Btrfs: fix snapshot inconsistency after a file write followed by truncate

If right after starting the snapshot creation ioctl we perform a write against a
file followed by a truncate, with both operations increasing the file's size, we
can get a snapshot tree that reflects a state of the source subvolume's tree where
the file truncation happened but the write operation didn't. This leaves a gap
between 2 file extent items of the inode, which makes btrfs' fsck complain about it.

For example, if we perform the following file operations:

    $ mkfs.btrfs -f /dev/vdd
    $ mount /dev/vdd /mnt
    $ xfs_io -f \
          -c "pwrite -S 0xaa -b 32K 0 32K" \
          -c "fsync" \
          -c "pwrite -S 0xbb -b 32770 16K 32770" \
          -c "truncate 90123" \
          /mnt/foobar

and the snapshot creation ioctl was just called before the second write, we often
can get the following inode items in the snapshot's btree:

        item 120 key (257 INODE_ITEM 0) itemoff 7987 itemsize 160
                inode generation 146 transid 7 size 90123 block group 0 mode 100600 links 1 uid 0 gid 0 rdev 0 flags 0x0
        item 121 key (257 INODE_REF 256) itemoff 7967 itemsize 20
                inode ref index 282 namelen 10 name: foobar
        item 122 key (257 EXTENT_DATA 0) itemoff 7914 itemsize 53
                extent data disk byte 1104855040 nr 32768
                extent data offset 0 nr 32768 ram 32768
                extent compression 0
        item 123 key (257 EXTENT_DATA 53248) itemoff 7861 itemsize 53
                extent data disk byte 0 nr 0
                extent data offset 0 nr 40960 ram 40960
                extent compression 0

There's a file range, corresponding to the interval [32K; ALIGN(16K + 32770, 4096)[
for which there's no file extent item covering it. This is because the file write
and file truncate operations happened both right after the snapshot creation ioctl
called btrfs_start_delalloc_inodes(), which means we didn't start and wait for the
ordered extent that matches the write and, in btrfs_setsize(), we were able to call
btrfs_cont_expand() before being able to commit the current transaction in the
snapshot creation ioctl. So this made it possibe to insert the hole file extent
item in the source subvolume (which represents the region added by the truncate)
right before the transaction commit from the snapshot creation ioctl.

Btrfs' fsck tool complains about such cases with a message like the following:

    "root 331 inode 257 errors 100, file extent discount"

>From a user perspective, the expectation when a snapshot is created while those
file operations are being performed is that the snapshot will have a file that
either:

1) is empty
2) only the first write was captured
3) only the 2 writes were captured
4) both writes and the truncation were captured

But never capture a state where only the first write and the truncation were
captured (since the second write was performed before the truncation).

A test case for xfstests follows.
Signed-off-by: Filipe Manana <fdmanana@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <clm@fb.com>

fs/btrfs/ctree.h

@@ -3480,8 +3480,8 @@ int btrfs_init_space_info(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info);
 int btrfs_delayed_refs_qgroup_accounting(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
 					 struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info);
 int __get_raid_index(u64 flags);
-int btrfs_start_nocow_write(struct btrfs_root *root);
-void btrfs_end_nocow_write(struct btrfs_root *root);
+int btrfs_start_write_no_snapshoting(struct btrfs_root *root);
+void btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(struct btrfs_root *root);
 /* ctree.c */
 int btrfs_bin_search(struct extent_buffer *eb, struct btrfs_key *key,
 		     int level, int *slot);

fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c

@@ -9656,12 +9656,14 @@ int btrfs_trim_fs(struct btrfs_root *root, struct fstrim_range *range)
 }
 
 /*
- * btrfs_{start,end}_write() is similar to mnt_{want, drop}_write(),
- * they are used to prevent the some tasks writing data into the page cache
- * by nocow before the subvolume is snapshoted, but flush the data into
- * the disk after the snapshot creation.
+ * btrfs_{start,end}_write_no_snapshoting() are similar to
+ * mnt_{want,drop}_write(), they are used to prevent some tasks from writing
+ * data into the page cache through nocow before the subvolume is snapshoted,
+ * but flush the data into disk after the snapshot creation, or to prevent
+ * operations while snapshoting is ongoing and that cause the snapshot to be
+ * inconsistent (writes followed by expanding truncates for example).
  */
-void btrfs_end_nocow_write(struct btrfs_root *root)
+void btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(struct btrfs_root *root)
 {
 	percpu_counter_dec(&root->subv_writers->counter);
 	/*
@@ -9673,7 +9675,7 @@ void btrfs_end_nocow_write(struct btrfs_root *root)
 		wake_up(&root->subv_writers->wait);
 }
 
-int btrfs_start_nocow_write(struct btrfs_root *root)
+int btrfs_start_write_no_snapshoting(struct btrfs_root *root)
 {
 	if (atomic_read(&root->will_be_snapshoted))
 		return 0;
@@ -9684,7 +9686,7 @@ int btrfs_start_nocow_write(struct btrfs_root *root)
 	 */
 	smp_mb();
 	if (atomic_read(&root->will_be_snapshoted)) {
-		btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+		btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return 1;

fs/btrfs/file.c

@@ -1428,7 +1428,7 @@ static noinline int check_can_nocow(struct inode *inode, loff_t pos,
 	u64 num_bytes;
 	int ret;
 
-	ret = btrfs_start_nocow_write(root);
+	ret = btrfs_start_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 	if (!ret)
 		return -ENOSPC;
 
