mm: introduce vm_ops->map_pages()

Here's new version of faultaround patchset.  It took a while to tune it
and collect performance data.

First patch adds new callback ->map_pages to vm_operations_struct.

->map_pages() is called when VM asks to map easy accessible pages.
Filesystem should find and map pages associated with offsets from
"pgoff" till "max_pgoff".  ->map_pages() is called with page table
locked and must not block.  If it's not possible to reach a page without
blocking, filesystem should skip it.  Filesystem should use do_set_pte()
to setup page table entry.  Pointer to entry associated with offset
"pgoff" is passed in "pte" field in vm_fault structure.  Pointers to
entries for other offsets should be calculated relative to "pte".

Currently VM use ->map_pages only on read page fault path.  We try to
map FAULT_AROUND_PAGES a time.  FAULT_AROUND_PAGES is 16 for now.
Performance data for different FAULT_AROUND_ORDER is below.

TODO:
 - implement ->map_pages() for shmem/tmpfs;
 - modify get_user_pages() to be able to use ->map_pages() and implement
   mmap(MAP_POPULATE|MAP_NONBLOCK) on top.

=========================================================================
Tested on 4-socket machine (120 threads) with 128GiB of RAM.

Few real-world workloads. The sweet spot for FAULT_AROUND_ORDER here is
somewhere between 3 and 5. Let's say 4 :)

Linux build (make -j60)
FAULT_AROUND_ORDER		Baseline	1		3		4		5		7		9
	minor-faults		283,301,572	247,151,987	212,215,789	204,772,882	199,568,944	194,703,779	193,381,485
	time, seconds		151.227629483	153.920996480	151.356125472	150.863792049	150.879207877	151.150764954	151.450962358
Linux rebuild (make -j60)
FAULT_AROUND_ORDER		Baseline	1		3		4		5		7		9
	minor-faults		5,396,854	4,148,444	2,855,286	2,577,282	2,361,957	2,169,573	2,112,643
	time, seconds		27.404543757	27.559725591	27.030057426	26.855045126	26.678618635	26.974523490	26.761320095
Git test suite (make -j60 test)
FAULT_AROUND_ORDER		Baseline	1		3		4		5		7		9
	minor-faults		129,591,823	99,200,751	66,106,718	57,606,410	51,510,808	45,776,813	44,085,515
	time, seconds		66.087215026	64.784546905	64.401156567	65.282708668	66.034016829	66.793780811	67.237810413

Two synthetic tests: access every word in file in sequential/random order.
It doesn't improve much after FAULT_AROUND_ORDER == 4.

Sequential access 16GiB file
FAULT_AROUND_ORDER		Baseline	1		3		4		5		7		9
 1 thread
	minor-faults		4,195,437	2,098,275	525,068		262,251		131,170		32,856		8,282
	time, seconds		7.250461742	6.461711074	5.493859139	5.488488147	5.707213983	5.898510832	5.109232856
 8 threads
	minor-faults		33,557,540	16,892,728	4,515,848	2,366,999	1,423,382	442,732		142,339
	time, seconds		16.649304881	9.312555263	6.612490639	6.394316732	6.669827501	6.75078944	6.371900528
 32 threads
	minor-faults		134,228,222	67,526,810	17,725,386	9,716,537	4,763,731	1,668,921	537,200
	time, seconds		49.164430543	29.712060103	12.938649729	10.175151004	11.840094583	9.594081325	9.928461797
 60 threads
	minor-faults		251,687,988	126,146,952	32,919,406	18,208,804	10,458,947	2,733,907	928,217
	time, seconds		86.260656897	49.626551828	22.335007632	17.608243696	16.523119035	16.339489186	16.326390902
 120 threads
	minor-faults		503,352,863	252,939,677	67,039,168	35,191,827	19,170,091	4,688,357	1,471,862
	time, seconds		124.589206333	79.757867787	39.508707872	32.167281632	29.972989292	28.729834575	28.042251622
Random access 1GiB file
 1 thread
	minor-faults		262,636		132,743		34,369		17,299		8,527		3,451		1,222
	time, seconds		15.351890914	16.613802482	16.569227308	15.179220992	16.557356122	16.578247824	15.365266994
 8 threads
	minor-faults		2,098,948	1,061,871	273,690		154,501		87,110		25,663		7,384
	time, seconds		15.040026343	15.096933500	14.474757288	14.289129964	14.411537468	14.296316837	14.395635804
 32 threads
	minor-faults		8,390,734	4,231,023	1,054,432	528,847		269,242		97,746		26,881
	time, seconds		20.430433109	21.585235358	22.115062928	14.872878951	14.880856305	14.883370649	14.821261690
 60 threads
	minor-faults		15,733,258	7,892,809	1,973,393	988,266		594,789		164,994		51,691
	time, seconds		26.577302548	25.692397770	18.728863715	20.153026398	21.619101933	17.745086260	17.613215273
 120 threads
	minor-faults		31,471,111	15,816,616	3,959,209	1,978,685	1,008,299	264,635		96,010
	time, seconds		41.835322703	40.459786095	36.085306105	35.313894834	35.814445675	36.552633793	34.289210594

