double, blob, text, json, enum, set)
  ->Verify the crc value when expressions having comparison_operators
      and logical_operators
  ->Verify the crc value for the expression having string_functions,
      arithmetic_functions, json_functions
  ->Verify the crc value for the expression having Geometry functions
      like POINT, LINESTRING, MULTILINESTRING, POLYGON, MULTIPOLYGON
  ->Verify the crc value generated from stored procedures, functions,
      triggers, prepare statement, views.

Fix:
Patch based on contribution by Daniel Black (Github user: grooverdan)

Reviewed-by: Anitha Gopi anitha.gopi@oracle.com
Reviewed-by: Srikanth B R srikanth.b.r@oracle.com

RB: 17294

Remove the local variable srv_buf_pool_size_org, which was always 0.
In MySQL 5.7, InnoDB was made a mandatory storage engine, which would
force InnoDB to start up when executing
	mysqld --verbose --help
which is what mysql-test-run.pl is doing as a first step. With a
large innodb_buffer_pool_size, this would take a long time.
So, MySQL 5.7 includes a hack that starts up InnoDB with a smaller
buffer pool when the option --verbose is present.

MariaDB uses HAVE_LZO, not HAVE_LZO1X (which was never defined).
Also, the variable srv_lzo_disabled was never defined or read
(only declared and assigned to, in unreachable code).

The InnoDB system table column SYS_TABLES.MIX_LEN was repurposed
in InnoDB Plugin for MySQL 5.1, in
commit 91111174 (MySQL 5.1.46).
Until MySQL 5.6, it only contained a flag DICT_TF2_TEMPORARY.

MySQL 5.6 introduced a number of flags that were transient
in nature. One of these was introduced in 5.6.5, originally
called DICT_TF2_USE_TABLESPACE and later renamed to
DICT_TF2_USE_FILE_PER_TABLE. MySQL 5.7.6 introduced logic
that insists that the flag be set for any table that does not
reside in a shared tablespace, breaking upgrade from MySQL 5.5.

MariaDB does not support shared tablespaces other than the
InnoDB system tablespace. Also, some dependencies on
SYS_TABLES.MIX_LEN were removed in an earlier fix:
MDEV-13084 MariaDB 10.2 crashes on corrupted SYS_TABLES.MIX_LEN field
(commit e813fe86).

dict_check_sys_tables(): Remove a bogus debug assertion, and add a
comment that explains how DICT_TF2_USE_FILE_PER_TABLE is used.

dict_table_is_file_per_table(): Remove a bogus debug assertion.

Added metadate info after prepare EXPLAIN/ANALYZE.

Switch off automatic INTERSECT  priority for ORACLE MODE

MDEV-15079: Parameter array operation inserts wrong values in autoincrement field if indicator was specified

test added (bug is fixed)

The field undo_rseg_space was only used in a debug check.

trx_roll_check_undo_rec_ordering(): Remove.

It has been done to demonstrate that the fix of this bug is good for 10.3
as well. The previous test case is not good for this purpose because
10.2 and 10.3 use different rules for determining the types of recursive
CTEs.

Pool::mem_free(): Poison the freed memory. Assert that it was
fully initialized, because the reuse of trx_t objects will
assume that the objects were previously initialized.

Pool::~Pool(), Pool::get(): Unpoison the allocated memory,
and mark it initialized.

trx_free(): After invoking Pool::mem_free(), unpoison
trx_t::mutex and trx_t::undo_mutex, because MutexMonitor
will access these even for freed trx_t objects.