Gcc 5.4 from Ubuntu 16.04 LTS complains e.g.

    ./golang/libgolang.h: In function ‘golang::_selcase golang::_selrecv_(golang::_chan*, void*, bool*)’:
    ./golang/libgolang.h:227:5: sorry, unimplemented: non-trivial designated initializers not supported
         };
         ^

The problem started to appear after 47111d3e (libgolang: Teach select to accept
inplace tx data) when we moved _selcase.ptxrx inside union.

Let's add workaround for older compilers, even though e.g. gcc 8.3 from Debian
10 accepts existing code just fine.

Provide sync.WaitGroup that can be used directly from C++ and Pyx/nogil codes.
Python-level sync.WaitGroup becomes small wrapper around pyx/nogil one.

Python-level tests should be enough to cover C++/Pyx functionality at
zero-level approximation.

Provide sync.Once that can be used directly from C++ and Pyx/nogil worlds.
Python-level sync.Once becomes small wrapper around pyx/nogil sync.Once .

Libgolang, since 3b241983 (Port/move channels to C/C++/Pyx), already had
defer macro implemented and used, but only internally. The reason it was
not yet exposed as public API is that there is a difference with Go's
defer in that deferred function is called at end of current scope
instead of end of current function, and I was a bit reluctant to expose
defer with different-than-Go semantic.

However even with this difference defer is useful, and the difference
can be documented. Unfortunately it is not easy to correctly fix the
difference, so the most practical way for now is to expose defer as it is.

I've also contemplated how to avoid using macro, but without a macro,
users will have to explicitly declare placeholder variable for every
defer call which goes against usability.

Since defer is exposed as macro, I've also contemplated to expose it as
something like `libgolang_defer` with the idea to avoid name conflicts,
and so that users - that are using defer - will be doing `#define defer
libgolang_defer`. However I ended up not doing that and exposing `defer`
macro with its own name. My rationale is:

- grepping /usr/include/ for \<defer\> on my system did not showed any
  real usage.
- Qt also #defines `slots` and `signals` and that does not cause
  problems in practice.

-> expose `defer` macro into public C++ API as is, so that it can be
used not only inside libgolang.cpp . For example I myself need defer
functionality in C++ part of wendelin.core.

Else the exception, even if it was recovered from, will be included as
cause for next raised exception. See added test for details.

Python3 chains exceptions, so that e.g. if exc1 is raised and, while it
was not handled, another exc2 is raised, exc2 will be linked to exc1 via
exc2.__context__ attribute and exc1 will be included into exc2 traceback
printout. However many projects still use Python2 and there is no
similar chaining functionality there. This way exc1 is completely lost.

Since defer code is in our hands, we can teach it to implement exception
chaining even on Python2 by carefully analyzing what happens in
_GoFrame.__exit__().

Implementing chaining itself is relatively easy, but is only part of the
story. Even if an exception is chained with its cause, but exception
dump does not show the cause, the chaining will be practically useless.
With this in mind this patches settles not only on implementing chaining
itself, but on also giving a promise that chained cause exceptions will
be included into traceback dumps as well.

To realize this promise we adjust all exception dumping funcitons in
traceback module and carefully install adjusted
traceback.print_exception() into sys.excepthook. This amends python
interactive sessions and programs run by python interpreter to include
causes in exception dumps. "Careful" here means that we don't change
sys.excepthook if on golang module load we see that sys.excepthook was already
changed by some other module - e.g. due to IPython session running
because IPython installs its own sys.excepthook. In such cases we don't
install our sys.excepthook, but we also provide integration patches that
add exception chaining support for traceback dump functionality in
popular third-party software. The patches (currently for IPython and
Pytest) are activated automatically, but only when/if corresponding
software is imported and actually used. This should give practically
good implementation of the promise - a user can now rely on seeing
exception cause in traceback dump whatever way python programs are run.

The implementation takes https://pypi.org/project/pep3134/ experience
into account [1]. peak.utils.imports [2,3] is used to be notified when/if
third-party module is imported.

[1] https://github.com/9seconds/pep3134/
[2] https://pypi.org/project/Importing/
[3] http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/Importing

This patch originally started as hacky workaround in wendelin.core
because in wcfs tests I was frequently hitting situations, where
exception raised by an assert was hidden by another exception raised in
further generic teardown check. For example wcfs tests check that wcfs
is unmounted after every test run [4] and if that fails it was hiding
problems raised by an assert. As the result I was constantly guessing
and adding code like [5] to find what was actually breaking. At some
point I added hacky workaround for defer to print cause exception not to
loose it [6]. [7] has more context and background discussion on this topic.

