When nfsd is exporting a filesystem over NFS which is then NFS-mounted
on the local machine there is a risk of deadlock.  This happens when
there are lots of dirty pages in the NFS filesystem and they cause NFSD
to be throttled, either in throttle_vm_writeout() or in
balance_dirty_pages().

To avoid this problem the PF_LESS_THROTTLE flag is set for NFSD threads
and it provides a 25% increase to the limits that affect NFSD.  Any
process writing to an NFS filesystem will be throttled well before the
number of dirty NFS pages reaches the limit imposed on NFSD, so NFSD
will not deadlock on pages that it needs to write out.  At least it
shouldn't.

All processes are allowed a small excess margin to avoid performing too
many calculations: ratelimit_pages.

ratelimit_pages is set so that if a thread on every CPU uses the entire
margin, the total will only go 3% over the limit, and this is much less
than the 25% bonus that PF_LESS_THROTTLE provides, so this margin
shouldn't be a problem.  But it is.

The "total memory" that these 3% and 25% are calculated against are not
really total memory but are "global_dirtyable_memory()" which doesn't
include anonymous memory, just free memory and page-cache memory.

The "ratelimit_pages" number is based on whatever the
global_dirtyable_memory was on the last CPU hot-plug, which might not be
what you expect, but is probably close to the total freeable memory.

The throttle threshold uses the global_dirtable_memory at the moment
when the throttling happens, which could be much less than at the last
CPU hotplug.  So if lots of anonymous memory has been allocated, thus
pushing out lots of page-cache pages, then NFSD might end up being
throttled due to dirty NFS pages because the "25%" bonus it gets is
calculated against a rather small amount of dirtyable memory, while the
"3%" margin that other processes are allowed to dirty without penalty is
calculated against a much larger number.

To remove this possibility of deadlock we need to make sure that the
margin granted to PF_LESS_THROTTLE exceeds that rate-limit margin.
Simply adding ratelimit_pages isn't enough as that should be multiplied
by the number of cpus.

So add "global_wb_domain.dirty_limit / 32" as that more accurately
reflects the current total over-shoot margin.  This ensures that the
number of dirty NFS pages never gets so high that nfsd will be throttled
waiting for them to be written.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/87futgowwv.fsf@notabene.neil.brown.nameSigned-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>