@@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@ static noinline int check_can_nocow(struct inode *inode, loff_t pos,
 	ret = can_nocow_extent(inode, lockstart, &num_bytes, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 	if (ret <= 0) {
 		ret = 0;
-		btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+		btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 	} else {
 		*write_bytes = min_t(size_t, *write_bytes ,
 				     num_bytes - pos + lockstart);
@@ -1543,7 +1543,7 @@ static noinline ssize_t __btrfs_buffered_write(struct file *file,
 				btrfs_free_reserved_data_space(inode,
 							       reserve_bytes);
 			else
-				btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+				btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 			break;
 		}
 
@@ -1632,7 +1632,7 @@ static noinline ssize_t __btrfs_buffered_write(struct file *file,
 
 		release_bytes = 0;
 		if (only_release_metadata)
-			btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+			btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 
 		if (only_release_metadata && copied > 0) {
 			u64 lockstart = round_down(pos, root->sectorsize);
@@ -1661,7 +1661,7 @@ static noinline ssize_t __btrfs_buffered_write(struct file *file,
 
 	if (release_bytes) {
 		if (only_release_metadata) {
-			btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+			btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 			btrfs_delalloc_release_metadata(inode, release_bytes);
 		} else {
 			btrfs_delalloc_release_space(inode, release_bytes);

fs/btrfs/inode.c

@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ static noinline int run_delalloc_nocow(struct inode *inode,
 			 * we fall into common COW way.
 			 */
 			if (!nolock) {
-				err = btrfs_start_nocow_write(root);
+				err = btrfs_start_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 				if (!err)
 					goto out_check;
 			}
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ static noinline int run_delalloc_nocow(struct inode *inode,
 		if (extent_end <= start) {
 			path->slots[0]++;
 			if (!nolock && nocow)
-				btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+				btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 			goto next_slot;
 		}
 		if (!nocow) {
@@ -1381,7 +1381,7 @@ static noinline int run_delalloc_nocow(struct inode *inode,
 					     page_started, nr_written, 1);
 			if (ret) {
 				if (!nolock && nocow)
-					btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+					btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 				goto error;
 			}
 			cow_start = (u64)-1;
@@ -1432,7 +1432,7 @@ static noinline int run_delalloc_nocow(struct inode *inode,
 						      num_bytes);
 			if (ret) {
 				if (!nolock && nocow)
-					btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+					btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 				goto error;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1443,7 +1443,7 @@ static noinline int run_delalloc_nocow(struct inode *inode,
 					     EXTENT_DELALLOC, PAGE_UNLOCK |
 					     PAGE_SET_PRIVATE2);
 		if (!nolock && nocow)
-			btrfs_end_nocow_write(root);
+			btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 		cur_offset = extent_end;
 		if (cur_offset > end)
 			break;
@@ -4599,6 +4599,26 @@ int btrfs_cont_expand(struct inode *inode, loff_t oldsize, loff_t size)
 	return err;
 }
 
+static int wait_snapshoting_atomic_t(atomic_t *a)
+{
+	schedule();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void wait_for_snapshot_creation(struct btrfs_root *root)
+{
+	while (true) {
+		int ret;
+
+		ret = btrfs_start_write_no_snapshoting(root);
+		if (ret)
+			break;
+		wait_on_atomic_t(&root->will_be_snapshoted,
+				 wait_snapshoting_atomic_t,
+				 TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
+	}
+}
+
 static int btrfs_setsize(struct inode *inode, struct iattr *attr)
 {
 	struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
@@ -4623,17 +4643,30 @@ static int btrfs_setsize(struct inode *inode, struct iattr *attr)
 
 	if (newsize > oldsize) {
 		truncate_pagecache(inode, newsize);
+		/*
+		 * Don't do an expanding truncate while snapshoting is ongoing.
+		 * This is to ensure the snapshot captures a fully consistent
+		 * state of this file - if the snapshot captures this expanding
+		 * truncation, it must capture all writes that happened before
+		 * this truncation.
+		 */
+		wait_for_snapshot_creation(root);
 		ret = btrfs_cont_expand(inode, oldsize, newsize);
-		if (ret)
+		if (ret) {
+			btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 			return ret;
+		}
 
 		trans = btrfs_start_transaction(root, 1);
-		if (IS_ERR(trans))
+		if (IS_ERR(trans)) {
+			btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 			return PTR_ERR(trans);
+		}
 
 		i_size_write(inode, newsize);
 		btrfs_ordered_update_i_size(inode, i_size_read(inode), NULL);
 		ret = btrfs_update_inode(trans, root, inode);
+		btrfs_end_write_no_snapshoting(root);
 		btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root);
 	} else {
 

fs/btrfs/ioctl.c

@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ static noinline int create_subvol(struct inode *dir,
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static void btrfs_wait_nocow_write(struct btrfs_root *root)
+static void btrfs_wait_for_no_snapshoting_writes(struct btrfs_root *root)
 {
 	s64 writers;
 	DEFINE_WAIT(wait);
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ static int create_snapshot(struct btrfs_root *root, struct inode *dir,
 
 	atomic_inc(&root->will_be_snapshoted);
 	smp_mb__after_atomic();
-	btrfs_wait_nocow_write(root);
+	btrfs_wait_for_no_snapshoting_writes(root);
 
 	ret = btrfs_start_delalloc_inodes(root, 0);
 	if (ret)
@@ -732,7 +732,8 @@ static int create_snapshot(struct btrfs_root *root, struct inode *dir,
 free:
 	kfree(pending_snapshot);
 out:
-	atomic_dec(&root->will_be_snapshoted);
+	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&root->will_be_snapshoted))
+		wake_up_atomic_t(&root->will_be_snapshoted);
 	return ret;
 }