[4] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/wendelin.core/blob/49e73a6d/wcfs/wcfs_test.py#L70
[5] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/wendelin.core/blob/49e73a6d/wcfs/wcfs_test.py#L853-857
[6] kirr/wendelin.core@c00d94c7
[7] zodbtools!13 (comment 81553)

After this patch, on Python2

    defer(cleanup1)
    defer(cleanup2)
    defer(cleanup3)
    ...

is no longer just a syntatic sugar for

    try:
        try:
            try:
                ...
            finally:
                cleanup3()
        finally:
            cleanup2()
    finally:
        cleanup1()

- _pyrun runs the command and returns full information: exitcode, stdout, stderr.
- pyrun  runs the command and raises exception if ran command fails.

We will need _pyrun in the next patch to test that particular command
fails and access its stderr.

_makesema declaration was giving a warning when compiling with C:

	In file included from golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c:26:
	./golang/libgolang.h:237:1: warning: function declaration isn’t a prototype [-Wstrict-prototypes]
	 LIBGOLANG_API _sema *_makesema();
	 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fix the prototype to be valid for both C and C++.
Fixes: 34b7a1f4.

E.g. wendelin.core amends build_ext class and so it needs a way to
import it.

- use .c.chan_double() which gives chan[double] pyx/nogil way to access
  Ticker.c and Timer.c. Use the channels via pyx/nogil API from inside.
- use pyx/nogil sleep and now;

This gets time.pyx codebase closer to be used from pyx/nogil mode.

NOTE: unless something like pyx/nogil memory management emerges[1] we
are relying on Python to manage memory of Ticker and Timer classes.
If we just spawn e.g. Ticker.__tick via pyx/nogil go, the thread that is
spawned won't be holding a reference to Ticker object, and once the
ticker goes out of scope in original thread (while its channel .c might
be still in scope), __tick will segfault accessing freed Ticker object.

To workaround it we use the following pattern:

    nogilready = chan(dtype='C.structZ')
    pygo(mymeth)
    nogilready.recv()

    def mymeth(MyObject self, pychan nogilready)
        with nogil:
            nogilready.chan_structZ().close()
            self._mymeth()
    cdef void _mymeth(MyObject self) nogil:
        ...

where python reference to MyObject will be held in spawned thread during
its lifetime, while the service provided by mymeth will be done under
nogil.

[1] https://www.nexedi.com/blog/NXD-Document.Blog.Cypclass

This will allow to use the channels in nogil mode including in followup
patches touching time.pyx codebase.

C.structZ is empty structure and chan[C.structZ] can be used in
pyx/nogil world. This way context tree initially created from Python can
be extended in pyx/nogil and e.g. root context can be canceled from
Python, which will correctly transfer the cancelation signal to pyx/nogil
world too.

Introduce notion of data type (dtype similarly to NumPy) into pychan and
teach it to accept for send objects only matching that dtype. Likewise
teach pychan to decode raw bytes received from underlying channel into
Python object correspodningg to pychan dtype. For C dtypes, e.g.
'C.int', 'C.double' etc, contrary to chan of python objects, the
transfer can be done without depending on Python GIL. This way channels
of such C-level dtypes can be used to implement interaction in between
Python and nogil worlds.

In a followup commit we are going to add channel types (e.g. chan of
double, chan of int, etc) and accordingly there will be several nil
channel objects, e.g. nil(dtype=int), nil(dtype=double) etc, which will
be separate python objects. Even without data types, another planned
change is to add directional channels, e.g. a channel instance that can
only send, but not receive and vice versa(*).

This way for the same underlying channel object, there can be several
pychan objects that point to it - even for nil channel - e.g. nilchan
and `niltx = nilchan.txonly()` that creates another pychan object
pointing to the same underlying nil.

Since we want all channels (of the same type) that point to the same
underlying channel to compare as same, we cannot use "is" for comparison
and have to use ==. In other words channels, both at C and Python level,
should be perceived as pointers, of which there can be multiple ones
pointing to the same location, and thus == has to be used to compare
them.

(*) see https://golang.org/ref/spec#Channel_types for details.

For example

    -    def send(pych, obj):
    +    def send(pychan pych, obj):

Even though Cython allows not to annotate self with type, this makes the
code more clear.

This prepares pyselect codebase for future logic where all channel
element types will be sent via inplace _selcase data. For PyObject we
could previously go with "wiring ptx through pycase[1]", but for
arbitrary type, that has to be first converted from Python object to
C-level object, we would have to store the result somewhere, and that
would mean extra allocation and pyselect code complexity increase, even
for cases that don't use anything but chan[object].

