Commit 70bace8c authored by Randy Dunlap's avatar Randy Dunlap Committed by Linus Torvalds

Documentation/vm/: split txt and source files

Documentation/vm/:
Expose example and tool source files in the Documentation/ directory in
their own files instead of being buried (almost hidden) in readme/txt files.
This should help to prevent bitrot.

This will make them more visible/usable to users who may need
to use them, to developers who may need to test with them, and
to anyone who would fix/update them if they were more visible.

Also, if any of these possibly should not be in the kernel tree at
all, it will be clearer that they are here and we can discuss if
they should be removed.

Also build the recently-added map_hugetlb.c.
Make several functions static to prevent linker warnings.
Signed-off-by: default avatarRandy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Acked-by: default avatarEric B Munson <ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: default avatarAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: default avatarLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
parent 1e0051ae
...@@ -4,23 +4,35 @@ active_mm.txt ...@@ -4,23 +4,35 @@ active_mm.txt
- An explanation from Linus about tsk->active_mm vs tsk->mm. - An explanation from Linus about tsk->active_mm vs tsk->mm.
balance balance
- various information on memory balancing. - various information on memory balancing.
hugepage-mmap.c
- Example app using huge page memory with the mmap system call.
hugepage-shm.c
- Example app using huge page memory with Sys V shared memory system calls.
hugetlbpage.txt hugetlbpage.txt
- a brief summary of hugetlbpage support in the Linux kernel. - a brief summary of hugetlbpage support in the Linux kernel.
hwpoison.txt
- explains what hwpoison is
ksm.txt ksm.txt
- how to use the Kernel Samepage Merging feature. - how to use the Kernel Samepage Merging feature.
locking locking
- info on how locking and synchronization is done in the Linux vm code. - info on how locking and synchronization is done in the Linux vm code.
map_hugetlb.c
- an example program that uses the MAP_HUGETLB mmap flag.
numa numa
- information about NUMA specific code in the Linux vm. - information about NUMA specific code in the Linux vm.
numa_memory_policy.txt numa_memory_policy.txt
- documentation of concepts and APIs of the 2.6 memory policy support. - documentation of concepts and APIs of the 2.6 memory policy support.
overcommit-accounting overcommit-accounting
- description of the Linux kernels overcommit handling modes. - description of the Linux kernels overcommit handling modes.
page-types.c
- Tool for querying page flags
page_migration page_migration
- description of page migration in NUMA systems. - description of page migration in NUMA systems.
pagemap.txt
- pagemap, from the userspace perspective
slabinfo.c slabinfo.c
- source code for a tool to get reports about slabs. - source code for a tool to get reports about slabs.
slub.txt slub.txt
- a short users guide for SLUB. - a short users guide for SLUB.
map_hugetlb.c unevictable-lru.txt
- an example program that uses the MAP_HUGETLB mmap flag. - Unevictable LRU infrastructure
...@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ...@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
obj- := dummy.o obj- := dummy.o
# List of programs to build # List of programs to build
hostprogs-y := slabinfo page-types hostprogs-y := slabinfo page-types hugepage-mmap hugepage-shm map_hugetlb
# Tell kbuild to always build the programs # Tell kbuild to always build the programs
always := $(hostprogs-y) always := $(hostprogs-y)
/*
* hugepage-mmap:
*
* Example of using huge page memory in a user application using the mmap
* system call. Before running this application, make sure that the
* administrator has mounted the hugetlbfs filesystem (on some directory
* like /mnt) using the command mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /mnt. In this
* example, the app is requesting memory of size 256MB that is backed by
* huge pages.
*
* For the ia64 architecture, the Linux kernel reserves Region number 4 for
* huge pages. That means that if one requires a fixed address, a huge page
* aligned address starting with 0x800000... will be required. If a fixed
* address is not required, the kernel will select an address in the proper
* range.
* Other architectures, such as ppc64, i386 or x86_64 are not so constrained.
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define FILE_NAME "/mnt/hugepagefile"
#define LENGTH (256UL*1024*1024)
#define PROTECTION (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)
/* Only ia64 requires this */
#ifdef __ia64__
