trx_purge_free_segment(), trx_purge_truncate_rseg_history():
Replace some unreachable code with debug assertions.
A buffer-fix does prevent pages from being evicted
from the buffer pool; see buf_page_t::can_relocate().

Tested by: Matthias Leich

The code in choose_best_splitting() assumed that the join prefix is
in join->positions[].

This is not necessarily the case. This function might be called when
the join prefix is in join->best_positions[], too.
Follow the approach from best_access_path(), which calls this function:
pass the current join prefix as an argument,
"const POSITION *join_positions" and use that.

In commit f99a8918 this line was changed to not use awk, and new version
copied both to init file and preinst file but overlooking that they use
different variable names.

Also fix minor syntax issues to make Shellcheck happy.

All new code of the whole pull request, including one or several files
that are either new files or modified ones, are contributed under the
BSD-new license. I am contributing on behalf of my employer
Amazon Web Services, Inc.

buf_flush_page_cleaner(): Whenever buf_pool.ran_out(), invoke
buf_pool.get_oldest_modification(0) so that all clean blocks
will be removed from buf_pool.flush_list and buf_flush_LRU_list_batch()
will be able to evict some pages.

This fixes a regression that was likely caused by
commit a55b951e (MDEV-26827).

srv_export_innodb_status(): Update
export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests as it was done
before commit a55b951e (MDEV-26827).
If innodb_status_variables[] pointed to a sharded variable, it would
only access the first shard.

innodb_counter_info[]: Revert a change that was accidentally made in
commit 204e7225

btr_cur_need_opposite_intention(): Check also page_zip_available()
so that we will escalate to exclusive index latch when a non-leaf
page may have to be split further due to ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED page
overflow.

Tested by: Matthias Leich

trx_purge_truncate_rseg_history(): Avoid a leak similar to the one
that was fixed in MDEV-31324, in case a supposedly cached undo log
page is not found in the rseg.undo_cached list.

trx_purge_truncate_history(): While waiting for a write-fixed block
to become available, simply wait for an exclusive latch on it.
Also, simplify the iteration: first check for oldest_modification>2
(to ignore clean pages or pages belonging to the temporary tablespace)
and then compare the tablespace identifier.

Before releasing buf_pool.flush_list_mutex we will buffer-fix the block
of interest. In that way, buf_page_t::can_relocate() will not hold on
the block and it must remain in the buffer pool until we have acquired
an exclusive latch on it. If the block is still dirty, we will register
it with the tablespace truncation mini-transaction; else, we will simply
release the latch and buffer-fix and move to the next block.

This also reverts commit c4d79399
because that fix should no longer be necessary; the wait for an
exclusive block latch should allow buf_pool_t::release_freed_page()
on the same block to proceed.

Tested by: Axel Schwenke, Matthias Leich

trx_purge_truncate_history(): Relax a condition that would prevent
undo log truncation if the undo log tablespaces were "contaminated"
by the bug that commit e0084b9d fixed.
That is, trx_purge_truncate_rseg_history() would have invoked
flst_remove() on TRX_RSEG_HISTORY but not reduced TRX_RSEG_HISTORY_SIZE.

To avoid any regression with normal operation, we implement this
fixup during slow shutdown only. The condition on the history list
being empty is necessary: without it, in the test
innodb.undo_truncate_recover there may be much fewer than the
expected 90,000 calls to row_purge() before the truncation.
That is, we would truncate the undo tablespace before actually having
processed all undo log records in it.

To truncate such "contaminated" or "bloated" undo log tablespaces
(when using innodb_undo_tablespaces=2 or more)
you can execute the following SQL:

BEGIN;INSERT mysql.innodb_table_stats VALUES('','',DEFAULT,0,0,0);ROLLBACK;
SET GLOBAL innodb_undo_log_truncate=ON, innodb_fast_shutdown=0;
SHUTDOWN;

The first line creates a dummy InnoDB transaction, to ensure that there
will be some history to be purged during shutdown and that the undo
tablespaces will be truncated.

trx_purge_truncate_rseg_history(): Add a parameter to specify if
the entire rollback segment is safe to be freed. If not, we may
still be able to invoke trx_undo_truncate_start() and free some pages.

trx_purge_truncate_history(): Only call trx_purge_truncate_rseg_history()
if the rollback segment is safe to process. This will avoid leaking undo
log pages that are not yet ready to be processed. This fixes a regression
that was introduced in
commit 0de3be8c (MDEV-30671).

trx_sys_t::any_active_transactions(): Separately count XA PREPARE
transactions.

srv_purge_should_exit(): Terminate slow shutdown if the history size
does not change and XA PREPARE transactions exist in the system.
This will avoid a hang of the test innodb.recovery_shutdown.

Tested by: Matthias Leich

This reverts commit b05218e0.

This reverts commit 844ddb11.

This fixes MDEV-30967, MDEV-31325, MDEV-31388

This bug could affect queries containing a subquery over splittable derived
tables and having an outer references in its WHERE clause. If such subquery
contained an equality condition whose left part was a reference to a column
of the derived table and the right part referred only to outer columns
then the server crashed in the function st_join_table::choose_best_splitting()
The crashing code was added in the commit ce7ffe61
that made the code of the function sensitive to presence of the flag
OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT in the KEYUSE_EXT::needed_in_prefix fields.

The field needed_in_prefix of the KEYUSE_EXT structure should not contain
table maps with OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT or RAND_TABLE_BIT.

Note that this fix is quite conservative: for affected queries it just
returns the query plans that were used before the above mentioned commit.
In fact the equalities causing crashes should be pushed into derived tables
without any usage of split optimization.

Approved by Sergei Petrunia <sergey@mariadb.com>

EXPLAIN EXTENDED should always print the field item used in the left part
of an equality expression from the SET clause of an update statement as a
reference to table column.

Approved by Oleksandr Byelkin <sanja@mariadb.com>

Derived table creation code would call Field::make_new_field() which would
memcpy the Field object from the source table, including Field::read_stats.

But the temp. table as a whole had table->stats_is_read=false. Which was
correct but not consistent with Field::read_stats and caused an assertion.

Fixed by making sure that Field::read_stats=NULL for fields in the new
temporary (i.e. work) tables.

The problem, introduced in patch for MDEV-26301:

When check_join_cache_usage() decides not to use join buffer, it must
adjust the access method accordingly. For BNL-H joins this means switching
from pseudo-"ref access"(with index=MAX_KEY) to some other access method.

Failing to do this will cause assertions down the line when code that is
not aware of BNL-H will try to initialize index use for ref access with
index=MAX_KEY.

The fix is to follow the regular code path to disable the join buffer for
the join_tab ("goto no_join_cache") instead of just returning from
check_join_cache_usage().

because explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is now true

Do not try to decide merge/materialize for derived if it was already decided
(even if it is a view).

RocksDB (in a submodule) has to include <cstdint> to use uint64_t
but it doesn't. Until the submodule is upgraded, let's replace
problematic types with something that's available

select_insert::store_values() must reset
has_value_set bitmap before every row, just like mysql_insert() does.
because ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE and triggers modify it