Commits · cd197c3a2040100fd8668b33e72b07d4790b39d7 · Kirill Smelkov / linux

13 Mar, 2024 2 commits

mm: prohibit the last subpage from reusing the entire large folio · cd197c3a

Barry Song authored Mar 08, 2024

In a Copy-on-Write (CoW) scenario, the last subpage will reuse the entire
large folio, resulting in the waste of (nr_pages - 1) pages.  This wasted
memory remains allocated until it is either unmapped or memory reclamation
occurs.

The following small program can serve as evidence of this behavior

 main()
 {
 #define SIZE 1024 * 1024 * 1024UL
         void *p = malloc(SIZE);
         memset(p, 0x11, SIZE);
         if (fork() == 0)
                 _exit(0);
         memset(p, 0x12, SIZE);
         printf("done\n");
         while(1);
 }

For example, using a 1024KiB mTHP by:
 echo always > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/hugepages-1024kB/enabled

(1) w/o the patch, it takes 2GiB,

Before running the test program,
 / # free -m
                total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
 Mem:            5754          84        5692           0          17        5669
 Swap:              0           0           0

 / # /a.out &
 / # done

After running the test program,
 / # free -m
                 total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
 Mem:            5754        2149        3627           0          19        3605
 Swap:              0           0           0

(2) w/ the patch, it takes 1GiB only,

Before running the test program,
 / # free -m
                 total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
 Mem:            5754          89        5687           0          17        5664
 Swap:              0           0           0

 / # /a.out &
 / # done

After running the test program,
 / # free -m
                total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
 Mem:            5754        1122        4655           0          17        4632
 Swap:              0           0           0

This patch migrates the last subpage to a small folio and immediately
returns the large folio to the system. It benefits both memory availability
and anti-fragmentation.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240308092721.144735-1-21cnbao@gmail.comSigned-off-by: Barry Song <v-songbaohua@oppo.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Lance Yang <ioworker0@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

cd197c3a

mm: recover pud_leaf() definitions in nopmd case · c087a5c3

Peter Xu authored Mar 11, 2024

This reverts one change in commit 924bd6a8 ("mm/x86: drop two
unnecessary pud_leaf() definitions").

One issue with that is it broke nopmd builds for at least both arm64 and
riscv (CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS=2).  The other issue is it was overlooked that
it's a common change rather than x86 specific (relevant to the commit
message of the commit).

Normally there's no need for empty definition of pXd_leaf() because of the
fallback functions, however this logic may not apply to pgtable-nopmd.h,
because that's a header that can even be used by arch *pgtable.h headers,
which can use the *_leaf() definitions _before_ the fallback functions are
defined.  Leave it there to pass PGTABLE_LEVELS=2 builds.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/Ze8vFNV9YSdgC2S7@x1n
Fixes: 924bd6a8 ("mm/x86: drop two unnecessary pud_leaf() definitions")
Signed-off-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202403090900.OwPqmRuI-lkp@intel.com/
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202403101607.a42gaLOS-lkp@intel.com/
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport (IBM) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

c087a5c3

12 Mar, 2024 9 commits

selftests/mm: skip the hugetlb-madvise tests on unmet hugepage requirements · 84d147df

Nico Pache authored Mar 06, 2024

Now that run_vmtests.sh does not guarantee that the correct hugepage count
is available, skip the hugetlb-madvise test if the requirements are not
met rather than failing.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306223714.320681-4-npache@redhat.comSigned-off-by: Nico Pache <npache@redhat.com>
Cc: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@collabora.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

84d147df

selftests/mm: skip uffd hugetlb tests with insufficient hugepages · 5a6aa60d

Nico Pache authored Mar 06, 2024

Now that run_vmtests.sh does not guarantee that the correct hugepage count
is available, add a check inside the userfaultfd hugetlb test to verify
the nr_hugepages count before continuing.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306223714.320681-3-npache@redhat.comSigned-off-by: Nico Pache <npache@redhat.com>
Cc: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@collabora.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

5a6aa60d

selftests/mm: dont fail testsuite due to a lack of hugepages · 2fd570c1

Nico Pache authored Mar 06, 2024

Patch series "selftests/mm: Improve Hugepage Test Handling in MM
Selftests", v2.

This series addresses issues related to hugepage requirements in the MM
selftests, ensuring tests are skipped rather than failing when the
necessary hugepage count is not met.

This adjustment allows for a more graceful handling for systems with
insufficient hugepages, preventing unnecessary test failures and improving
the overall robustness of the test suite.