So do the preparation and switch pyselect into using inplace tx.

Currently select, via _selcase, requires users to provide pointers to tx
and rx buffers. However if element type itself can fit into a pointer
word, we can put the element directly into _selcase and mark the case
with a flag, that it contains inplace data instead of referring to
external storage. This will be helpful in upcoming patch where we'll
teach pychan to work with several element types, not only pyobject
elements.

This patch does careful introduction of _selcase.flags - in such a way
that the size of _selcase stays the same as it was before by using
bitfields. The .ptxrx pointer is unioned with newly introduced inplace
uint64 .itxrx data, which is used by select instead of .ptxrx if the
flag is set. The usage of uint64 should not increase _selcase size on
64-bit platforms.

Then _selcase.ptx() and .prx() accessors are adapted accordingly and
the rest of the changes are corresponding test and
_chanselect2<onstack=false> adaptation.

This functionality is kind of low-level and is not exposed via any
_selsend() or chan.sends() API changes. Whenever inplace tx should be
used, the case should be prepared either completely manually, or with
e.g. first calling _selsend() and then manually changing .flags and
.itxrx.  Added test serves as the example on how to do it.

Inplace rx is currently forbidden - because supporting that would require
to drop const from casev select argument. However in the future, for
symmetry, we might want to support that as well.

P.S.

Since write to selcase.itxrx requires casting pointers e.g. like this:

	*(int *)&sel[0].itxrx = 12345;

it breaks C99 strict aliasing and by default compiler can generate bad
code on such pattern. To the problem we adapt the build system
to default compiler to no-strict-aliasing (as many other projects do,
e.g. Linux kernel) with the idea that in many cases where strict
aliasing was intended to help it actually does not, because e.g. pointer
types are the same, while explicitly marking pointers with `restrict`
keyword does help indeed.

Nothing new for Python2 here, as it is using -fno-strict-aliasing by
itself. However Python3 is compiling without -fno-strict-aliasing:
https://python.org/dev/peps/pep-3123 .

In the next patch we are going to teach _selcase to support both
external and inplace data. Before that let's do a couple of preparatory
things.

This patch: introduces .ptx() and .prx() accessors to get to
corresponding data buffer associated with _selcase. Convert _selcase
users to use .ptx() and .prx() instead of doing direct .ptxrx access.
This way when we'll add inplace support to _selcase, we'll need to adapt
only accessors, not clients.

The only place that is left using .ptxrx directly is one tricky place in
_chanselect2<onstack=false> where gevent-related code needs to carefully
deal with proxying tx/rx buffers due to STACK_DEAD_WHILE_PARKED.

NOTE even though new accessors may panic, libgolang.cpp always calls them
after checking that the conditions for ptx/prx calls are valid.

In the next patches we are going to teach _selcase to support both
external and inplace data. Before that let's do a couple of preparatory
things.

This patch: rename .data -> .ptxrx . The new name is more clear:

- "p" prefix aligns with other libgolang style, e.g. ptx or prx.
- "txrx" suffix says that this is used for both send and recv.

Just plain renaming, nothing else in this patch.

Before passing objects to _chanselect for send, pyselect increfs them, as just
send does, to indicate that one object reference is passed to channel buffer.
On exit, since only one case is actually executed by select, pyselect needs to
decref incref'ed object from not executed cases.

Pyselect already implements the latter cleanup, but currently the cleanup is
executed only if control flow reaches _chanselect at all. Which is a bug, since
pyselect can panic or raise an exception just in the middle of preparation phase.

-> Fix it by associating the finally-decref cleanup with whole
prepare+_chanselect code.

Without the fix, the second part of added test (abnormal exit) fails e.g. like:

        @mark.skipif(not hasattr(sys, 'getrefcount'),   # skipped e.g. on PyPy
                     reason="needs sys.getrefcount")
        def test_select_refleak():
            ch1 = chan()
            ch2 = chan()
            obj1 = object()
            obj2 = object()
            tx1 = (ch1.send, obj1)
            tx2 = (ch2.send, obj2)

            # normal exit
            gc.collect()
            nref1 = sys.getrefcount(obj1)
            nref2 = sys.getrefcount(obj2)
            _, _rx = select(
                tx1,        # 0
                tx2,        # 1
                default,    # 2
            )
            assert (_, _rx) == (2, None)
            gc.collect()
            assert sys.getrefcount(obj1) == nref1
            gc.collect()
            assert sys.getrefcount(obj1) == nref2

            # abnormal exit
            with raises(AttributeError) as exc:
                select(
                    tx1,        # 0
                    tx2,        # 1
                    'zzz',      # 2 causes pyselect to panic
                )
            assert exc.value.args == ("'str' object has no attribute '__self__'",)
            gc.collect()
    >       assert sys.getrefcount(obj1) == nref1
    E       assert 4 == 3
    E         -4
    E         +3

    golang/golang_test.py:690: AssertionError

The bug was introduced in 3b241983 (Port/move channels to C/C++/Pyx).

