Before waiting on a iclog in xfs_log_force_lsn(), we don't check to
see if the iclog has already been completed and the contents on
stable storage. We check for completed iclogs in xfs_log_force(), so
we should do the same thing for xfs_log_force_lsn().

This fixed some random up-to-30s pauses seen in unmounting
filesystems in some tests. A log force ends up waiting on completed
iclog, and that doesn't then get flushed (and hence the log force
get completed) until the background log worker issues a log force
that flushes the iclog in question. Then the unmount unblocks and
continues.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

After fixing the tail_lsn vs cache flush race, generic/482 continued
to fail in a similar way where cache flushes were missing before
iclog FUA writes. Tracing of iclog state changes during the fsstress
workload portion of the test (via xlog_iclog* events) indicated that
iclog writes were coming from two sources - CIL pushes and log
forces (due to fsync/O_SYNC operations). All of the cases where a
recovery problem was triggered indicated that the log force was the
source of the iclog write that was not preceeded by a cache flush.

This was an oversight in the modifications made in commit
eef983ff ("xfs: journal IO cache flush reductions"). Log forces
for fsync imply a data device cache flush has been issued if an
iclog was flushed to disk and is indicated to the caller via the
log_flushed parameter so they can elide the device cache flush if
the journal issued one.

The change in eef983ff results in iclogs only issuing a cache
flush if XLOG_ICL_NEED_FLUSH is set on the iclog, but this was not
added to the iclogs that the log force code flushes to disk. Hence
log forces are no longer guaranteeing that a cache flush is issued,
hence opening up a potential on-disk ordering failure.

Log forces should also set XLOG_ICL_NEED_FUA as well to ensure that
the actual iclogs it forces to the journal are also on stable
storage before it returns to the caller.

This patch introduces the xlog_force_iclog() helper function to
encapsulate the process of taking a reference to an iclog, switching
its state if WANT_SYNC and flushing it to stable storage correctly.

Both xfs_log_force() and xfs_log_force_lsn() are converted to use
it, as is xlog_unmount_write() which has an elaborate method of
doing exactly the same "write this iclog to stable storage"
operation.

Further, if the log force code needs to wait on a iclog in the
WANT_SYNC state, it needs to ensure that iclog also results in a
cache flush being issued. This covers the case where the iclog
contains the commit record of the CIL flush that the log force
triggered, but it hasn't been written yet because there is still an
active reference to the iclog.

Note: this whole cache flush whack-a-mole patch is a result of log
forces still being iclog state centric rather than being CIL
sequence centric. Most of this nasty code will go away in future
when log forces are converted to wait on CIL sequence push
completion rather than iclog completion. With the CIL push algorithm
guaranteeing that the CIL checkpoint is fully on stable storage when
it completes, we no longer need to iterate iclogs and push them to
ensure a CIL sequence push has completed and so all this nasty iclog
iteration and flushing code will go away.

Fixes: eef983ff ("xfs: journal IO cache flush reductions")
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

We force iclogs in several places - we need them all to have the
same cache flush semantics, so start by factoring out the iclog
force into a common helper.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

There is a race between the new CIL async data device metadata IO
completion cache flush and the log tail in the iclog the flush
covers being updated. This can be seen by repeating generic/482 in a
loop and eventually log recovery fails with a failures such as this:

XFS (dm-3): Starting recovery (logdev: internal)
XFS (dm-3): bad inode magic/vsn daddr 228352 #0 (magic=0)
XFS (dm-3): Metadata corruption detected at xfs_inode_buf_verify+0x180/0x190, xfs_inode block 0x37c00 xfs_inode_buf_verify
XFS (dm-3): Unmount and run xfs_repair
XFS (dm-3): First 128 bytes of corrupted metadata buffer:
00000000: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
00000010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
00000020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
00000030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
00000040: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
00000050: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
00000060: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
00000070: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
XFS (dm-3): metadata I/O error in "xlog_recover_items_pass2+0x55/0xc0" at daddr 0x37c00 len 32 error 117

Analysis of the logwrite replay shows that there were no writes to
the data device between the FUA @ write 124 and the FUA at write @
125, but log recovery @ 125 failed. The difference was the one log
write @ 125 moved the tail of the log forwards from (1,8) to (1,32)
and so the inode create intent in (1,8) was not replayed and so the
inode cluster was zero on disk when replay of the first inode item
in (1,32) was attempted.

