This patchs origin is !20.
With recent changes on kirr/neo!2
and levin.zimmermann/wendelin.core@f546d836
we can already use WCFS with multiple master nodes in combination with this
patch. Until we proceed in !20
we can already use a NEO/py with this patch in order to test WCFS on our
wind clone.

---

Original patch content:

When a node tries to connect to another node it initially sends a
'RequestIdentification' packet. The other node can either reply with
'AcceptIdentification' or in case of a secondary master with
'NotPrimaryMaster'.

In the second case the message id differs from the initial requests
message id. This makes it difficult in a multi-threaded implementation
to proceed this answer: due to the different msg/connection - id the
multi-threaded implementation tries to proceed this incoming message in
a different thread, while the requesting thread waits forever for its
peers reply.

The most straightforward solution is to use the same connection - id for
both possible answers to the 'RequestIdentification' packet. This
doesn't break given NEO/py implementation and is only a small patch.
A workaround in a multi-threaded implementation on the other hand
seems to be much more complicated and time-consuming. Finally it also makes
sense semantically, because "Message IDs are used to identify response
packets" and in the given context the 'NotPrimaryMaster' *is* the de facto
response of a 'RequestIdentification'.

Because the msgid is the same now, '_ask' uses the
'PrimaryBootstrapHandler' (if it's the same connection) [1], so it may also
be necessary to move 'notPrimaryMaster' to 'PrimaryBootstrapHandler'.

[1] https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/blob/ecc9c63c7/neo/lib/threaded_app.py#L142

parse_qsl no longer treats ';' as valid query separator for security
reason because most proxies did not do so and it was possible to poison
proxy cache due to difference in query separator handling (see bugs.python.org/issue42967).

To handle credentials we don't have any proxy here, and it is still
perfectly valid to use ';' as credentials separator.

-> Fix it with ';' -> '&' replace workaround, before feeding credentials
string to parse_qsl.

Amends: b9a42957.

- Move ca/cert/key out of query part into credentials part of URL
- As a consequence move cluster name out of credentials part into path part
- Allow both neo:// and neos:// schemes to be used.
  neo:// means always without SSL and neos:// means always with SSL.
  Even if neos:// URL comes without credentials embedded into it - they
  can be obtained from elsewhere.

I need this change in wendelin.core 2 which needs to take a zurl and
compute a mountpoint patch that corresponds to it, so that multiple
several zopes that use the same NEO storage, could be associated with
the same single WCFS instance.

This is 2020 edition of my original patch from 2016 ( kirr/neo@dd3bb8b4 ).

It was described in my NEO/go article ( https://navytux.spb.ru/~kirr/neo.html )
in the text quoted below:

    Then comes the link layer which provides service to exchange messages over
    network. In current NEO/py every message has `msg_id` field, that similarly to
    ZEO/py marks a request with serial number with requester then waiting for
    corresponding answer to come back with the same message id. Even though there
    might be several reply messages coming back to a single request, as e.g. NEO/py
    asynchronous replication code[0], this approach is still similar to ZEO/py
    remote procedure call (RPC) model because of single request semantic. One of
    the places where this limitation shows is the same replicator code where
    transactions metadata is fetched first with first series of RPC calls, and only
    then object data is fetched with the second series of RPC calls. This could be
    not very good e.g. in case when there is a lot of transactions/data to
    synchronize, because 1) it puts assumption on, and so constraints, the storage
    backend model on how data is stored (separate SQL tables for metadata and
    data), and 2) no data will be synchronized at all until all transactions are
    synchronized first. The second point prevents for example the syncing storage
    in turn to provide, even if read-only, service for the already fetched data.
    What would be maybe more useful is for requester to send request that it wants
    to fetch ZODB data in `tid_min..tid_max` range and then the sender sending
    intermixed stream of metadata/data in zodbdump-like format.