This patch (of 3):

On systems that have large core counts and large page sizes, but limited
memory, the userfaultfd test hugepage requirement is too large.

Exiting early due to missing one test's requirements is a rather
aggressive strategy, and prevents a lot of other tests from running. 
Remove the early exit to prevent this.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306223714.320681-1-npache@redhat.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306223714.320681-2-npache@redhat.com
Fixes: ee00479d ("selftests: vm: Try harder to allocate huge pages")
Signed-off-by: Nico Pache <npache@redhat.com>
Cc: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk>
Cc: Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@collabora.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

2fd570c1

mm/huge_memory: skip invalid debugfs new_order input for folio split · 2394aef6

Zi Yan authored Mar 07, 2024

User can put arbitrary new_order via debugfs for folio split test. 
Although new_order check is added to split_huge_page_to_list_order() in
the prior commit, these two additional checks can avoid unnecessary folio
locking and split_folio_to_order() calls.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240307181854.138928-2-zi.yan@sent.comSigned-off-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/7dda9283-b437-4cf8-ab0d-83c330deb9c0@moroto.mountain/
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

2394aef6

mm/huge_memory: check new folio order when split a folio · 1412ecb3

Zi Yan authored Mar 07, 2024

A folio can only be split into lower orders.

Since there are no new_order checks in debugfs, any new_order can be
passed via debugfs into split_huge_page_to_list_to_order().

Check new_order to make sure it is smaller than input folio order.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240307181854.138928-1-zi.yan@sent.com
Fixes: c010d47f ("mm: thp: split huge page to any lower order pages")
Signed-off-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/7dda9283-b437-4cf8-ab0d-83c330deb9c0@moroto.mountain/
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

1412ecb3

mm, vmscan: retry kswapd's priority loop with cache_trim_mode off on failure · d221dd5f

Byungchul Park authored Mar 04, 2024

With cache_trim_mode on, reclaim logic doesn't bother reclaiming anon
pages.  However, it should be more careful to use the mode because it's
going to prevent anon pages from being reclaimed even if there are a huge
number of anon pages that are cold and should be reclaimed.  Even worse,
that leads kswapd_failures to reach MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES and stopping
kswapd from functioning until direct reclaim eventually works to resume
kswapd.

So kswapd needs to retry its scan priority loop with cache_trim_mode off
again if the mode doesn't work for reclaim.

The problematic behavior can be reproduced by:

   CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING enabled
   sysctl_numa_balancing_mode set to NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING
   numa node0 (8GB local memory, 16 CPUs)
   numa node1 (8GB slow tier memory, no CPUs)

   Sequence:

   1) echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
   2) To emulate the system with full of cold memory in local DRAM, run
      the following dummy program and never touch the region:

         mmap(0, 8 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
              MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_POPULATE, -1, 0);

   3) Run any memory intensive work e.g. XSBench.
   4) Check if numa balancing is working e.i. promotion/demotion.
   5) Iterate 1) ~ 4) until numa balancing stops.

With this, you could see that promotion/demotion are not working because
kswapd has stopped due to ->kswapd_failures >= MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES.

Interesting vmstat delta's differences between before and after are like:

   +-----------------------+-------------------------------+
   | interesting vmstat    | before        | after         |
   +-----------------------+-------------------------------+
   | nr_inactive_anon      | 321935        | 1664772       |
   | nr_active_anon        | 1780700       | 437834        |
   | nr_inactive_file      | 30425         | 40882         |
   | nr_active_file        | 14961         | 3012          |
   | pgpromote_success     | 356           | 1293122       |
   | pgpromote_candidate   | 21953245      | 1824148       |
   | pgactivate            | 1844523       | 3311907       |
   | pgdeactivate          | 50634         | 1554069       |
   | pgfault               | 31100294      | 6518806       |
   | pgdemote_kswapd       | 30856         | 2230821       |
   | pgscan_kswapd         | 1861981       | 7667629       |
   | pgscan_anon           | 1822930       | 7610583       |
   | pgscan_file           | 39051         | 57046         |
   | pgsteal_anon          | 386           | 2192033       |
   | pgsteal_file          | 30470         | 38788         |
   | pageoutrun            | 30            | 412           |
   | numa_hint_faults      | 27418279      | 2875955       |
   | numa_pages_migrated   | 356           | 1293122       |
   +-----------------------+-------------------------------+

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240304082118.20499-1-byungchul@sk.comSigned-off-by: Byungchul Park <byungchul@sk.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

d221dd5f

mm: add an explicit smp_wmb() to UFFDIO_CONTINUE · b14d1671

James Houghton authored Mar 07, 2024

Users of UFFDIO_CONTINUE may reasonably assume that a write memory barrier
is included as part of UFFDIO_CONTINUE. That is, a user may believe that
all writes it has done to a page that it is now UFFDIO_CONTINUE'ing are
guaranteed to be visible to anyone subsequently reading the page through
the newly mapped virtual memory region.

