Merge tag 'iio-for-v3.7a' of...

Merge tag 'iio-for-v3.7a' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jic23/iio into staging-next

First set of IIO rework and new drivers for 3.7 cycle.

New MXS adc driver form Marek Vasut with a minor addition
to the example code to support 4 byte reads.

First of I suspect many devm conversion patches form Julia Lawall
Some module_platform_driver uses that somehow got missed the
first time around.

Couple of other useful cleanups.

Documentation/devicetree/bindings/staging/iio/adc/mxs-lradc.txt

+* Freescale i.MX28 LRADC device driver
+
+Required properties:
+- compatible: Should be "fsl,imx28-lradc"
+- reg: Address and length of the register set for the device
+- interrupts: Should contain the LRADC interrupts
+
+Examples:
+
+	lradc@80050000 {
+		compatible = "fsl,imx28-lradc";
+		reg = <0x80050000 0x2000>;
+		interrupts = <10 14 15 16 17 18 19
+				20 21 22 23 24 25>;
+	};

drivers/iio/adc/at91_adc.c

@@ -545,13 +545,6 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 		goto error_free_device;
 	}
 
-	res = platform_get_resource(pdev, IORESOURCE_MEM, 0);
-	if (!res) {
-		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "No resource defined\n");
-		ret = -ENXIO;
-		goto error_ret;
-	}
-
 	platform_set_drvdata(pdev, idev);
 
 	idev->dev.parent = &pdev->dev;
@@ -566,18 +559,12 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 		goto error_free_device;
 	}
 
-	if (!request_mem_region(res->start, resource_size(res),
-				"AT91 adc registers")) {
-		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Resources are unavailable.\n");
-		ret = -EBUSY;
-		goto error_free_device;
-	}
+	res = platform_get_resource(pdev, IORESOURCE_MEM, 0);
 
-	st->reg_base = ioremap(res->start, resource_size(res));
+	st->reg_base = devm_request_and_ioremap(&pdev->dev, res);
 	if (!st->reg_base) {
-		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Failed to map registers.\n");
 		ret = -ENOMEM;
-		goto error_release_mem;
+		goto error_free_device;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -592,10 +579,10 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 			  idev);
 	if (ret) {
 		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Failed to allocate IRQ.\n");
-		goto error_unmap_reg;
+		goto error_free_device;
 	}
 
-	st->clk = clk_get(&pdev->dev, "adc_clk");
+	st->clk = devm_clk_get(&pdev->dev, "adc_clk");
 	if (IS_ERR(st->clk)) {
 		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Failed to get the clock.\n");
 		ret = PTR_ERR(st->clk);
@@ -605,7 +592,7 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 	ret = clk_prepare(st->clk);
 	if (ret) {
 		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Could not prepare the clock.\n");
-		goto error_free_clk;
+		goto error_free_irq;
 	}
 
 	ret = clk_enable(st->clk);
@@ -614,7 +601,7 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 		goto error_unprepare_clk;
 	}
 
-	st->adc_clk = clk_get(&pdev->dev, "adc_op_clk");
+	st->adc_clk = devm_clk_get(&pdev->dev, "adc_op_clk");
 	if (IS_ERR(st->adc_clk)) {
 		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Failed to get the ADC clock.\n");
 		ret = PTR_ERR(st->clk);
@@ -624,7 +611,7 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 	ret = clk_prepare(st->adc_clk);
 	if (ret) {
 		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Could not prepare the ADC clock.\n");
-		goto error_free_adc_clk;
+		goto error_disable_clk;
 	}
 
 	ret = clk_enable(st->adc_clk);
@@ -697,20 +684,12 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 	clk_disable(st->adc_clk);
 error_unprepare_adc_clk:
 	clk_unprepare(st->adc_clk);
-error_free_adc_clk:
-	clk_put(st->adc_clk);
 error_disable_clk:
 	clk_disable(st->clk);
 error_unprepare_clk:
 	clk_unprepare(st->clk);
-error_free_clk:
-	clk_put(st->clk);
 error_free_irq:
 	free_irq(st->irq, idev);
-error_unmap_reg:
-	iounmap(st->reg_base);
-error_release_mem:
-	release_mem_region(res->start, resource_size(res));
 error_free_device:
 	iio_device_free(idev);
 error_ret:
@@ -720,20 +699,15 @@ static int __devinit at91_adc_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 static int __devexit at91_adc_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
 {
 	struct iio_dev *idev = platform_get_drvdata(pdev);
-	struct resource *res = platform_get_resource(pdev, IORESOURCE_MEM, 0);
 	struct at91_adc_state *st = iio_priv(idev);
 