We will soon rework pychan to be python wrapper not only for
chan<object>, but also for other channels of various C types - e.g.
chan<structZ>, chan<int>, etc.

To prepare for this let's first rework pychan from using chan[PyObject*]
into raw _chan* functions. This will allow us to use the same functions
over raw channels while dynamically dispatching on channel element type.

e.g. go -> pygo, select -> pyselect, etc. This will make the followup
transition to non-py mode more clear.

- cdef their attributes (else accessing any of them raises
  AttributeError), in particular use pychan and sync.Mutex in cimport mode.
- change `with mu` into explicit lock/unlock (since pyx sync.Mutex does
  not support with).
- use INFINITY instead of None for empty dt.

In preparation to start migrating, at least partly, time functionality
to nogil mode, move the code from time.py to _time.pyx . This is straight
code movement except

	now	-> pynow, and
	sleep	-> pysleep

replaces, since in _time.pyx now and sleep were already referring to
nogil versions.

We don't move just to time.pyx (note no _ prefix), since we will need to
continue distinguishing pyx/nogil from py objects/functions, e.g.
pyx time.second is C constant, while pyx time.pysecond is pyobject
exported to python world as time.second.

One place in _time.pyx was overlooked in ce8152a2 (pyx api: Provide sleep).

Similarly to 78d85cdc (sync: threading.Event -> chan) replace everywhere
threaing.Lock usage with sync.Mutex . This brings 2 goods:

- sync.Mutex becomes more well tested;
- we untie ourselves from threading python module (threading.Lock was
  the last user).

Until now libgolang had semaphore and mutex functionality, but
implemented only internally and not exposed to users. Since for its
pinner thread wendelin.core v2 needs not only nogil channels, but also
nogil mutexes, timers and so on, it is now time to start providing that.

We start with mutexes:

- Expose Mutex from insides of libgolang.cpp to public API in
  libgolang.h . We actually expose both Mutex and Sema because
  semaphores are sometimes also useful for low-level synchronization,
  and because it is easier to export Mutex and Sema both at the same time.

- Provide pyx/nogil API to those as sync.Mutex and sync.Sema.

- Provide corresponding python wrappers.

- Add Pyx-level test for semaphore wakeup when wakeup is done not by the
  same thread which did the original acquire. This is the test that was
  promised in 5142460d (libgolang/thread: Add links to upstream
  PyThread_release_lock bug), and it used to corrupt memory and deadlock
  on macOS due to CPython & PyPy runtime bugs:

    https://bugs.python.org/issue38106
      -> https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/16047
    https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/3072

Note about python wrappers: At present, due to
https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3165, C-level panic is not
properly translated into Py-level exception in (Py)Sema/Mutex constructors.
This should not pose a real problem in practice though.

- Fix references to time::sleep and _tasknanosleep in library overview.
- add golang::time:: comment before openeing corresponding namespace.

We will soon need this functionality for sync_test.py to import tests
from _sync_test.pyx . In the future many modules will need to import
X_test.pyx from X_test.py as well.

- it is in Go style to panic on memory allocation failure.
- _makechan can already panic, instead of returning NULL, on e.g. ch._mu
  initialization failure.
- we were already not checking in several places for NULL after
  _makechan() call (e.g. in golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c).

This switches _makechan to panic on memory allocation failure and
settles on style of future C-level API calls to panic instead of
returning NULL on failure.

sys is imported in the beginning of main, so there is no need to import
it the second time in the middle of main. The bug was there since
gpython day1 - since 32a21d5b (gpython: Python interpreter with support
for lightweight threads).