#define ADDR (void *)(0x8000000000000000UL)
#define FLAGS (MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED)
#else
#define ADDR (void *)(0x0UL)
#define FLAGS (MAP_SHARED)
#endif
static void check_bytes(char *addr)
{
printf("First hex is %x\n", *((unsigned int *)addr));
}
static void write_bytes(char *addr)
{
unsigned long i;
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
*(addr + i) = (char)i;
}
static void read_bytes(char *addr)
{
unsigned long i;
check_bytes(addr);
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
if (*(addr + i) != (char)i) {
printf("Mismatch at %lu\n", i);
break;
}
}
int main(void)
{
void *addr;
int fd;
fd = open(FILE_NAME, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0755);
if (fd < 0) {
perror("Open failed");
exit(1);
}
addr = mmap(ADDR, LENGTH, PROTECTION, FLAGS, fd, 0);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
perror("mmap");
unlink(FILE_NAME);
exit(1);
}
printf("Returned address is %p\n", addr);
check_bytes(addr);
write_bytes(addr);
read_bytes(addr);
munmap(addr, LENGTH);
close(fd);
unlink(FILE_NAME);
return 0;
}
/*
* hugepage-shm:
*
* Example of using huge page memory in a user application using Sys V shared
* memory system calls. In this example the app is requesting 256MB of
* memory that is backed by huge pages. The application uses the flag
* SHM_HUGETLB in the shmget system call to inform the kernel that it is
* requesting huge pages.
*
* For the ia64 architecture, the Linux kernel reserves Region number 4 for
* huge pages. That means that if one requires a fixed address, a huge page
* aligned address starting with 0x800000... will be required. If a fixed
* address is not required, the kernel will select an address in the proper
* range.
* Other architectures, such as ppc64, i386 or x86_64 are not so constrained.
*
* Note: The default shared memory limit is quite low on many kernels,
* you may need to increase it via:
*
* echo 268435456 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
*
* This will increase the maximum size per shared memory segment to 256MB.
* The other limit that you will hit eventually is shmall which is the
* total amount of shared memory in pages. To set it to 16GB on a system
* with a 4kB pagesize do:
*
* echo 4194304 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#ifndef SHM_HUGETLB
#define SHM_HUGETLB 04000
#endif
#define LENGTH (256UL*1024*1024)
#define dprintf(x) printf(x)
/* Only ia64 requires this */
#ifdef __ia64__
#define ADDR (void *)(0x8000000000000000UL)
#define SHMAT_FLAGS (SHM_RND)
#else
#define ADDR (void *)(0x0UL)
#define SHMAT_FLAGS (0)
#endif
int main(void)
{
int shmid;
unsigned long i;
char *shmaddr;
if ((shmid = shmget(2, LENGTH,
SHM_HUGETLB | IPC_CREAT | SHM_R | SHM_W)) < 0) {
perror("shmget");
exit(1);
}
printf("shmid: 0x%x\n", shmid);
shmaddr = shmat(shmid, ADDR, SHMAT_FLAGS);
if (shmaddr == (char *)-1) {
perror("Shared memory attach failure");
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
exit(2);
}
printf("shmaddr: %p\n", shmaddr);
dprintf("Starting the writes:\n");
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++) {
shmaddr[i] = (char)(i);
if (!(i % (1024 * 1024)))
dprintf(".");
}
dprintf("\n");
dprintf("Starting the Check...");
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
if (shmaddr[i] != (char)i)
printf("\nIndex %lu mismatched\n", i);
dprintf("Done.\n");
if (shmdt((const void *)shmaddr) != 0) {
perror("Detach failure");
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
exit(3);
}
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
return 0;
}
...@@ -299,176 +299,11 @@ map_hugetlb.c. ...@@ -299,176 +299,11 @@ map_hugetlb.c.
******************************************************************* *******************************************************************
/* /*
* Example of using huge page memory in a user application using Sys V shared * hugepage-shm: see Documentation/vm/hugepage-shm.c
* memory system calls. In this example the app is requesting 256MB of
* memory that is backed by huge pages. The application uses the flag
* SHM_HUGETLB in the shmget system call to inform the kernel that it is
* requesting huge pages.
*
* For the ia64 architecture, the Linux kernel reserves Region number 4 for
* huge pages. That means that if one requires a fixed address, a huge page
* aligned address starting with 0x800000... will be required. If a fixed
* address is not required, the kernel will select an address in the proper
* range.
* Other architectures, such as ppc64, i386 or x86_64 are not so constrained.
*
* Note: The default shared memory limit is quite low on many kernels,
* you may need to increase it via:
*