 	iio_device_unregister(idev);
 	at91_adc_trigger_remove(idev);
 	at91_adc_buffer_remove(idev);
 	clk_disable_unprepare(st->adc_clk);
-	clk_put(st->adc_clk);
 	clk_disable(st->clk);
 	clk_unprepare(st->clk);
-	clk_put(st->clk);
 	free_irq(st->irq, idev);
-	iounmap(st->reg_base);
-	release_mem_region(res->start, resource_size(res));
 	iio_device_free(idev);
 
 	return 0;

drivers/staging/iio/Documentation/generic_buffer.c

@@ -104,6 +104,16 @@ void process_scan(char *data,
 			print2byte(*(uint16_t *)(data + channels[k].location),
 				   &channels[k]);
 			break;
+		case 4:
+			if (!channels[k].is_signed) {
+				uint32_t val = *(uint32_t *)
+					(data + channels[k].location);
+				printf("%05f ", ((float)val +
+						 channels[k].offset)*
+				       channels[k].scale);
+
+			}
+			break;
 		case 8:
 			if (channels[k].is_signed) {
 				int64_t val = *(int64_t *)

drivers/staging/iio/accel/adis16201_core.c

@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ static int adis16201_write_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 	return -EINVAL;
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16201_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16201_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/accel/adis16203_core.c

@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ static int adis16203_read_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 	}
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16203_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16203_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/accel/adis16204_core.c

@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ static int adis16204_write_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 	return -EINVAL;
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16204_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16204_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1, /* Note was not previously indexed */

drivers/staging/iio/accel/adis16209_core.c

@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ static int adis16209_read_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 	return -EINVAL;
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16209_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16209_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/accel/adis16220_core.c

@@ -372,8 +372,7 @@ static ssize_t adis16220_accel_bin_read(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
 					loff_t off,
 					size_t count)
 {
-	struct device *dev = container_of(kobj, struct device, kobj);
-	struct iio_dev *indio_dev = dev_to_iio_dev(dev);
+	struct iio_dev *indio_dev = dev_to_iio_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
 
 	return adis16220_capture_buffer_read(indio_dev, buf,
 					off, count,
@@ -394,8 +393,7 @@ static ssize_t adis16220_adc1_bin_read(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
 				char *buf, loff_t off,
 				size_t count)
 {
-	struct device *dev = container_of(kobj, struct device, kobj);
-	struct iio_dev *indio_dev = dev_to_iio_dev(dev);
+	struct iio_dev *indio_dev = dev_to_iio_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
 
 	return adis16220_capture_buffer_read(indio_dev, buf,
 					off, count,
@@ -416,8 +414,7 @@ static ssize_t adis16220_adc2_bin_read(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
 				char *buf, loff_t off,
 				size_t count)
 {
-	struct device *dev = container_of(kobj, struct device, kobj);
-	struct iio_dev *indio_dev = dev_to_iio_dev(dev);
+	struct iio_dev *indio_dev = dev_to_iio_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
 
 	return adis16220_capture_buffer_read(indio_dev, buf,
 					off, count,

drivers/staging/iio/accel/adis16240_core.c

@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ static int adis16240_write_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 	return -EINVAL;
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16240_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16240_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/accel/kxsd9.c

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ static int kxsd9_read_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 		.address = KXSD9_REG_##axis,				\
 	}
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec kxsd9_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec kxsd9_channels[] = {
 	KXSD9_ACCEL_CHAN(X), KXSD9_ACCEL_CHAN(Y), KXSD9_ACCEL_CHAN(Z),
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,

drivers/staging/iio/accel/lis3l02dq_core.c

@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ static irqreturn_t lis3l02dq_event_handler(int irq, void *private)
 		.event_mask = LIS3L02DQ_EVENT_MASK,		\
 	 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec lis3l02dq_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec lis3l02dq_channels[] = {
 	LIS3L02DQ_CHAN(0, IIO_MOD_X),
 	LIS3L02DQ_CHAN(1, IIO_MOD_Y),
 	LIS3L02DQ_CHAN(2, IIO_MOD_Z),

drivers/staging/iio/accel/sca3000_core.c

@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ static IIO_DEVICE_ATTR(revision, S_IRUGO, sca3000_show_rev, NULL, 0);
 		.event_mask = SCA3000_EVENT_MASK,		\
 	 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec sca3000_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec sca3000_channels[] = {
 	SCA3000_CHAN(0, IIO_MOD_X),
 	SCA3000_CHAN(1, IIO_MOD_Y),
 	SCA3000_CHAN(2, IIO_MOD_Z),

drivers/staging/iio/adc/Kconfig

@@ -200,6 +200,18 @@ config LPC32XX_ADC
 	  activate only one via device tree selection.  Provides direct access
 	  via sysfs.
 