Touch only one page in page table in 16GiB file
FAULT_AROUND_ORDER		Baseline	1		3		4		5		7		9
 1 thread
	minor-faults		8,372		8,324		8,270		8,260		8,249		8,239		8,237
	time, seconds		0.039892712	0.045369149	0.051846126	0.063681685	0.079095975	0.17652406	0.541213386
 8 threads
	minor-faults		65,731		65,681		65,628		65,620		65,608		65,599		65,596
	time, seconds		0.124159196	0.488600638	0.156854426	0.191901957	0.242631486	0.543569456	1.677303984
 32 threads
	minor-faults		262,388		262,341		262,285		262,276		262,266		262,257		263,183
	time, seconds		0.452421421	0.488600638	0.565020946	0.648229739	0.789850823	1.651584361	5.000361559
 60 threads
	minor-faults		491,822		491,792		491,723		491,711		491,701		491,691		491,825
	time, seconds		0.763288616	0.869620515	0.980727360	1.161732354	1.466915814	3.04041448	9.308612938
 120 threads
	minor-faults		983,466		983,655		983,366		983,372		983,363		984,083		984,164
	time, seconds		1.595846553	1.667902182	2.008959376	2.425380942	2.941368804	5.977807890	18.401846125

This patch (of 2):

Introduce new vm_ops callback ->map_pages() and uses it for mapping easy
accessible pages around fault address.

On read page fault, if filesystem provides ->map_pages(), we try to map up
to FAULT_AROUND_PAGES pages around page fault address in hope to reduce
number of minor page faults.

We call ->map_pages first and use ->fault() as fallback if page by the
offset is not ready to be mapped (cold page cache or something).
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Ning Qu <quning@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Documentation/filesystems/Locking

@@ -529,6 +529,7 @@ locking rules:
 open:		yes
 close:		yes
 fault:		yes		can return with page locked
+map_pages:	yes
 page_mkwrite:	yes		can return with page locked
 access:		yes
 
@@ -540,6 +541,15 @@ the page, then ensure it is not already truncated (the page lock will block
 subsequent truncate), and then return with VM_FAULT_LOCKED, and the page
 locked. The VM will unlock the page.
 
+	->map_pages() is called when VM asks to map easy accessible pages.
+Filesystem should find and map pages associated with offsets from "pgoff"
+till "max_pgoff". ->map_pages() is called with page table locked and must
+not block.  If it's not possible to reach a page without blocking,
+filesystem should skip it. Filesystem should use do_set_pte() to setup
+page table entry. Pointer to entry associated with offset "pgoff" is
+passed in "pte" field in vm_fault structure. Pointers to entries for other
+offsets should be calculated relative to "pte".
+
 	->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously read-only pte is
 about to become writeable. The filesystem again must ensure that there are
 no truncate/invalidate races, and then return with the page locked. If

include/linux/mm.h

@@ -213,6 +213,10 @@ struct vm_fault {
 					 * is set (which is also implied by
 					 * VM_FAULT_ERROR).
 					 */
+	/* for ->map_pages() only */
+	pgoff_t max_pgoff;		/* map pages for offset from pgoff till
+					 * max_pgoff inclusive */
+	pte_t *pte;			/* pte entry associated with ->pgoff */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -224,6 +228,7 @@ struct vm_operations_struct {
 	void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct * area);
 	void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct * area);
 	int (*fault)(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf);
+	void (*map_pages)(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf);
 