This release is bugfix-only. Compared to pygolang v0.0.3 (4ca65816)
the change in speed is likely within noise:

     (on i7@2.6GHz)

thread runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               18.3µs ± 1%  18.3µs ± 1%    ~     (p=0.218 n=10+10)
    chan             2.97µs ± 5%  2.97µs ± 8%    ~     (p=0.781 n=10+10)
    select           3.59µs ± 2%  3.55µs ± 5%    ~     (p=0.447 n=9+10)
    def              56.0ns ± 0%  55.0ns ± 0%  -1.79%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         43.7µs ± 1%  43.8µs ± 1%  +0.35%  (p=0.029 n=10+10)
    call             65.0ns ± 0%  62.3ns ± 1%  -4.15%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.06µs ± 1%  1.04µs ± 0%  -1.26%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
    try_finally       137ns ± 1%   137ns ± 0%    ~     (p=1.000 n=10+10)
    defer            2.32µs ± 0%  2.33µs ± 1%  +0.43%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
    workgroup_empty  37.6µs ± 1%  37.1µs ± 2%  -1.29%  (p=0.003 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise  47.9µs ± 1%  47.6µs ± 0%  -0.63%  (p=0.001 n=9+9)

gevent runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               15.8µs ± 0%  16.1µs ± 1%  +2.18%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
    chan             7.36µs ± 0%  7.21µs ± 0%  -1.97%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
    select           10.4µs ± 0%  10.5µs ± 0%  +0.71%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    def              57.0ns ± 0%  55.0ns ± 0%  -3.51%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         43.3µs ± 1%  44.1µs ± 2%  +1.81%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    call             66.0ns ± 0%  65.0ns ± 0%  -1.52%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.04µs ± 1%  1.06µs ± 1%  +1.48%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    try_finally       137ns ± 1%   136ns ± 0%  -1.31%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    defer            2.32µs ± 0%  2.31µs ± 1%    ~     (p=0.472 n=8+10)
    workgroup_empty  56.0µs ± 0%  55.7µs ± 0%  -0.49%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise  71.3µs ± 1%  71.7µs ± 1%  +0.62%  (p=0.001 n=10+10)

Like we already do for e.g. _chan, to increase probability that if
something is used after free we get a NULL-dereference crash instead of
more hard-to-understand segfault.

Similarly to situation described in dcf4ebd1 (libgolang: Fix chan.close
to dequeue subscribers atomically), select can be also accessing a
channel object at the time of wakeup when that channel could be already
destroyed: select queues waiters to channels recv/send queues and upon
wakeup needs to dequeue them. This requires locking channels, not to
mention that a channel destroy with non-empty subscribers queue will
trigger bug panic.

Contrary to the fix for recv, we cannot rework select not to access
channel objects after wakeup, because for select upon wakeup all queued
channels could be already destroyed, not only selected one. Thus the fix
here is to incref/decref the channels for the duration where we need to
access them.

The bug was not caught by existing tests and was noted while doing
libgolang.cpp review for concurrency issues. With added test (hereby fix
is served by a bit amended _test_close_wakeup_all) the bug, if not
fixed, renders itself as e.g. the following under TSAN:

WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=4421)
  Write of size 8 at 0x7b1400000650 by thread T9:
    #0 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:649 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
    #1 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:643 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
    #2 golang::_chan::decref() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:479 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4822)
    #3 _chanxdecref golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:461 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x487a)
    #4 golang::chan<int>::operator=(decltype(nullptr)) golang/libgolang.h:296 (_golang_test.so+0x14cf9)
    #5 operator() golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:304 (_golang_test.so+0x14cf9)
    #6 __invoke_impl<void, __test_close_wakeup_all(bool)::<lambda()>&> /usr/include/c++/8/bits/invoke.h:60 (_golang_test.so+0x14cf9)
    #7 __invoke<__test_close_wakeup_all(bool)::<lambda()>&> /usr/include/c++/8/bits/invoke.h:95 (_golang_test.so+0x14cf9)
    #8 __call<void> /usr/include/c++/8/functional:400 (_golang_test.so+0x14cf9)
    #9 operator()<> /usr/include/c++/8/functional:484 (_golang_test.so+0x14cf9)
    #10 _M_invoke /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:297 (_golang_test.so+0x14cf9)
    #11 std::function<void ()>::operator()() const /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:687 (_golang_test.so+0x1850c)
    #12 operator() golang/libgolang.h:273 (_golang_test.so+0x1843a)
    #13 _FUN golang/libgolang.h:271 (_golang_test.so+0x1843a)
    #14 <null> <null> (python2.7+0x1929e3)