What this meant was that the journal write that occurred at @ 125
did not ensure that metadata completed before the iclog was written
was correctly on stable storage. The tail of the log moved forward,
so IO must have been completed between the two iclog writes. This
means that there is a race condition between the unconditional async
cache flush in the CIL push work and the tail LSN that is written to
the iclog. This happens like so:

CIL push work				AIL push work
-------------				-------------
Add to committing list
start async data dev cache flush
.....
<flush completes>
<all writes to old tail lsn are stable>
xlog_write
  ....					push inode create buffer
					<start IO>
					.....
xlog_write(commit record)
  ....					<IO completes>
  					log tail moves
  					  xlog_assign_tail_lsn()
start_lsn == commit_lsn
  <no iclog preflush!>
xlog_state_release_iclog
  __xlog_state_release_iclog()
    <writes *new* tail_lsn into iclog>
  xlog_sync()
    ....
    submit_bio()
<tail in log moves forward without flushing written metadata>

Essentially, this can only occur if the commit iclog is issued
without a cache flush. If the iclog bio is submitted with
REQ_PREFLUSH, then it will guarantee that all the completed IO is
one stable storage before the iclog bio with the new tail LSN in it
is written to the log.

IOWs, the tail lsn that is written to the iclog needs to be sampled
*before* we issue the cache flush that guarantees all IO up to that
LSN has been completed.

To fix this without giving up the performance advantage of the
flush/FUA optimisations (e.g. g/482 runtime halves with 5.14-rc1
compared to 5.13), we need to ensure that we always issue a cache
flush if the tail LSN changes between the initial async flush and
the commit record being written. THis requires sampling the tail_lsn
before we start the flush, and then passing the sampled tail LSN to
xlog_state_release_iclog() so it can determine if the the tail LSN
has changed while writing the checkpoint. If the tail LSN has
changed, then it needs to set the NEED_FLUSH flag on the iclog and
we'll issue another cache flush before writing the iclog.

Fixes: eef983ff ("xfs: journal IO cache flush reductions")
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

Fold __xlog_state_release_iclog into its only caller to prepare
make an upcoming fix easier.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
[hch: split from a larger patch]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

The recent journal flush/FUA changes replaced the flushing of the
data device on every iclog write with an up-front async data device
cache flush. Unfortunately, the assumption of which this was based
on has been proven incorrect by the flush vs log tail update
ordering issue. As the fix for that issue uses the
XLOG_ICL_NEED_FLUSH flag to indicate that data device needs a cache
flush, we now need to (once again) ensure that an iclog write to
external logs that need a cache flush to be issued actually issue a
cache flush to the data device as well as the log device.

Fixes: eef983ff ("xfs: journal IO cache flush reductions")
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

We incorrectly flush the log device instead of the data device when
trying to ensure metadata is correctly on disk before writing the
unmount record.

Fixes: eef983ff ("xfs: journal IO cache flush reductions")
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

If we encounter a directory that has been configured to pass on an
extent size hint to a new realtime file and the hint isn't an integer
multiple of the rt extent size, we should flag the hint for
administrative review because that is a misconfiguration (that other
parts of the kernel will fix automatically).
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>

During a realtime grow operation, we run a single transaction for each
rt bitmap block added to the filesystem.  This means that each step has
to be careful to increase sb_rblocks appropriately.