 	/* notification that a previously read-only page is about to become
 	 * writable, if an error is returned it will cause a SIGBUS */
@@ -584,6 +589,9 @@ static inline pte_t maybe_mkwrite(pte_t pte, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
 		pte = pte_mkwrite(pte);
 	return pte;
 }
+
+void do_set_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
+		struct page *page, pte_t *pte, bool write, bool anon);
 #endif
 
 /*

mm/memory.c

@@ -3342,7 +3342,22 @@ static int __do_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static void do_set_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
+/**
+ * do_set_pte - setup new PTE entry for given page and add reverse page mapping.
+ *
+ * @vma: virtual memory area
+ * @address: user virtual address
+ * @page: page to map
+ * @pte: pointer to target page table entry
+ * @write: true, if new entry is writable
+ * @anon: true, if it's anonymous page
+ *
+ * Caller must hold page table lock relevant for @pte.
+ *
+ * Target users are page handler itself and implementations of
+ * vm_ops->map_pages.
+ */
+void do_set_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
 		struct page *page, pte_t *pte, bool write, bool anon)
 {
 	pte_t entry;
@@ -3366,6 +3381,52 @@ static void do_set_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
 	update_mmu_cache(vma, address, pte);
 }
 
+#define FAULT_AROUND_ORDER 4
+#define FAULT_AROUND_PAGES (1UL << FAULT_AROUND_ORDER)
+#define FAULT_AROUND_MASK ~((1UL << (PAGE_SHIFT + FAULT_AROUND_ORDER)) - 1)
+
+static void do_fault_around(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
+		pte_t *pte, pgoff_t pgoff, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	unsigned long start_addr;
+	pgoff_t max_pgoff;
+	struct vm_fault vmf;
+	int off;
+
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(FAULT_AROUND_PAGES > PTRS_PER_PTE);
+
+	start_addr = max(address & FAULT_AROUND_MASK, vma->vm_start);
+	off = ((address - start_addr) >> PAGE_SHIFT) & (PTRS_PER_PTE - 1);
+	pte -= off;
+	pgoff -= off;
+
+	/*
+	 *  max_pgoff is either end of page table or end of vma
+	 *  or FAULT_AROUND_PAGES from pgoff, depending what is neast.
+	 */
+	max_pgoff = pgoff - ((start_addr >> PAGE_SHIFT) & (PTRS_PER_PTE - 1)) +
+		PTRS_PER_PTE - 1;
+	max_pgoff = min3(max_pgoff, vma_pages(vma) + vma->vm_pgoff - 1,
+			pgoff + FAULT_AROUND_PAGES - 1);
+
+	/* Check if it makes any sense to call ->map_pages */
+	while (!pte_none(*pte)) {
+		if (++pgoff > max_pgoff)
+			return;
+		start_addr += PAGE_SIZE;
+		if (start_addr >= vma->vm_end)
+			return;
+		pte++;
+	}
+
+	vmf.virtual_address = (void __user *) start_addr;
+	vmf.pte = pte;
+	vmf.pgoff = pgoff;
+	vmf.max_pgoff = max_pgoff;
+	vmf.flags = flags;
+	vma->vm_ops->map_pages(vma, &vmf);
+}
+
 static int do_read_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 		unsigned long address, pmd_t *pmd,
 		pgoff_t pgoff, unsigned int flags, pte_t orig_pte)
@@ -3373,7 +3434,20 @@ static int do_read_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 	struct page *fault_page;
 	spinlock_t *ptl;
 	pte_t *pte;
-	int ret;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Let's call ->map_pages() first and use ->fault() as fallback
+	 * if page by the offset is not ready to be mapped (cold cache or
+	 * something).
+	 */
+	if (vma->vm_ops->map_pages) {
+		pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
+		do_fault_around(vma, address, pte, pgoff, flags);
+		if (!pte_same(*pte, orig_pte))
+			goto unlock_out;
+		pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
+	}
 
 	ret = __do_fault(vma, address, pgoff, flags, &fault_page);
 	if (unlikely(ret & (VM_FAULT_ERROR | VM_FAULT_NOPAGE | VM_FAULT_RETRY)))
@@ -3387,8 +3461,9 @@ static int do_read_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 		return ret;
 	}
 	do_set_pte(vma, address, fault_page, pte, false, false);
-	pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
 	unlock_page(fault_page);
+unlock_out:
+	pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
 	return ret;
 }