  Previous read of size 8 at 0x7b1400000650 by thread T10:
    #0 golang::Sema::acquire() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:168 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x413a)
    #1 golang::Mutex::lock() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:179 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x424a)
    #2 operator() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1044 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x424a)
    #3 _M_invoke /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:297 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x424a)
    #4 std::function<void ()>::operator()() const /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:687 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5f07)
    #5 golang::_deferred::~_deferred() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:215 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5f07)
    #6 __chanselect2 golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1044 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5f07)
    #7 _chanselect2<true> golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:968 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #8 _chanselect golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:963 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #9 select golang/libgolang.h:386 (_golang_test.so+0x14fc1)
    #10 operator() golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:320 (_golang_test.so+0x14fc1)
    #11 __invoke_impl<void, __test_close_wakeup_all(bool)::<lambda()>&> /usr/include/c++/8/bits/invoke.h:60 (_golang_test.so+0x14fc1)
    #12 __invoke<__test_close_wakeup_all(bool)::<lambda()>&> /usr/include/c++/8/bits/invoke.h:95 (_golang_test.so+0x14fc1)
    #13 __call<void> /usr/include/c++/8/functional:400 (_golang_test.so+0x14fc1)
    #14 operator()<> /usr/include/c++/8/functional:484 (_golang_test.so+0x14fc1)
    #15 _M_invoke /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:297 (_golang_test.so+0x14fc1)
    #16 std::function<void ()>::operator()() const /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:687 (_golang_test.so+0x1850c)
    #17 operator() golang/libgolang.h:273 (_golang_test.so+0x183da)
    #18 _FUN golang/libgolang.h:271 (_golang_test.so+0x183da)
    #19 <null> <null> (python2.7+0x1929e3)

  Thread T9 (tid=4661, running) created by main thread at:
    #0 pthread_create ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:915 (libtsan.so.0+0x2be1b)
    #1 PyThread_start_new_thread <null> (python2.7+0x19299f)
    #2 _taskgo golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:123 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x3f98)
    #3 go<__test_close_wakeup_all(bool)::<lambda()> > golang/libgolang.h:271 (_golang_test.so+0x16c94)
    #4 __test_close_wakeup_all(bool) golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:298 (_golang_test.so+0x16c94)
    #5 _test_close_wakeup_all_vsselect() golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:342 (_golang_test.so+0x16f64)
    #6 __pyx_pf_6golang_12_golang_test_24test_close_wakeup_all_vsselect golang/_golang_test.cpp:4013 (_golang_test.so+0xd92a)
    #7 __pyx_pw_6golang_12_golang_test_25test_close_wakeup_all_vsselect golang/_golang_test.cpp:3978 (_golang_test.so+0xd92a)
    #8 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf68b4)

  Thread T10 (tid=4662, running) created by main thread at:
    #0 pthread_create ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:915 (libtsan.so.0+0x2be1b)
    #1 PyThread_start_new_thread <null> (python2.7+0x19299f)
    #2 _taskgo golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:123 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x3f98)
    #3 go<__test_close_wakeup_all(bool)::<lambda()> > golang/libgolang.h:271 (_golang_test.so+0x16d96)
    #4 __test_close_wakeup_all(bool) golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:315 (_golang_test.so+0x16d96)
    #5 _test_close_wakeup_all_vsselect() golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:342 (_golang_test.so+0x16f64)
    #6 __pyx_pf_6golang_12_golang_test_24test_close_wakeup_all_vsselect golang/_golang_test.cpp:4013 (_golang_test.so+0xd92a)
    #7 __pyx_pw_6golang_12_golang_test_25test_close_wakeup_all_vsselect golang/_golang_test.cpp:3978 (_golang_test.so+0xd92a)
    #8 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf68b4)

and reliably crashes under regular builds.

During the second phase of select - after all cases were polled and
noone was found to be ready - cases are queued to corresponding channels
recv and send queues. While that queueing is in progress, a case, that
was already queued, could win (see f0b592b4 "select: Don't let both a
queued and a tried cases win at the same time" for details).

If such won case is detected, we break out of queuing loop, but
currently don't wait for that case to become ready. This is a bug,
because when a case is marked as won, its data is not yet copied - for
example for won recv case if we don't wait for that case to become
ready, we will be returning from select while corresponding *prx and
*rxok for recv waiter is still being copied in progress.

