Add Optimizer Trace printouts.

This patch optimizes the number of refills for the lateral derived table
to which a materialized derived table subject to split optimization is
is converted. This optimized number of refills is now considered as the
expected number of refills of the materialized derived table when searching
for the best possible splitting of the table.

(part 1 is in the previous commit)
to [ pass ] galera.MDEV-18832, galera.MDEV-27862

1. log_event.cc stuff should go into log_event_server.cc
2. the test's wait condition is textually different in 10.5, fixed.
3. pre-exec 'optimistic' global var value is correct for 10.5 indeed.

- Update wsrep-lib which contains fix for the assertion
- Fix error handling for appending fragment to streaming log,
  make sure tables are closed after rollback.
Signed-off-by: Julius Goryavsky <julius.goryavsky@mariadb.com>

changed tast case 2 to be deterministic
Signed-off-by: Julius Goryavsky <julius.goryavsky@mariadb.com>

Adding virtual methods to class Schema:

  make_item_func_replace()
  make_item_func_substr()
  make_item_func_trim()

This is a non-functional preparatory change for MDEV-27744.

The fix was introduced, along with re-ordering to do other macros that check test environment capabilities before master/slave is set up.

Variant #2.

When Histogram::point_selectivity() sees that the point value of interest
falls into one bucket, it tries to guess whether the bucket has many
different (unpopular) values or a few popular values. (The number of
rows is fixed, as it's a Height-balanced histogram).
The basis for this guess is the "width" of the value range the bucket
covers. Buckets covering wider value ranges are assumed to contain
values with proportionally lower frequencies.

This is just a [brave] guesswork. For a very narrow bucket, it may
produce an estimate that's larger than total #rows in the bucket
or even in the whole table.

Remove the guesswork and replace it with basic logic: return
either the per-table average selectivity of col=const, or selectivity
of one bucket, whichever is lower.

exclude generated columns from the "has default value" check

MDEV-31113 Server crashes in store_length / Type_handler_string_result::make_sort_key with DISTINCT and group function

Fix-up for commit 476b24d0
  Author: Monty
  Date:   Thu Feb 16 14:19:33 2023 +0200
    MDEV-20057 Distinct SUM on CROSS JOIN and grouped returns wrong result
which misses initializing of sorder->suffix_length.
In this commit the initialization is implemented by passing
MY_ZEROFILL flag to the allocation of SORT_FIELD elements

When using binlog_row_image=FULL with sequence table inserts, a
replica can deadlock because it treats full inserts in a sequence as DDL
statements by getting an exclusive lock on the sequence table. It
has been observed that with parallel replication, this exclusive
lock on the sequence table can lead to a deadlock where one
transaction has the exclusive lock and is waiting on a prior
transaction to commit, whereas this prior transaction is waiting on
the MDL lock.

This fix for this is on the master side, to raise FL_DDL
flag on the GTID of a full binlog_row_image write of a sequence table.
This forces the slave to execute the statement serially so a deadlock
cannot happen.

A test verifies the deadlock also to prove it happen on the OLD (pre-fixes)
slave.

OLD (buggy master) -replication-> NEW (fixed slave) is provided.
As the pre-fixes master's full row-image may represent both
SELECT NEXT VALUE and INSERT, the parallel slave pessimistically
waits for the prior transaction to have committed before to take on the
critical part of the second (like INSERT in the test) event execution.
The waiting exploits a parallel slave's retry mechanism which is
controlled by `@@global.slave_transaction_retries`.

Note that in order to avoid any persistent 'Deadlock found' 2013 error
in OLD -> NEW, `slave_transaction_retries` may need to be set to a
higher than the default value.
START-SLAVE is an effective work-around if this still happens.

FreeBSD 13.2

Applying b98375f9 instead of 9b32e4b1 for version 10.5-10.8.
Applying 5075f4e0 instead of 9b32e4b1 for version 10.9+.

Keep Item_in_optimizer cache always (but only once) in statement memory.

 Fix leack in TABLE_SHARE::init_from_sql_statement_string
 by removing uneeded switching arenas.

Fix leack in Item_subselect::mark_as_dependent (allocation
of temporary list in statement memory inctroduced in
f4d55210 )

followup for d1a46c68

remove ancient hard-coded treatment of --core-file. This enables
normal my_getopt behavior for the already existing sysvar

The error was seen by a number of mtr tests being caused
by overdue initialization of rpl_parallel::LOCK_parallel_entry.
Specifically, SHOW-SLAVE-STATUS might find in
rpl_parallel::workers_idle() a gtid domain hash entry
already inserted whose mutex had not done
mysql_mutex_init().

Fixed with swapping the mutex init and the its entry's stack insertion.

Tested with a generous number of `mtr --repeat` of a few of the reported
to fail tests, incl rpl.parallel_backup.

Timers require my_timer_init() call.
It was made only in mysqld_main(). Call it also from init_embedded_server().

When commit a5a2ef07
implemented asynchronous doublewrite, the writes via
the doublewrite buffer started to be counted incorrectly,
without multiplying them by innodb_page_size.

srv_export_innodb_status(): Correctly count the
Innodb_data_written.

buf_dblwr_t: Remove submitted(), because it is close to written()
and only Innodb_data_written was interested in it. According to
its name, it should count completed and not submitted writes.

Tested by: Axel Schwenke