Today, such a user happens to be correct. mmget_not_zero(), for example,
is called as part of UFFDIO_CONTINUE (and comes before any PTE updates),
and it implicitly gives us a write barrier.

To be resilient against future changes, include an explicit smp_wmb().
While we're at it, optimize the smp_wmb() that is already incidentally
present for the HugeTLB case.

Merely making a syscall does not generally imply the memory ordering
constraints that we need (including on x86).

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240307010250.3847179-1-jthoughton@google.comSigned-off-by: James Houghton <jthoughton@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
Cc: Axel Rasmussen <axelrasmussen@google.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

b14d1671

mm: fix list corruption in put_pages_list · b555895c

Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) authored Mar 06, 2024

My recent change to put_pages_list() dereferences folio->lru.next after
returning the folio to the page allocator. Usually this is now on the pcp
list with other free folios, so we try to free an already-free folio.
This only happens with lists that have more than 15 entries, so it wasn't
immediately discovered. Revert to using list_for_each_safe() so we
dereference lru.next before disposing of the folio.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306212749.1823380-1-willy@infradead.org
Fixes: 24835f89 ("mm: use free_unref_folios() in put_pages_list()")
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Reported-by: "Borah, Chaitanya Kumar" <chaitanya.kumar.borah@intel.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/intel-gfx/SJ1PR11MB61292145F3B79DA58ADDDA63B9232@SJ1PR11MB6129.namprd11.prod.outlook.com/Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

b555895c

mm: remove folio from deferred split list before uncharging it · 47932e70

Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) authored Mar 11, 2024

When freeing a large folio, we must remove it from the deferred split list
before we uncharge it as each memcg has its own deferred split list (with
associated lock) and removing a folio from the deferred split list while
holding the wrong lock will corrupt that list and cause various related
problems.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/367a14f7-340e-4b29-90ae-bc3fcefdd5f4@arm.com/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240311191835.312162-1-willy@infradead.org
Fixes: f77171d2 (mm: allow non-hugetlb large folios to be batch processed)
Fixes: 29f38430 (mm: free folios directly in move_folios_to_lru())
Fixes: bc2ff4cb (mm: free folios in a batch in shrink_folio_list())
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Debugged-by: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Tested-by: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

47932e70

06 Mar, 2024 29 commits

filemap: avoid unnecessary major faults in filemap_fault() · 58f327f2

ZhangPeng authored Mar 06, 2024

A major fault occurred when using mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE) in
application, which leading to an unexpected issue[1].

This is caused by temporarily cleared PTE during a read+clear/modify/write
update of the PTE, eg, do_numa_page()/change_pte_range().

For the data segment of the user-mode program, the global variable area is
a private mapping.  After the pagecache is loaded, the private anonymous
page is generated after the COW is triggered.  Mlockall can lock COW pages
(anonymous pages), but the original file pages cannot be locked and may be
reclaimed.  If the global variable (private anon page) is accessed when
vmf->pte is zeroed in numa fault, a file page fault will be triggered.  At
this time, the original private file page may have been reclaimed.  If the
page cache is not available at this time, a major fault will be triggered
and the file will be read, causing additional overhead.

This issue affects our traffic analysis service.  The inbound traffic is
heavy.  If a major fault occurs, the I/O schedule is triggered and the
original I/O is suspended.  Generally, the I/O schedule is 0.7 ms.  If
other applications are operating disks, the system needs to wait for more
than 10 ms.  However, the inbound traffic is heavy and the NIC buffer is
small.  As a result, packet loss occurs.  But the traffic analysis service
can't tolerate packet loss.

Fix this by holding PTL and rechecking the PTE in filemap_fault() before
triggering a major fault.  We do this check only if vma is VM_LOCKED to
reduce the performance impact in common scenarios.

In our product environment, there were 7 major faults every 12 hours. 
After the patch is applied, no major fault have been triggered.

