Merge several updates to the ARS implementation. Highlights include:

* Support retrieval of short-ARS results if the ARS state is "requires
  continuation", and even if the "no_init_ars" module parameter is
  specified.
* Allow busy-polling of the kernel ARS state by allowing root to reset
  the exponential back-off timer.
* Filter potentially stale ARS results by tracking query-ARS relative to
  the previous start-ARS.