Fix the integer overflow error in this calculation that can happen when
the extent size is very large.  Found by running growfs to add a rt
volume to a filesystem formatted with a 1g rt extent size.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>

Improve the checking at the start of a realtime grow operation so that
we avoid accidentally set a new extent size that is too large and avoid
adding an rt volume to a filesystem with rmap or reflink because we
don't support rt rmap or reflink yet.

While we're at it, separate the checks so that we're only testing one
aspect at a time.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>

Commit 603f000b changed xfs_ioctl_setattr_check_extsize to reject an
attempt to set an EXTSZINHERIT extent size hint on a directory with
RTINHERIT set if the hint isn't a multiple of the realtime extent size.
However, I have recently discovered that it is possible to change the
realtime extent size when adding a rt device to a filesystem, which
means that the existence of directories with misaligned inherited hints
is not an accident.

As a result, it's possible that someone could have set a valid hint and
added an rt volume with a different rt extent size, which invalidates
the ondisk hints.  After such a sequence, FSGETXATTR will report a
misaligned hint, which FSSETXATTR will trip over, causing confusion if
the user was doing the usual GET/SET sequence to change some other
attribute.  Change xfs_fill_fsxattr to omit the hint if it isn't aligned
properly.

Fixes: 603f000b ("xfs: validate extsz hints against rt extent size when rtinherit is set")
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>

While auditing the realtime growfs code, I realized that the GROWFSRT
ioctl (and by extension xfs_growfs) has always allowed sysadmins to
change the realtime extent size when adding a realtime section to the
filesystem.  Since we also have always allowed sysadmins to set
RTINHERIT and EXTSZINHERIT on directories even if there is no realtime
device, this invalidates the premise laid out in the comments added in
commit 603f000b.

In other words, this is not a case of inadequate metadata validation.
This is a case of nearly forgotten (and apparently untested) but
supported functionality.  Update the comments to reflect what we've
learned, and remove the log message about correcting the misalignment.

Fixes: 603f000b ("xfs: validate extsz hints against rt extent size when rtinherit is set")
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>

While running xfs/168, I noticed a second source of post-shrink
corruption errors causing shutdowns.

Let's say that directory B has a low inode number and is a child of
directory A, which has a high number.  If B is empty but open, and
unlinked from A, B's dotdot link continues to point to A.  If A is then
unlinked and the filesystem shrunk so that A is no longer a valid inode,
a subsequent AIL push of B will trip the inode verifiers because the
dotdot entry points outside of the filesystem.

To avoid this problem, reset B's dotdot entry to the root directory when
unlinking directories, since the root directory cannot be removed.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gao Xiang <hsiangkao@linux.alibaba.com>

While running xfs/168, I noticed occasional write verifier shutdowns
involving inodes at the very end of the filesystem.  Existing inode
btree validation code checks that all inode clusters are fully contained
within the filesystem.

However, due to inadequate checking in the fs shrink code, it's possible
that there could be a sparse inode cluster at the end of the filesystem
where the upper inodes of the cluster are marked as holes and the
corresponding blocks are free.  In this case, the last blocks in the AG
are listed in the bnobt.  This enables the shrink to proceed but results
in a filesystem that trips the inode verifiers.  Fix this by disallowing
the shrink.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gao Xiang <hsiangkao@linux.alibaba.com>

I know nothing about zone_device pages and !device_private pages; but if
try_to_migrate_one() will do nothing for them, then it's better that
try_to_migrate() filter them first, than trawl through all their vmas.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1241d356-8ec9-f47b-a5ec-9b2bf66d242@google.com/
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@nvidia.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In the unlikely race case that page_mlock_one() finds VM_LOCKED has been
cleared by the time it got page table lock, page_vma_mapped_walk_done()
must be called before returning, either explicitly, or by a final call
to page_vma_mapped_walk() - otherwise the page table remains locked.