Testing file page read and write page fault performance in ext4 and
ramdisk using will-it-scale[2] on a x86 physical machine.  The data is the
average change compared with the mainline after the patch is applied.  The
test results are within the range of fluctuation.  We do this check only
if vma is VM_LOCKED, therefore, no performance regressions is caused for
most common cases.

The test results are as follows:
                          processes processes_idle  threads threads_idle
ext4    private file write:  0.22%    0.26%           1.21%  -0.15%
ext4    private file  read:  0.03%    1.00%           1.39%   0.34%
ext4    shared  file write: -0.50%   -0.02%          -0.14%  -0.02%
ramdisk private file write:  0.07%    0.02%           0.53%   0.04%
ramdisk private file  read:  0.01%    1.60%          -0.32%  -0.02%

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/9e62fd9a-bee0-52bf-50a7-498fa17434ee@huawei.com/
[2] https://github.com/antonblanchard/will-it-scale/

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306083809.1236634-1-zhangpeng362@huawei.comSigned-off-by: ZhangPeng <zhangpeng362@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Suggested-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Suggested-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

58f327f2

mm,page_owner: drop unnecessary check · 4839e79c

Oscar Salvador authored Mar 06, 2024

stackdepot only saves stack_records which size is greather than 0,
so we cannot possibly have empty stack_records.
Drop the check.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306123217.29774-3-osalvador@suse.deSigned-off-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@gmail.com>
Cc: kernel test robot <oliver.sang@intel.com>
Cc: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

4839e79c

mm,page_owner: check for null stack_record before bumping its refcount · 84d6ac31

Oscar Salvador authored Mar 06, 2024

Patch series "page_owner: Fixup and cleanup".

This patchset consists of a fixup by an error that was reported by intel
robot, where it seems to be that by the time page_owner gets initialized,
stackdepot has already depleted its allocation space and returns
0-handles, turning that into null stack_records when trying to retrieve
the stack_record.  I was not able to reproduce that from the config
because it booted fine for me, but when setting e.g: dummy_handle to 0
artificially, I could see the same error that was reported.

The second patch is a cleanup that can also lead to a compilation warning.


This patch (of 2):

Although the retrieval of the stack_records for {dummy,failure}_handle
happen when page_owner gets initialized, there seems to be some situations
where stackdepot space has been already depleted by then, so we get
0-handles which make stack_records being NULL for those cases.

Be careful to 1) only bump stack_records refcount and 2) only access
stack_record fields if we actually have a non-null stack_record between
hands.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306123217.29774-1-osalvador@suse.de
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306123217.29774-2-osalvador@suse.de
Fixes: 4bedfb31 ("mm,page_owner: implement the tracking of the stacks count")
Signed-off-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Reported-by: kernel test robot <oliver.sang@intel.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-lkp/202403051032.e2f865a-lkp@intel.com
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@gmail.com>
Cc: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

84d6ac31

mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff() · 82b1c07a

Ryan Roberts authored Mar 06, 2024

There was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and
teardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was
running in another thread.  This could cause, amongst other bad
possibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by
free_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.

This is a theoretical problem and I haven't been able to provoke it from a
test case.  But there has been agreement based on code review that this is
possible (see link below).

Fix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall
swapoff().  There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that
the swap entry was not free.  This isn't present in get_swap_device()
because it doesn't make sense in general due to the race between getting
the reference and swapoff.  So I've added an equivalent check directly in
free_swap_and_cache().

Details of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand
for deriving this):

--8<-----

__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in
"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE".

swapoff->try_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si->inuse_pages==0.

So the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn
si->inuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().

Imagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are
still references by swap entries.

Process 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.
Process 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.

Process 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().
-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE
[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]

Process 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().
-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE

Process 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls
__try_to_reclaim_swap().

__try_to_reclaim_swap()->folio_free_swap()->delete_from_swap_cache()->
put_swap_folio()->free_swap_slot()->swapcache_free_entries()->
swap_entry_free()->swap_range_free()->
...
WRITE_ONCE(si->inuse_pages, si->inuse_pages - nr_entries);

What stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache
but before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?

--8<-----

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240306140356.3974886-1-ryan.roberts@arm.com
Fixes: 7c00bafe ("mm/swap: free swap slots in batch")
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/65a66eb9-41f8-4790-8db2-0c70ea15979f@redhat.com/Signed-off-by: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

82b1c07a

mm/treewide: align up pXd_leaf() retval across archs · c05995b7