An example TSAN reports for this bug are as follows:

(1) WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=8223)
  Read of size 1 at 0x7b1800000a48 by main thread:
    #0 __chanselect2 golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1112 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5fd6)
    #1 _chanselect2<true> golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:949 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #2 _chanselect golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:944 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #3 __pyx_f_6golang_7_golang__chanselect_pyexc golang/_golang.cpp:5896 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #4 __pyx_pf_6golang_7_golang_4pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4935 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #5 __pyx_pw_6golang_7_golang_5pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4355 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #6 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf0e49)

  Previous write of size 1 at 0x7b1800000a48 by thread T57:
    #0 golang::_RecvSendWaiting::wakeup(bool) golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:346 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x459d)
    #1 golang::_chan::_tryrecv(void*, bool*) golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:730 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x511d)
    #2 __chanselect2 golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1074 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5d4b)
    #3 _chanselect2<true> golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:949 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #4 _chanselect golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:944 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #5 __pyx_f_6golang_7_golang__chanselect_pyexc golang/_golang.cpp:5896 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #6 __pyx_pf_6golang_7_golang_4pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4935 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #7 __pyx_pw_6golang_7_golang_5pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4355 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #8 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf0e49)
    #9 <null> <null> (python2.7+0x1929e3)

  Location is heap block of size 96 at 0x7b1800000a20 allocated by main thread:
    #0 calloc ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:623 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b323)
    #1 calloc ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:618 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b323)
    #2 __chanselect2 golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1018 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5b8c)
    #3 _chanselect2<true> golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:949 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #4 _chanselect golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:944 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6665)
    #5 __pyx_f_6golang_7_golang__chanselect_pyexc golang/_golang.cpp:5896 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #6 __pyx_pf_6golang_7_golang_4pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4935 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #7 __pyx_pw_6golang_7_golang_5pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4355 (_golang.so+0x1deac)
    #8 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf0e49)

  Thread T57 (tid=13758, finished) created by main thread at:
    #0 pthread_create ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:915 (libtsan.so.0+0x2be1b)
    #1 PyThread_start_new_thread <null> (python2.7+0x19299f)
    #2 _taskgo golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:123 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x3f98)
    #3 __pyx_f_6golang_7_golang__taskgo_pyexc golang/_golang.cpp:5926 (_golang.so+0x16f7e)
    #4 __pyx_pf_6golang_7_golang_2pygo golang/_golang.cpp:2399 (_golang.so+0x16f7e)
    #5 __pyx_pw_6golang_7_golang_3pygo golang/_golang.cpp:2324 (_golang.so+0x16f7e)
    #6 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf0e49)

(2) WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=14185)
  Write of size 8 at 0x7b1800003000 by thread T95:
    #0 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:649 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
    #1 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:643 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
    #2 operator() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1023 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x44bd)
    #3 _M_invoke /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:297 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x44bd)
    #4 std::function<void ()>::operator()() const /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:687 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5fd8)
    #5 golang::_deferred::~_deferred() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:215 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5fd8)
    #6 __chanselect2 golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1023 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5fd8)
    #7 _chanselect2<true> golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:949 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6736)
    #8 _chanselect golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:944 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x6736)
    #9 __pyx_f_6golang_7_golang__chanselect_pyexc golang/_golang.cpp:5896 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1e562)
    #10 __pyx_pf_6golang_7_golang_4pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4935 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1e562)
    #11 __pyx_pw_6golang_7_golang_5pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4355 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1e562)
    #12 _PyCFunction_FastCallDict Objects/methodobject.c:231 (python3.6+0xd4db9)
    #13 pythread_wrapper Python/thread_pthread.h:205 (python3.6+0x6c5d6)

  Previous read of size 8 at 0x7b1800003000 by main thread:
    #0 golang::_RecvSendWaiting::wakeup(bool) golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:347 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4769)
    #1 golang::_chan::_trysend(void const*) golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:661 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x5781)
    #2 _chanselect golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:901 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x64d9)
    #3 __pyx_f_6golang_7_golang__chanselect_pyexc golang/_golang.cpp:5896 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1e562)
    #4 __pyx_pf_6golang_7_golang_4pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4935 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1e562)
    #5 __pyx_pw_6golang_7_golang_5pyselect golang/_golang.cpp:4355 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1e562)
    #6 _PyCFunction_FastCallDict Objects/methodobject.c:231 (python3.6+0xd4db9)

  Thread T95 (tid=16547, running) created by main thread at:
    #0 pthread_create ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:915 (libtsan.so.0+0x2be1b)
    #1 PyThread_start_new_thread Python/thread_pthread.h:252 (python3.6+0x6c67e)
    #2 _taskgo golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:123 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4158)
    #3 __pyx_f_6golang_7_golang__taskgo_pyexc golang/_golang.cpp:5926 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1a9b5)
    #4 __pyx_pf_6golang_7_golang_2pygo golang/_golang.cpp:2399 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1a9b5)
    #5 __pyx_pw_6golang_7_golang_3pygo golang/_golang.cpp:2324 (_golang.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so+0x1a9b5)
    #6 _PyCFunction_FastCallDict Objects/methodobject.c:231 (python3.6+0xd4db9)

-> Fix it by always waiting for WaitGroup's won case to become ready.