Fixes: cd62734c ("mm/rmap: split try_to_munlock from try_to_unmap")
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Reported-by: kernel test robot <oliver.sang@intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210711151446.GB4070@xsang-OptiPlex-9020/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/f71f8523-cba7-3342-40a7-114abc5d1f51@google.com/
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@nvidia.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The kernel recovers in due course from missing Mlocked pages: but there
was no point in calling page_mlock() (formerly known as
try_to_munlock()) on a THP, because nothing got done even when it was
found to be mapped in another VM_LOCKED vma.

It's true that we need to be careful: Mlocked accounting of pte-mapped
THPs is too difficult (so consistently avoided); but Mlocked accounting
of only-pmd-mapped THPs is supposed to work, even when multiple mappings
are mlocked and munlocked or munmapped.  Refine the tests.

There is already a VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageDoubleMap) in page_mlock(), so
page_mlock_one() does not even have to worry about that complication.

(I said the kernel recovers: but would page reclaim be likely to split
THP before rediscovering that it's VM_LOCKED? I've not followed that up)

Fixes: 9a73f61b ("thp, mlock: do not mlock PTE-mapped file huge pages")
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/cfa154c-d595-406-eb7d-eb9df730f944@google.com/
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@nvidia.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Parallel developments in mm/rmap.c have left behind some out-of-date
comments: try_to_migrate_one() also accepts TTU_SYNC (already commented
in try_to_migrate() itself), and try_to_migrate() returns nothing at
all.

TTU_SPLIT_FREEZE has just been deleted, so reword the comment about it
in mm/huge_memory.c; and TTU_IGNORE_ACCESS was removed in 5.11, so
delete the "recently referenced" comment from try_to_unmap_one() (once
upon a time the comment was near the removed codeblock, but they drifted
apart).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/563ce5b2-7a44-5b4d-1dfd-59a0e65932a9@google.com/
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@nvidia.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Pull irq fixes from Ingo Molnar:
 "Two fixes:

   - Fix a MIPS IRQ handling RCU bug

   - Remove a DocBook annotation for a parameter that doesn't exist
     anymore"

* tag 'irq-urgent-2021-07-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  irqchip/mips: Fix RCU violation when using irqdomain lookup on interrupt entry
  genirq/irqdesc: Drop excess kernel-doc entry @lookup

Pull scheduler fixes from Ingo Molnar:
 "Three fixes:

   - Fix load tracking bug/inconsistency

   - Fix a sporadic CFS bandwidth constraints enforcement bug

   - Fix a uclamp utilization tracking bug for newly woken tasks"

* tag 'sched-urgent-2021-07-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  sched/uclamp: Ignore max aggregation if rq is idle
  sched/fair: Fix CFS bandwidth hrtimer expiry type
  sched/fair: Sync load_sum with load_avg after dequeue

Pull perf fixes from Ingo Molnar:
 "A fix and a hardware-enablement addition:

   - Robustify uncore_snbep's skx_iio_set_mapping()'s error cleanup

   - Add cstate event support for Intel ICELAKE_X and ICELAKE_D"

* tag 'perf-urgent-2021-07-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  perf/x86/intel/uncore: Clean up error handling path of iio mapping
  perf/x86/cstate: Add ICELAKE_X and ICELAKE_D support

Pull locking fixes from Ingo Molnar:

 - Fix a Sparc crash

 - Fix a number of objtool warnings

 - Fix /proc/lockdep output on certain configs

 - Restore a kprobes fail-safe

* tag 'locking-urgent-2021-07-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  locking/atomic: sparc: Fix arch_cmpxchg64_local()
  kprobe/static_call: Restore missing static_call_text_reserved()
  static_call: Fix static_call_text_reserved() vs __init
  jump_label: Fix jump_label_text_reserved() vs __init
  locking/lockdep: Fix meaningless /proc/lockdep output of lock classes on !CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING

Pull more SCSI updates from James Bottomley:
 "This is a set of minor fixes and clean ups in the core and various
  drivers.

