• Daniel Borkmann's avatar
    bpf: add generic constant blinding for use in jits · 4f3446bb
    Daniel Borkmann authored
    This work adds a generic facility for use from eBPF JIT compilers
    that allows for further hardening of JIT generated images through
    blinding constants. In response to the original work on BPF JIT
    spraying published by Keegan McAllister [1], most BPF JITs were
    changed to make images read-only and start at a randomized offset
    in the page, where the rest was filled with trap instructions. We
    have this nowadays in x86, arm, arm64 and s390 JIT compilers.
    Additionally, later work also made eBPF interpreter images read
    only for kernels supporting DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX, that is, x86,
    arm, arm64 and s390 archs as well currently. This is done by
    default for mentioned JITs when JITing is enabled. Furthermore,
    we had a generic and configurable constant blinding facility on our
    todo for quite some time now to further make spraying harder, and
    first implementation since around netconf 2016.
    
    We found that for systems where untrusted users can load cBPF/eBPF
    code where JIT is enabled, start offset randomization helps a bit
    to make jumps into crafted payload harder, but in case where larger
    programs that cross page boundary are injected, we again have some
    part of the program opcodes at a page start offset. With improved
    guessing and more reliable payload injection, chances can increase
    to jump into such payload. Elena Reshetova recently wrote a test
    case for it [2, 3]. Moreover, eBPF comes with 64 bit constants, which
    can leave some more room for payloads. Note that for all this,
    additional bugs in the kernel are still required to make the jump
    (and of course to guess right, to not jump into a trap) and naturally
    the JIT must be enabled, which is disabled by default.
    
    For helping mitigation, the general idea is to provide an option
    bpf_jit_harden that admins can tweak along with bpf_jit_enable, so
    that for cases where JIT should be enabled for performance reasons,
    the generated image can be further hardened with blinding constants
    for unpriviledged users (bpf_jit_harden == 1), with trading off
    performance for these, but not for privileged ones. We also added
    the option of blinding for all users (bpf_jit_harden == 2), which
    is quite helpful for testing f.e. with test_bpf.ko. There are no
    further e.g. hardening levels of bpf_jit_harden switch intended,
    rationale is to have it dead simple to use as on/off. Since this
    functionality would need to be duplicated over and over for JIT
    compilers to use, which are already complex enough, we provide a
    generic eBPF byte-code level based blinding implementation, which is
    then just transparently JITed. JIT compilers need to make only a few
    changes to integrate this facility and can be migrated one by one.
    
    This option is for eBPF JITs and will be used in x86, arm64, s390
    without too much effort, and soon ppc64 JITs, thus that native eBPF
    can be blinded as well as cBPF to eBPF migrations, so that both can
    be covered with a single implementation. The rule for JITs is that
    bpf_jit_blind_constants() must be called from bpf_int_jit_compile(),
    and in case blinding is disabled, we follow normally with JITing the
    passed program. In case blinding is enabled and we fail during the
    process of blinding itself, we must return with the interpreter.
    Similarly, in case the JITing process after the blinding failed, we
    return normally to the interpreter with the non-blinded code. Meaning,
    interpreter doesn't change in any way and operates on eBPF code as
    usual. For doing this pre-JIT blinding step, we need to make use of
    a helper/auxiliary register, here BPF_REG_AX. This is strictly internal
    to the JIT and not in any way part of the eBPF architecture. Just like
    in the same way as JITs internally make use of some helper registers
    when emitting code, only that here the helper register is one
    abstraction level higher in eBPF bytecode, but nevertheless in JIT
    phase. That helper register is needed since f.e. manually written
    program can issue loads to all registers of eBPF architecture.
    
    The core concept with the additional register is: blind out all 32
    and 64 bit constants by converting BPF_K based instructions into a
    small sequence from K_VAL into ((RND ^ K_VAL) ^ RND). Therefore, this
    is transformed into: BPF_REG_AX := (RND ^ K_VAL), BPF_REG_AX ^= RND,
    and REG <OP> BPF_REG_AX, so actual operation on the target register
    is translated from BPF_K into BPF_X one that is operating on
    BPF_REG_AX's content. During rewriting phase when blinding, RND is
    newly generated via prandom_u32() for each processed instruction.
    64 bit loads are split into two 32 bit loads to make translation and
    patching not too complex. Only basic thing required by JITs is to
    call the helper bpf_jit_blind_constants()/bpf_jit_prog_release_other()
    pair, and to map BPF_REG_AX into an unused register.
    
    Small bpf_jit_disasm extract from [2] when applied to x86 JIT:
    
    echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_harden
    
      ffffffffa034f5e9 + <x>:
      [...]
      39:   mov    $0xa8909090,%eax
      3e:   mov    $0xa8909090,%eax
      43:   mov    $0xa8ff3148,%eax
      48:   mov    $0xa89081b4,%eax
      4d:   mov    $0xa8900bb0,%eax
      52:   mov    $0xa810e0c1,%eax
      57:   mov    $0xa8908eb4,%eax
      5c:   mov    $0xa89020b0,%eax
      [...]
    
    echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_harden
    
      ffffffffa034f1e5 + <x>:
      [...]
      39:   mov    $0xe1192563,%r10d
      3f:   xor    $0x4989b5f3,%r10d
      46:   mov    %r10d,%eax
      49:   mov    $0xb8296d93,%r10d
      4f:   xor    $0x10b9fd03,%r10d
      56:   mov    %r10d,%eax
      59:   mov    $0x8c381146,%r10d
      5f:   xor    $0x24c7200e,%r10d
      66:   mov    %r10d,%eax
      69:   mov    $0xeb2a830e,%r10d
      6f:   xor    $0x43ba02ba,%r10d
      76:   mov    %r10d,%eax
      79:   mov    $0xd9730af,%r10d
      7f:   xor    $0xa5073b1f,%r10d
      86:   mov    %r10d,%eax
      89:   mov    $0x9a45662b,%r10d
      8f:   xor    $0x325586ea,%r10d
      96:   mov    %r10d,%eax
      [...]
    
    As can be seen, original constants that carry payload are hidden
    when enabled, actual operations are transformed from constant-based
    to register-based ones, making jumps into constants ineffective.
    Above extract/example uses single BPF load instruction over and
    over, but of course all instructions with constants are blinded.
    
    Performance wise, JIT with blinding performs a bit slower than just
    JIT and faster than interpreter case. This is expected, since we
    still get all the performance benefits from JITing and in normal
    use-cases not every single instruction needs to be blinded. Summing
    up all 296 test cases averaged over multiple runs from test_bpf.ko
    suite, interpreter was 55% slower than JIT only and JIT with blinding
    was 8% slower than JIT only. Since there are also some extremes in
    the test suite, I expect for ordinary workloads that the performance
    for the JIT with blinding case is even closer to JIT only case,
    f.e. nmap test case from suite has averaged timings in ns 29 (JIT),
    35 (+ blinding), and 151 (interpreter).
    
    BPF test suite, seccomp test suite, eBPF sample code and various
    bigger networking eBPF programs have been tested with this and were
    running fine. For testing purposes, I also adapted interpreter and
    redirected blinded eBPF image to interpreter and also here all tests
    pass.
    
      [1] http://mainisusuallyafunction.blogspot.com/2012/11/attacking-hardened-linux-systems-with.html
      [2] https://github.com/01org/jit-spray-poc-for-ksp/
      [3] http://www.openwall.com/lists/kernel-hardening/2016/05/03/5Signed-off-by: default avatarDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
    Reviewed-by: default avatarElena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
    Acked-by: default avatarAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
    4f3446bb
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