    Keeping in mind this, and other examples, NEO/go shifts from thinking about
    protocol logic as RPC to thinking of it as more general network protocol and
    settles to provide general connection-oriented message exchange service[1] :
    whenever a message with new `msg_id` is sent, a new connection is established
    multiplexed on top of a single node-node TCP link. Then it is possible to
    send/receive arbitrary messages over back and forth until so established
    connection is closed. This works transparently to NEO/py who still thinks it
    operates in simple RPC mode because of the way messages are put on the wire and
    because simple RPC is subset of a general exchange.  The `neonet` module also
    provides `DialLink` and `ListenLink` primitives[2] that work similarly to
    standard Go `net.Dial` and `net.Listen` but wrap so created link into the
    multiplexing layer. What is actually done this way is very similar to HTTP/2
    which also provides multiple general streams multiplexing on top of a single
    TCP connection ([3], [4]).  However if connection ids (sent in place of
    `msg_id` on the wire) are assigned arbitrary, there could be a case when two
    nodes could try to initiate two new different connections to each other with
    the same connection id. To prevent such kind of conflict a simple rule to
    allocate connection ids either even or odd, depending on the role peer played
    while establishing the link, could be used. HTTP/2 takes similar approach[5]
    where `"Streams initiated by a client MUST use odd-numbered stream identifiers;
    those initiated by the server MUST use even-numbered stream identifiers."` with
    NEO/go doing the same corresponding to who was originally dialer and who was a
    listener. However it requires small patch to be applied on NEO/py side to
    increment `msg_id` by 2 instead of 1.

    NEO/py currently explicitly specifies `msg_id` for an answer in only limited
    set of cases, by default assuming a reply comes to the last received message
    whose `msg_id` it remembers globally per TCP-link. This approach is error-prone
    and cannot generally work in cases where several simultaneous requests are
    received over single link. This way NEO/go does not maintain any such global
    per-link knowledge and handles every request by always explicitly using
    corresponding connection object created at request reception time.

    [0] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/blob/463ef9ad/neo/storage/replicator.py
    [1] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/blob/463ef9ad/go/neo/neonet/connection.go
    [2] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/blob/463ef9ad/go/neo/neonet/newlink.go
    [3] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-5
    [4] https://http2.github.io/faq/#why-is-http2-multiplexed
    [5] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-5.1.1

It can be criticized, but the fact is:

- it does no harm to NEO/py and is backward-compatible: a NEO/py node
  without this patch can still successfully connect and interoperate to
  another NEO/py node with this patch.

- it is required for NEO/go to be able to interoperate with NEO/py.
  Both client and server parts of NEO/go use the same neonet module to exchange messages.

- NEO/go client is used by wendelin.core 2, which organizes access to on-ZODB
  ZBigFile data via WCFS filesystem implemented in Go.

So on one side this patch is small, simple and does not do any harm to NEO/py.
On the other side it is required for NEO/go and wendelin.core 2.

To me this clearly indicates that there should be no good reason to reject
inclusion of this patch into NEO/py.

--------

My original patch from 2016 came with corresponding adjustments to neo/tests/testConnection.py
( kirr/neo@dd3bb8b4 )
but commit f6eb02b4 (Remove packet timeouts; 2017-05-04) removed testConnection.py
completely and, if I understand correctly, did not add any other test to
compensate that. This way I'm not trying to restore my tests to
Connection neither.

Anyway, with this patch there is no regression to all other existing NEO/py tests.

--------

My original patch description from 2016 follows:

- even for server initiated streams
- odd  for client initiated streams

This way I will be able to use Pkt.msg_id as real stream_id in go's Conn
because with even / odd scheme there is no possibility for id conflicts
in between two peers.

Between NEO/go and NEO/py there are various incompatibilities.
Similarity to the 'wc2' branch [1], this branch aims to transparently
communicate those incompatibilities.

Unlike the 'wc2' branch, we apply those patches here on an up-to-date
recent NEO/py. The background is that current NEO/go version still uses
an old pre-msgpack protocol and didn't fully implement the new msgpack
protocol yet. So the 'wc2' branch still builds upon an old NEO/py
version (1.12, from the oldproto branch). The diff between the
wc2-future branch and master on the other hand aims to be as minimal
as possible and to only contain the compatibility patches.