  The only core change in behaviour is the I/O retry for spinup notify,
  but that shouldn't impact anything other than the failing case"

* tag 'scsi-misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi: (23 commits)
  scsi: virtio_scsi: Add validation for residual bytes from response
  scsi: ipr: System crashes when seeing type 20 error
  scsi: core: Retry I/O for Notify (Enable Spinup) Required error
  scsi: mpi3mr: Fix warnings reported by smatch
  scsi: qedf: Add check to synchronize abort and flush
  scsi: MAINTAINERS: Add mpi3mr driver maintainers
  scsi: libfc: Fix array index out of bound exception
  scsi: mvsas: Use DEVICE_ATTR_RO()/RW() macro
  scsi: megaraid_mbox: Use DEVICE_ATTR_ADMIN_RO() macro
  scsi: qedf: Use DEVICE_ATTR_RO() macro
  scsi: qedi: Use DEVICE_ATTR_RO() macro
  scsi: message: mptfc: Switch from pci_ to dma_ API
  scsi: be2iscsi: Fix some missing space in some messages
  scsi: be2iscsi: Fix an error handling path in beiscsi_dev_probe()
  scsi: ufs: Fix build warning without CONFIG_PM
  scsi: bnx2fc: Remove meaningless bnx2fc_abts_cleanup() return value assignment
  scsi: qla2xxx: Add heartbeat check
  scsi: virtio_scsi: Do not overwrite SCSI status
  scsi: libsas: Add LUN number check in .slave_alloc callback
  scsi: core: Inline scsi_mq_alloc_queue()
  ...

Merge tag 'perf-tools-for-v5.14-2021-07-10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux

Pull more perf tool updates from Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo:
 "New features:

   - Enable use of BPF counters with 'perf stat --for-each-cgroup',
     using per-CPU 'cgroup-switch' events with an attached BPF program
     that does aggregation per-cgroup in the kernel instead of using
     per-cgroup perf events.

   - Add Topdown metrics L2 events as default events in 'perf stat' for
     systems having those events.

  Hardware tracing:

   - Add a config for max loops without consuming a packet in the Intel
     PT packet decoder, set via 'perf config intel-pt.max-loops=N'

  Hardware enablement:

   - Disable misleading NMI watchdog message in 'perf stat' on hybrid
     systems such as Intel Alder Lake.

   - Add a dummy event on hybrid systems to collect metadata records.

   - Add 24x7 nest metric events for the Power10 platform.

  Fixes:

   - Fix event parsing for PMUs starting with the same prefix.

   - Fix the 'perf trace' 'trace' alias installation dir.

   - Fix buffer size to report iregs in perf script python scripts,
     supporting the extended registers in PowerPC.

   - Fix overflow in elf_sec__is_text().

   - Fix 's' on source line when disasm is empty in the annotation TUI,
     accessible via 'perf annotate', 'perf report' and 'perf top'.

   - Plug leaks in scandir() returned dirent entries in 'perf test' when
     sorting the shell tests.

   - Fix --task and --stat with pipe input in 'perf report'.

   - Fix 'perf probe' use of debuginfo files by build id.

   - If a DSO has both dynsym and symtab ELF sections, read from both
     when loading the symbol table, fixing a problem processing Fedora
     32 glibc DSOs.

  Libraries:

   - Add grouping of events to libperf, from code in tools/perf,
     allowing libperf users to use that mode.

  Misc:

   - Filter plt stubs from the 'perf probe --functions' output.

   - Update UAPI header copies for asound, DRM, mman-common.h and the
     ones affected by the quotactl_fd syscall"