* echo 268435456 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
*
* This will increase the maximum size per shared memory segment to 256MB.
* The other limit that you will hit eventually is shmall which is the
* total amount of shared memory in pages. To set it to 16GB on a system
* with a 4kB pagesize do:
*
* echo 4194304 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
*/ */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#ifndef SHM_HUGETLB
#define SHM_HUGETLB 04000
#endif
#define LENGTH (256UL*1024*1024)
#define dprintf(x) printf(x)
#define ADDR (void *)(0x0UL) /* let kernel choose address */
#define SHMAT_FLAGS (0)
int main(void)
{
int shmid;
unsigned long i;
char *shmaddr;
if ((shmid = shmget(2, LENGTH,
SHM_HUGETLB | IPC_CREAT | SHM_R | SHM_W)) < 0) {
perror("shmget");
exit(1);
}
printf("shmid: 0x%x\n", shmid);
shmaddr = shmat(shmid, ADDR, SHMAT_FLAGS);
if (shmaddr == (char *)-1) {
perror("Shared memory attach failure");
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
exit(2);
}
printf("shmaddr: %p\n", shmaddr);
dprintf("Starting the writes:\n");
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++) {
shmaddr[i] = (char)(i);
if (!(i % (1024 * 1024)))
dprintf(".");
}
dprintf("\n");
dprintf("Starting the Check...");
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
if (shmaddr[i] != (char)i)
printf("\nIndex %lu mismatched\n", i);
dprintf("Done.\n");
if (shmdt((const void *)shmaddr) != 0) {
perror("Detach failure");
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
exit(3);
}
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
return 0;
}
******************************************************************* *******************************************************************
/* /*
* Example of using huge page memory in a user application using the mmap * hugepage-mmap: see Documentation/vm/hugepage-mmap.c
* system call. Before running this application, make sure that the
* administrator has mounted the hugetlbfs filesystem (on some directory
* like /mnt) using the command mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /mnt. In this
* example, the app is requesting memory of size 256MB that is backed by
* huge pages.
*
* For the ia64 architecture, the Linux kernel reserves Region number 4 for
* huge pages. That means that if one requires a fixed address, a huge page
* aligned address starting with 0x800000... will be required. If a fixed
* address is not required, the kernel will select an address in the proper
* range.
* Other architectures, such as ppc64, i386 or x86_64 are not so constrained.
*/ */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define FILE_NAME "/mnt/hugepagefile"
#define LENGTH (256UL*1024*1024)
#define PROTECTION (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)
#define ADDR (void *)(0x0UL) /* let kernel choose address */
#define FLAGS (MAP_SHARED)
void check_bytes(char *addr)
{
printf("First hex is %x\n", *((unsigned int *)addr));
}
void write_bytes(char *addr)
{
unsigned long i;
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
*(addr + i) = (char)i;
}
void read_bytes(char *addr)
{
unsigned long i;
check_bytes(addr);
for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
if (*(addr + i) != (char)i) {
printf("Mismatch at %lu\n", i);
break;
}
}
int main(void)
{
void *addr;
int fd;
fd = open(FILE_NAME, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0755);
if (fd < 0) {
perror("Open failed");
exit(1);
}
addr = mmap(ADDR, LENGTH, PROTECTION, FLAGS, fd, 0);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
perror("mmap");
unlink(FILE_NAME);
exit(1);
}
printf("Returned address is %p\n", addr);
check_bytes(addr);
write_bytes(addr);
read_bytes(addr);
munmap(addr, LENGTH);
close(fd);
unlink(FILE_NAME);
return 0;
}
...@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ ...@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@
#define FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_HUGETLB) #define FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_HUGETLB)
#endif #endif
void check_bytes(char *addr) static void check_bytes(char *addr)
{ {
printf("First hex is %x\n", *((unsigned int *)addr)); printf("First hex is %x\n", *((unsigned int *)addr));
} }
void write_bytes(char *addr) static void write_bytes(char *addr)
{ {
unsigned long i; unsigned long i;
...@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ void write_bytes(char *addr) ...@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ void write_bytes(char *addr)
*(addr + i) = (char)i; *(addr + i) = (char)i;
} }
void read_bytes(char *addr) static void read_bytes(char *addr)
{ {
unsigned long i; unsigned long i;
......
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