Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2304

* Warn when cyfunction.__[kw]defaults__ is changed

Cython can't make use of these new defaults so it seems sensible
to alert the user (even if we're choosing to allow the assignment
for compatibility reasons).

I know the warning mechanism is somewhat heavy. I think this is
OK because it's unlikely that users will be repeatedly assigning
to these attributes in a time-critical loop.

Doesn't fix https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2650, but hopefully alerts users to it.

CPython added PyMem_RawCalloc and PyMem_Calloc in version 3.5.

The #defines of PyMem_RawMalloc, PyMem_RawRealloc, and PyMem_RawFree
are removed from Cython/Utility/ModuleSetupCode.c since the Raw versions allow
use without the GIL but the non-Raw versions do not.
Co-authored-by: William Schwartz <wkschwartz@gmail.com>

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/3050
Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/3047

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2760

It requires Py_DecodeLocale which appears in 3.5. This is causing
it to fail on Windows. It's somehow passing on Linux for reasons
that I don't understand (but it really shouldn't be)

Specifically this disallows memoryviews, but it extends to any future type that Cython has to generate manual reference counting code for.

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3085

Fixes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4354

As suggested in https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/4471#issuecomment-979489947
I don't think that we're getting any benefit from running the pypy
known bugs test as part of the CI (and it's causing minor problems).

Fixes an issue which Pyston triggers.
See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4200

Exception messages had changed a little

Let a tracing test run slower to prevent div-by-zero crashes in line_profiler due to measured zero runtime.

Python 3.11 hid _PyLong_FormatAdvancedWriter and
_PyFloat_FormatAdvancedWriter. I've disabled USE_UNICODE_WRITER
for the moment but I suspect we want to find replacements in the longer term.

To remove a compiler warning since this slot was added in 3.11a2.

Fixes an issue which Pyston triggers.
See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4200

To silence a compiler warning since it was added in Python 3.11a2.

For 0.29.x branch only.

With reference to https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4365#issuecomment-977023011
in Python 3 PyCode_NewEmpty does everything we need to set
exception traceback code objects.

This change is probably only a real improvement on Py3.11 onwards
(where the replacement for PyCode_new is currently pretty slow).
On earlier version it'll probably be fairly similar (maybe one extra allocation for the cline case?)

"Fixes" a few bugs that are just caused by very small implementation
details, recategorize some others (e.g. those that cimport array
are not expected to ever work)

Follow up to https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/4453 (01d323ab).
That PR creates a temp that's only used in the limited API
(and therefore causes warnings on all other paths)

Now that they've implemented the PyContextVar C API it segfaults instead of just failing.

With reference to https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4365#issuecomment-977023011
in Python 3 PyCode_NewEmpty does everything we need to set
exception traceback code objects.

This change is probably only a real improvement on Py3.11 onwards
(where the replacement for PyCode_new is currently pretty slow).
On earlier version it'll probably be fairly similar (maybe one extra allocation for the cline case?)

Fixes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4296

If there was an error in preparing the function arguments after a
memoryview had already been created, then the memoryview was not
cleaned up correctly.

(This leaves it in the slightly odd position where memoryviews
are cleaned up in the wrapper function on failure, but in the
main function on success. I kind of think it'd be better to clean
them up in the wrapper function in both cases, but I'm reluctant
to mess with a system that largely works.)

For the Limited API, I'm not sure why USE_UNICODE_WRITER was ever
the default - PyObject_Format() is part of the Limited API so
should clearly be preferred.

Python 3.11 hid _PyLong_FormatAdvancedWriter and
_PyFloat_FormatAdvancedWriter. I've disabled USE_UNICODE_WRITER
for the moment but I suspect we want to find replacements in the longer term.

Exception messages had changed a little

If I understand correctly, the Cython-specific reimplementation
of trashcan isn't needed of Python 3.8+ (because the patch it
was based on was merged into Python). Therefore on these versions
it can be disabled and the Python macros used instead.

This is specifically needed for Python 3.11 since it removes or
hides functions that are used in the Cython reimplementation.
However, I've gone back further.

The type for the self argument for binops depends on the compile
directives. Therefore it needs a set of type slots that depends
on the compiler directives.

I've therefore got rid of the big static list of typeslots in
TypeSlots.py in favour of a class that defines them all (and
can be initialized with suitable compiler directives as needed).
This involves moving a static dictionary and list out of the
global scope too, so that they too can be part of the class.
The passing of the dictionary and list to all the constructors
is a bit awkward

Fixes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4434