* tag 'perf-tools-for-v5.14-2021-07-10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux: (29 commits)
  perf test: Add free() calls for scandir() returned dirent entries
  libperf: Add tests for perf_evlist__set_leader()
  libperf: Remove BUG_ON() from library code in get_group_fd()
  libperf: Add group support to perf_evsel__open()
  perf tools: Fix pattern matching for same substring in different PMU type
  perf record: Add a dummy event on hybrid systems to collect metadata records
  perf stat: Add Topdown metrics L2 events as default events
  libperf: Adopt evlist__set_leader() from tools/perf as perf_evlist__set_leader()
  libperf: Move 'nr_groups' from tools/perf to evlist::nr_groups
  libperf: Move 'leader' from tools/perf to perf_evsel::leader
  libperf: Move 'idx' from tools/perf to perf_evsel::idx
  libperf: Change tests to single static and shared binaries
  perf intel-pt: Add a config for max loops without consuming a packet
  perf stat: Disable the NMI watchdog message on hybrid
  perf vendor events power10: Adds 24x7 nest metric events for power10 platform
  perf script python: Fix buffer size to report iregs in perf script
  perf trace: Fix the perf trace link location
  perf top: Fix overflow in elf_sec__is_text()
  perf annotate: Fix 's' on source line when disasm is empty
  perf probe: Do not show @plt function by default
  ...

Pull RTC updates from Alexandre Belloni:
 "Mostly documentation/comment changes and non urgent fixes.

   - add or fix SPDX identifiers

   - NXP pcf*: fix datasheet URLs

   - imxdi: add wakeup support

   - pcf2127: handle timestamp interrupts, this fixes a possible
     interrupt storm

   - bd70528: Drop BD70528 support"

* tag 'rtc-5.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/abelloni/linux: (33 commits)
  rtc: pcf8523: rename register and bit defines
  rtc: pcf2127: handle timestamp interrupts
  rtc: at91sam9: Remove unnecessary offset variable checks
  rtc: s5m: Check return value of s5m_check_peding_alarm_interrupt()
  rtc: spear: convert to SPDX identifier
  rtc: tps6586x: convert to SPDX identifier
  rtc: tps80031: convert to SPDX identifier
  rtc: rtd119x: Fix format of SPDX identifier
  rtc: sc27xx: Fix format of SPDX identifier
  rtc: palmas: convert to SPDX identifier
  rtc: max6900: convert to SPDX identifier
  rtc: ds1374: convert to SPDX identifier
  rtc: au1xxx: convert to SPDX identifier
  rtc: pcf85063: Update the PCF85063A datasheet revision
  dt-bindings: rtc: ti,bq32k: take maintainership
  rtc: pcf8563: Fix the datasheet URL
  rtc: pcf85063: Fix the datasheet URL
  rtc: pcf2127: Fix the datasheet URL
  dt-bindings: rtc: ti,bq32k: Convert to json-schema
  dt-bindings: rtc: rx8900: Convert to YAML schema
  ...

Commit dbbee9d5 ("mm/page_alloc: convert per-cpu list protection to
local_lock") folded in a workaround patch for pahole that was unable to
deal with zero-sized percpu structures.

A superior workaround is achieved with commit a0b8200d ("kbuild:
skip per-CPU BTF generation for pahole v1.18-v1.21").

This patch reverts the dummy field and the pahole version check.

Fixes: dbbee9d5 ("mm/page_alloc: convert per-cpu list protection to local_lock")
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

arch/arm/mach-ixp4xx/include/mach/platform.h now gets included indirectly
and defines REG_OFFSET. Rename the register and bit definition to something
specific to the driver.

Fixes: 7fd70c65 ("ARM: irqstat: Get rid of duplicated declaration")
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexandre Belloni <alexandre.belloni@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210710211431.1393589-1-alexandre.belloni@bootlin.com

Pull cifs fixes from Steve French:
 "13 cifs/smb3 fixes. Most are to address minor issues pointed out by
  Coverity.

