When we have the no_holes feature enabled, if a we truncate a file to a
smaller size, truncate it again but to a size greater than or equals to
its original size and fsync it, the log tree will not have any information
about the hole covering the range [truncate_1_offset, new_file_size[.
Which means if the fsync log is replayed, the file will remain with the
state it had before both truncate operations.

Without the no_holes feature this does not happen, since when the inode
is logged (full sync flag is set) it will find in the fs/subvol tree a
leaf with a generation matching the current transaction id that has an
explicit extent item representing the hole.

Fix this by adding an explicit extent item representing a hole between
the last extent and the inode's i_size if we are doing a full sync.

The issue is easy to reproduce with the following test case for fstests:

  . ./common/rc
  . ./common/filter
  . ./common/dmflakey

  _need_to_be_root
  _supported_fs generic
  _supported_os Linux
  _require_scratch
  _require_dm_flakey

  # This test was motivated by an issue found in btrfs when the btrfs
  # no-holes feature is enabled (introduced in kernel 3.14). So enable
  # the feature if the fs being tested is btrfs.
  if [ $FSTYP == "btrfs" ]; then
      _require_btrfs_fs_feature "no_holes"
      _require_btrfs_mkfs_feature "no-holes"
      MKFS_OPTIONS="$MKFS_OPTIONS -O no-holes"
  fi

  rm -f $seqres.full

  _scratch_mkfs >>$seqres.full 2>&1
  _init_flakey
  _mount_flakey

  # Create our test files and make sure everything is durably persisted.
  $XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "pwrite -S 0xaa 0 64K"         \
                  -c "pwrite -S 0xbb 64K 61K"       \
                  $SCRATCH_MNT/foo | _filter_xfs_io
  $XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "pwrite -S 0xee 0 64K"         \
                  -c "pwrite -S 0xff 64K 61K"       \
                  $SCRATCH_MNT/bar | _filter_xfs_io
  sync

  # Now truncate our file foo to a smaller size (64Kb) and then truncate
  # it to the size it had before the shrinking truncate (125Kb). Then
  # fsync our file. If a power failure happens after the fsync, we expect
  # our file to have a size of 125Kb, with the first 64Kb of data having
  # the value 0xaa and the second 61Kb of data having the value 0x00.
  $XFS_IO_PROG -c "truncate 64K" \
               -c "truncate 125K" \
               -c "fsync" \
               $SCRATCH_MNT/foo

  # Do something similar to our file bar, but the first truncation sets
  # the file size to 0 and the second truncation expands the size to the
  # double of what it was initially.
  $XFS_IO_PROG -c "truncate 0" \
               -c "truncate 253K" \
               -c "fsync" \
               $SCRATCH_MNT/bar

  _load_flakey_table $FLAKEY_DROP_WRITES
  _unmount_flakey

  # Allow writes again, mount to trigger log replay and validate file
  # contents.
  _load_flakey_table $FLAKEY_ALLOW_WRITES
  _mount_flakey

  # We expect foo to have a size of 125Kb, the first 64Kb of data all
  # having the value 0xaa and the remaining 61Kb to be a hole (all bytes
  # with value 0x00).
  echo "File foo content after log replay:"
  od -t x1 $SCRATCH_MNT/foo

  # We expect bar to have a size of 253Kb and no extents (any byte read
  # from bar has the value 0x00).
  echo "File bar content after log replay:"
  od -t x1 $SCRATCH_MNT/bar

  status=0
  exit

The expected file contents in the golden output are:

  File foo content after log replay:
  0000000 aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
  *
  0200000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  *
  0372000
  File bar content after log replay:
  0000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  *
  0772000

Without this fix, their contents are:

  File foo content after log replay:
  0000000 aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
  *
  0200000 bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
  *
  0372000
  File bar content after log replay:
  0000000 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee
  *
  0200000 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
  *
  0372000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  *
  0772000

A test case submission for fstests follows soon.
Signed-off-by: Filipe Manana <fdmanana@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Bo <bo.li.liu@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <clm@fb.com>