The bug was introduced in 3b241983 (Port/move channels to C/C++/Pyx). Before
that - when channels were implemented at Python level, we were always waiting
on select's group.

Added test catches the bug on all - even not under TSAN - builds.

Currently chan.close iterates all send/recv subscribers
unlocking/relocking the channel for each and notifying dequeued
subscriber with channel unlocked. This leads to that even if channel had
only one subscriber, chan.close accesses chan._mu again - after
notifying that subscriber. That in turn means that an idiom where e.g.
a done channel is passed to worker, which worker closes at the end, and
main task waiting on the done and destroying done right after wakeup
cannot work - because close, internally, accesses already destroyed
channel as the following TSAN report shows for _test_go_c:

    WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=7143)
      Write of size 8 at 0x7b1400000650 by main thread:
        #0 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:649 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
        #1 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:643 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
        #2 golang::_chan::decref() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:470 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x47f2)
        #3 _chanxdecref golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:452 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x484a)
        #4 _test_go_c golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c:86 (_golang_test.so+0x13a2e)
        #5 __pyx_pf_6golang_12_golang_test_12test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3340 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
        #6 __pyx_pw_6golang_12_golang_test_13test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3305 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
        #7 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf68b4)

      Previous read of size 8 at 0x7b1400000650 by thread T8:
        #0 golang::Sema::acquire() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:164 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x410a)
        #1 golang::Mutex::lock() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:175 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4c82)
        #2 golang::_chan::close() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:754 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4c82)
        #3 _chanclose golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:732 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4d1a)
        #4 _work golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c:92 (_golang_test.so+0x136cc)
        #5 <null> <null> (python2.7+0x1929e3)

      Thread T8 (tid=7311, finished) created by main thread at:
        #0 pthread_create ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:915 (libtsan.so.0+0x2be1b)
        #1 PyThread_start_new_thread <null> (python2.7+0x19299f)
        #2 _taskgo golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:119 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x3f68)
        #3 _test_go_c golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c:84 (_golang_test.so+0x13a1c)
        #4 __pyx_pf_6golang_12_golang_test_12test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3340 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
        #5 __pyx_pw_6golang_12_golang_test_13test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3305 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
        #6 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf68b4)

-> Fix close to dequeue all channel's subscribers atomically, and notify
them all after channel is unlocked and _no_ longer accessed.

Close was already working this way when channels were done at Python
level, but in 3b241983 (Port/move channels to C/C++/Pyx) I introduced
this bug while trying to avoid additional memory allocation in close.

Added test catches the bug on all - even not under TSAN - builds.

----

Added test also reveals another bug: recv<onstack=false> uses channel
after wakeup, and, as at the time of wakeup the channel could be
already destroyed, that segfaults. Fix it by pre-reading in recv
everything needed from _chan object before going to sleep.

This fix cannot go separately from close fix, as fixed close is required
for recv-uses-chan-after-wakeup testcase.

This will be needed in the next patch.

When lambda captures stack-resided variable by reference, it actually
remembers address of that variable and inside lambda code dereferences
that address on variable use. The lifetime of all spawned goroutines in
libgolang_test is subset of test function driver lifetime, so capturing
by reference should be safe in that situation on the first glance.
However for that to work, it is required that stacks of both goroutines
- the main goroutine and spawned goroutine - must be live at the same
time, so that spawned goroutine could safely retrieve a
reference-captured variable located on the main goroutine stack.

This works for thread runtime, but is known not to work for gevent
runtime, where inactive goroutine stack is swapped onto heap and is
generally considered "dead" while that goroutine is parked (see
"Implementation note" in 3b241983 "Port/move channels to C/C++/Pyx" for
details about this).

-> Fix the test by capturing by value in lambdas. What we capture is
usually chan<T> object, which itself is a pointer, so it should not make
a big difference in efficiency. It is also more safe to capture channels
by value, since that automatically incref/decref them and adds extra
protection wrt lifetime management bugs.

NOTE sending/receiving via channels from/to stack-based variables is
always safe - for both thread and gevent runtimes, as channels
implementation explicitly cares for this to work. Once again
"Implementation note" in 3b241983 has the details.

Give what() to PanicError so that uncaught panics give proper message on
std::terminate_handler crash instead of printing just "std::exception",
for example

    terminate called after throwing an instance of 'golang::PanicError'
      what():  chan: decref: free: recvq not empty

instead of

    terminate called after throwing an instance of 'golang::PanicError'
      what():  std::exception