+config MXS_LRADC
+	tristate "Freescale i.MX28 LRADC"
+	depends on ARCH_MXS
+	select IIO_BUFFER
+	select IIO_TRIGGERED_BUFFER
+	help
+	  Say yes here to build support for i.MX28 LRADC convertor
+	  built into these chips.
+
+	  To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the
+	  module will be called mxs-lradc.
+
 config SPEAR_ADC
 	tristate "ST SPEAr ADC"
 	depends on PLAT_SPEAR

drivers/staging/iio/adc/Makefile

@@ -38,4 +38,5 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_ADT7310) += adt7310.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_ADT7410) += adt7410.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_AD7280) += ad7280a.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_LPC32XX_ADC) += lpc32xx_adc.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_MXS_LRADC) += mxs-lradc.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SPEAR_ADC) += spear_adc.o

drivers/staging/iio/adc/ad7192.c

@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ static const struct iio_info ad7195_info = {
 	  .scan_index = _si,						\
 	  .scan_type =  IIO_ST('s', 24, 32, 0)}
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ad7192_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ad7192_channels[] = {
 	AD7192_CHAN_DIFF(1, 2, NULL, AD7192_CH_AIN1P_AIN2M, 0),
 	AD7192_CHAN_DIFF(3, 4, NULL, AD7192_CH_AIN3P_AIN4M, 1),
 	AD7192_CHAN_TEMP(0, AD7192_CH_TEMP, 2),

drivers/staging/iio/adc/ad7298_core.c

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 		},							\
 	}
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ad7298_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ad7298_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_TEMP,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/adc/ad7606.h

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ struct ad7606_platform_data {
 struct ad7606_chip_info {
 	const char			*name;
 	u16				int_vref_mv;
-	struct iio_chan_spec		*channels;
+	const struct iio_chan_spec	*channels;
 	unsigned			num_channels;
 };
 

drivers/staging/iio/adc/ad7606_core.c

@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ static const struct attribute_group ad7606_attribute_group_range = {
 		.scan_type = IIO_ST('s', 16, 16, 0),		\
 	}
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_8_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_8_channels[] = {
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(0),
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(1),
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(2),
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ static struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_8_channels[] = {
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(8),
 };
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_6_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_6_channels[] = {
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(0),
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(1),
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(2),
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ static struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_6_channels[] = {
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(6),
 };
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_4_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ad7606_4_channels[] = {
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(0),
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(1),
 	AD7606_CHANNEL(2),

drivers/staging/iio/adc/lpc32xx_adc.c

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ static const struct iio_info lpc32xx_adc_iio_info = {
 	.scan_index = _index,				\
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec lpc32xx_adc_iio_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec lpc32xx_adc_iio_channels[] = {
 	LPC32XX_ADC_CHANNEL(0),
 	LPC32XX_ADC_CHANNEL(1),
 	LPC32XX_ADC_CHANNEL(2),

drivers/staging/iio/adc/max1363.h

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ enum max1363_modes {
  */
 struct max1363_chip_info {
 	const struct iio_info		*info;
-	struct iio_chan_spec *channels;
+	const struct iio_chan_spec *channels;
 	int num_channels;
 	const enum max1363_modes	*mode_list;
 	enum max1363_modes		default_mode;

drivers/staging/iio/adc/max1363_core.c

@@ -335,12 +335,12 @@ static const enum max1363_modes max1363_mode_list[] = {
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(8)			\
 	}
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1036_channels[] = MAX1363_4X_CHANS(8, 0);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1136_channels[] = MAX1363_4X_CHANS(10, 0);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1236_channels[] = MAX1363_4X_CHANS(12, 0);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1361_channels[] =
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1036_channels[] = MAX1363_4X_CHANS(8, 0);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1136_channels[] = MAX1363_4X_CHANS(10, 0);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1236_channels[] = MAX1363_4X_CHANS(12, 0);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1361_channels[] =
 	MAX1363_4X_CHANS(10, MAX1363_EV_M);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1363_channels[] =
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1363_channels[] =
 	MAX1363_4X_CHANS(12, MAX1363_EV_M);
 