[1] https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/tree/wc2 and 739096b7

Found by running testPruneOrphan many times. Once I even got:

  SystemError: NULL result without error in PyObject_Call

The reverts a wrong change in commit 30a02bdc
("importer: new option to write back new transactions to the source database").

It's been many years we don't get 'array' objects, no idea when exactly.

Like commit 243c1a0f
("sqlite: optimize storage of metadata"), the fake changes in test
data are because we don't force upgrade for this optimization.

Starting from zodbpickle 2 its binary class does not allow users to set
arbitrary attributes and so

	binary._pack = bytes.__str__

fails with

	TypeError: can't set attributes of built-in/extension type 'zodbpickle.binary'

-> Fix it by explicitly checking for binary type on encoding instead of
setting binary._pack

See nexedi/slapos@27f574bc for pre-history.

/cc @jerome

Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
  File ".../neo/lib/handler.py", line 75, in dispatch
    method(conn, *args, **kw)
  File ".../neo/admin/handler.py", line 174, in wrapper
    return func(self, name, *args, **kw)
  File ".../neo/admin/handler.py", line 190, in notifyMonitorInformation
    self.app.updateMonitorInformation(name, **info)
  File ".../neo/admin/app.py", line 290, in updateMonitorInformation
    self._notify(self.operational)
  File ".../neo/admin/app.py", line 315, in _notify
    body += '', name, '    ' + backup.formatSummary(upstream)[1]
  File ".../neo/admin/app.py", line 83, in formatSummary
    tid = self.ltid
AttributeError: 'Backup' object has no attribute 'ltid'

The purpose of suppress_ragged_eofs=False was to micro-optimize the
normal case: when there's no EOF.

But commit 061cd5d8 showed that this
option only turns ragged EOF into an exception. It may be easier for
alternate NEO implementations to close the SSL connection properly. Or
the performance benefit was not worth the risk to freeze a NEO process.

Testing NEO/go client wrt NEO/py server revealed a bug in NEO/py SSL
handling: proper non-ragged EOF from a peer is ignored, and so leads to
hang in infinite loop inside _SSL.receive with read_buf memory growing
indefinitely. Details are below:

NEO/py wraps raw sockets with

	ssl.wrap_socket(suppress_ragged_eofs=False)

which instructs SSL layer to convert unexpected EOF when receiving a TLS
record into SSLEOFError exception. However when remote peer properly
closes its side of the connection, socket.read() still returns b'' to
report non-ragged regular EOF:

https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v2.7.18/Lib/ssl.py#L630-L650

The code was handling SSLEOFError but not b'' return from socket recv.
Thus after NEO/go client was disconnecting and properly closing its side
of the connection, the code started to loop indefinitely in _SSL.receive
under `while 1` with  b'' returned by self.socket.recv() appended to
read_buf again and again.

-> Fix it by detecting non-ragged EOF as well and, similarly to how
SSLEOFError is handled, converting them into self._error('recv', None).

See merge request nexedi/neoppod!17

The scenario that was described in comments was meaningless
because S1 never goes out-of-date.

For the master, the purpose of -m/--masters is to specify addresses
of other master nodes, since its own address is already known via
-b/--bind. Therefore, an empty value for -m/--masters is valid.
The user remains free to repeat the -b value in -m.

More generally, a node may choose to only specify master addresses
via -D/--dynamic-master-list, so the check that at least one master
address is specified is moved where the NodeManager is expected to be
initialized.

The time complexity of previous one was too bad. With several tens of
concurrent transactions, we saw commits take minutes to complete and
the whole application looked frozen.

This new algorithm is much simpler. Instead of asking the oldest
transaction to somewhat restart (we used the "rebase" term because
the concept was similar to what git-rebase does), the storage gives
it priority and the newest is asked to relock (this request is ignored
if vote already happened, which means there was actually no deadlock).

testLocklessWriteDuringConflictResolution was initially more complex
because Transaction.written (client) ignored KeyError (which is not the
case anymore since commit 8ef1ddba).