  Also includes a packet signing enhancement and mount improvement"

* tag '5.14-rc-smb3-fixes-part2' of git://git.samba.org/sfrench/cifs-2.6:
  cifs: update internal version number
  cifs: prevent NULL deref in cifs_compose_mount_options()
  SMB3.1.1: Add support for negotiating signing algorithm
  cifs: use helpers when parsing uid/gid mount options and validate them
  CIFS: Clarify SMB1 code for POSIX Lock
  CIFS: Clarify SMB1 code for rename open file
  CIFS: Clarify SMB1 code for delete
  CIFS: Clarify SMB1 code for SetFileSize
  smb3: fix typo in header file
  CIFS: Clarify SMB1 code for UnixSetPathInfo
  CIFS: Clarify SMB1 code for UnixCreateSymLink
  cifs: clarify SMB1 code for UnixCreateHardLink
  cifs: make locking consistent around the server session status

Pull pci fix from Bjorn Helgaas:
 "Revert host bridge window patch that fixed HP EliteDesk 805 G6, but
  broke ppc:sam460ex (Bjorn Helgaas)"

* tag 'pci-v5.14-fixes-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/helgaas/pci:
  Revert "PCI: Coalesce host bridge contiguous apertures"

Pull i3c updates from Alexandre Belloni:

 - two small fixes to the svc driver

* tag 'i3c/for-5.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/i3c/linux:
  i3c: master: svc: fix doc warning in svc-i3c-master.c
  i3c: master: svc: drop free_irq of devm_request_irq allocated irq

Pull thermal updates from Daniel Lezcano:

 - Add rk3568 sensor support (Finley Xiao)

 - Add missing MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE for the Spreadtrum sensor (Chunyan
   Zhang)

 - Export additionnal attributes for the int340x thermal processor
   (Srinivas Pandruvada)

 - Add SC7280 compatible for the tsens driver (Rajeshwari Ravindra
   Kamble)

 - Fix kernel documentation for thermal_zone_device_unregister() and use
   devm_platform_get_and_ioremap_resource() (Yang Yingliang)

 - Fix coefficient calculations for the rcar_gen3 sensor driver (Niklas
   Söderlund)

 - Fix shadowing variable rcar_gen3_ths_tj_1 (Geert Uytterhoeven)

 - Add missing of_node_put() for the iMX and Spreadtrum sensors
   (Krzysztof Kozlowski)

 - Add tegra3 thermal sensor DT bindings (Dmitry Osipenko)

 - Stop the thermal zone monitoring when unregistering it to prevent a
   temperature update without the 'get_temp' callback (Dmitry Osipenko)

 - Add rk3568 DT bindings, convert bindings to yaml schemas and add the
   corresponding compatible in the Rockchip sensor (Ezequiel Garcia)

 - Add the sc8180x compatible for the Qualcomm tsensor (Bjorn Andersson)

 - Use the find_first_zero_bit() function instead of custom code (Andy
   Shevchenko)

 - Fix the kernel doc for the device cooling device (Yang Li)

 - Reorg the processor thermal int340x to set the scene for the PCI mmio
   driver (Srinivas Pandruvada)

 - Add PCI MMIO driver for the int340x processor thermal driver
   (Srinivas Pandruvada)

 - Add hwmon sensors for the mediatek sensor (Frank Wunderlich)

 - Fix warning for return value reported by Smatch for the int340x
   thermal processor (Srinivas Pandruvada)

 - Fix wrong register access and decoding for the int340x thermal
   processor (Srinivas Pandruvada)

* tag 'thermal-v5.14-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/thermal/linux: (23 commits)
  thermal/drivers/int340x/processor_thermal: Fix tcc setting
  thermal/drivers/int340x/processor_thermal: Fix warning for return value
  thermal/drivers/mediatek: Add sensors-support
  thermal/drivers/int340x/processor_thermal: Add PCI MMIO based thermal driver
  thermal/drivers/int340x/processor_thermal: Split enumeration and processing part
  thermal: devfreq_cooling: Fix kernel-doc
  thermal/drivers/intel/intel_soc_dts_iosf: Switch to use find_first_zero_bit()
  dt-bindings: thermal: tsens: Add sc8180x compatible
  dt-bindings: rockchip-thermal: Support the RK3568 SoC compatible
  dt-bindings: thermal: convert rockchip-thermal to json-schema
  thermal/core/thermal_of: Stop zone device before unregistering it
  dt-bindings: thermal: Add binding for Tegra30 thermal sensor
  thermal/drivers/sprd: Add missing of_node_put for loop iteration
  thermal/drivers/imx_sc: Add missing of_node_put for loop iteration
  thermal/drivers/rcar_gen3_thermal: Do not shadow rcar_gen3_ths_tj_1
  thermal/drivers/rcar_gen3_thermal: Fix coefficient calculations
  thermal/drivers/st: Use devm_platform_get_and_ioremap_resource()
  thermal/core: Correct function name thermal_zone_device_unregister()
  dt-bindings: thermal: tsens: Add compatible string to TSENS binding for SC7280
  thermal/drivers/int340x: processor_thermal: Export additional attributes
  ...