 /* Applies to max1236, max1237 */
@@ -392,9 +392,9 @@ static const enum max1363_modes max1238_mode_list[] = {
 	MAX1363_CHAN_B(11, 10, d11m10, 23, bits, 0),	\
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(24)			\
 	}
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1038_channels[] = MAX1363_12X_CHANS(8);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1138_channels[] = MAX1363_12X_CHANS(10);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max1238_channels[] = MAX1363_12X_CHANS(12);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1038_channels[] = MAX1363_12X_CHANS(8);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1138_channels[] = MAX1363_12X_CHANS(10);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max1238_channels[] = MAX1363_12X_CHANS(12);
 
 static const enum max1363_modes max11607_mode_list[] = {
 	_s0, _s1, _s2, _s3,
@@ -433,9 +433,9 @@ static const enum max1363_modes max11608_mode_list[] = {
 	MAX1363_CHAN_B(7, 6, d7m6, 15, bits, 0),	\
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(16)			\
 }
-static struct iio_chan_spec max11602_channels[] = MAX1363_8X_CHANS(8);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max11608_channels[] = MAX1363_8X_CHANS(10);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max11614_channels[] = MAX1363_8X_CHANS(12);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max11602_channels[] = MAX1363_8X_CHANS(8);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max11608_channels[] = MAX1363_8X_CHANS(10);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max11614_channels[] = MAX1363_8X_CHANS(12);
 
 static const enum max1363_modes max11644_mode_list[] = {
 	_s0, _s1, s0to1, d0m1, d1m0,
@@ -449,8 +449,8 @@ static const enum max1363_modes max11644_mode_list[] = {
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(4)			\
 	}
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec max11646_channels[] = MAX1363_2X_CHANS(10);
-static struct iio_chan_spec max11644_channels[] = MAX1363_2X_CHANS(12);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max11646_channels[] = MAX1363_2X_CHANS(10);
+static const struct iio_chan_spec max11644_channels[] = MAX1363_2X_CHANS(12);
 
 enum { max1361,
        max1362,

drivers/staging/iio/adc/spear_adc.c

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ static int spear_read_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 	},						\
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec spear_adc_iio_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec spear_adc_iio_channels[] = {
 	SPEAR_ADC_CHAN(0),
 	SPEAR_ADC_CHAN(1),
 	SPEAR_ADC_CHAN(2),

drivers/staging/iio/iio_hwmon.c

@@ -215,17 +215,7 @@ static struct platform_driver __refdata iio_hwmon_driver = {
 	.remove = __devexit_p(iio_hwmon_remove),
 };
 
-static int iio_inkern_init(void)
-{
-	return platform_driver_register(&iio_hwmon_driver);
-}
-module_init(iio_inkern_init);
-
-static void iio_inkern_exit(void)
-{
-	platform_driver_unregister(&iio_hwmon_driver);
-}
-module_exit(iio_inkern_exit);
+module_platform_driver(iio_hwmon_driver);
 
 MODULE_AUTHOR("Jonathan Cameron <jic23@cam.ac.uk>");
 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("IIO to hwmon driver");

drivers/staging/iio/iio_simple_dummy.c

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static const struct iio_dummy_accel_calibscale dummy_scales[] = {
  * This array of structures tells the IIO core about what the device
  * actually provides for a given channel.
  */
-static struct iio_chan_spec iio_dummy_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec iio_dummy_channels[] = {
 	/* indexed ADC channel in_voltage0_raw etc */
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,

drivers/staging/iio/impedance-analyzer/ad5933.c

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ static struct ad5933_platform_data ad5933_default_pdata  = {
 	.vref_mv = 3300,
 };
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ad5933_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ad5933_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_TEMP,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/imu/adis16400_core.c

@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ static int adis16400_read_raw(struct iio_dev *indio_dev,
 	}
 }
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16400_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16400_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ static struct iio_chan_spec adis16400_channels[] = {
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(12)
 };
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16350_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16350_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ static struct iio_chan_spec adis16350_channels[] = {
 	IIO_CHAN_SOFT_TIMESTAMP(11)
 };
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec adis16300_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec adis16300_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/meter/ade7758.h

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ struct ade7758_state {
 	u8			*tx;
 	u8			*rx;
 	struct mutex		buf_lock;
-	struct iio_chan_spec	*ade7758_ring_channels;
+	const struct iio_chan_spec *ade7758_ring_channels;
 	struct spi_transfer	ring_xfer[4];
 	struct spi_message	ring_msg;
 	/*

drivers/staging/iio/meter/ade7758_core.c

@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ static const struct attribute_group ade7758_attribute_group = {
 	.attrs = ade7758_attributes,
 };
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ade7758_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ade7758_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
 		.indexed = 1,

drivers/staging/iio/resolver/ad2s1210.c

@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ static IIO_DEVICE_ATTR(lot_low_thrd, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
 		       AD2S1210_REG_LOT_LOW_THRD);
 
 
-static struct iio_chan_spec ad2s1210_channels[] = {
+static const struct iio_chan_spec ad2s1210_channels[] = {
 	{
 		.type = IIO_ANGL,
 		.indexed = 1,