Pull Kbuild updates from Masahiro Yamada:

 - Increase the -falign-functions alignment for the debug option.

 - Remove ugly libelf checks from the top Makefile.

 - Make the silent build (-s) more silent.

 - Re-compile the kernel if KBUILD_BUILD_TIMESTAMP is specified.

 - Various script cleanups

* tag 'kbuild-v5.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild: (27 commits)
  scripts: add generic syscallnr.sh
  scripts: check duplicated syscall number in syscall table
  sparc: syscalls: use pattern rules to generate syscall headers
  parisc: syscalls: use pattern rules to generate syscall headers
  nds32: add arch/nds32/boot/.gitignore
  kbuild: mkcompile_h: consider timestamp if KBUILD_BUILD_TIMESTAMP is set
  kbuild: modpost: Explicitly warn about unprototyped symbols
  kbuild: remove trailing slashes from $(KBUILD_EXTMOD)
  kconfig.h: explain IS_MODULE(), IS_ENABLED()
  kconfig: constify long_opts
  scripts/setlocalversion: simplify the short version part
  scripts/setlocalversion: factor out 12-chars hash construction
  scripts/setlocalversion: add more comments to -dirty flag detection
  scripts/setlocalversion: remove workaround for old make-kpkg
  scripts/setlocalversion: remove mercurial, svn and git-svn supports
  kbuild: clean up ${quiet} checks in shell scripts
  kbuild: sink stdout from cmd for silent build
  init: use $(call cmd,) for generating include/generated/compile.h
  kbuild: merge scripts/mkmakefile to top Makefile
  sh: move core-y in arch/sh/Makefile to arch/sh/Kbuild
  ...

Pull more s390 updates from Vasily Gorbik:

 - Fix preempt_count initialization.

 - Rework call_on_stack() macro to add proper type handling and avoid
   possible register corruption.

 - More error prone "register asm" removal and fixes.

 - Fix syscall restarting when multiple signals are coming in. This adds
   minimalistic trampolines to vdso so we can return from signal without
   using the stack which requires pgm check handler hacks when NX is
   enabled.

 - Remove HAVE_IRQ_EXIT_ON_IRQ_STACK since this is no longer true after
   switch to generic entry.

 - Fix protected virtualization secure storage access exception
   handling.

 - Make machine check C handler always enter with DAT enabled and move
   register validation to C code.

 - Fix tinyconfig boot problem by avoiding MONITOR CALL without
   CONFIG_BUG.

 - Increase asm symbols alignment to 16 to make it consistent with
   compilers.

 - Enable concurrent access to the CPU Measurement Counter Facility.

 - Add support for dynamic AP bus size limit and rework ap_dqap to deal
   with messages greater than recv buffer.

* tag 's390-5.14-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/s390/linux: (41 commits)
  s390: preempt: Fix preempt_count initialization
  s390/linkage: increase asm symbols alignment to 16
  s390: rename CALL_ON_STACK_NORETURN() to call_on_stack_noreturn()
  s390: add type checking to CALL_ON_STACK_NORETURN() macro
  s390: remove old CALL_ON_STACK() macro
  s390/softirq: use call_on_stack() macro
  s390/lib: use call_on_stack() macro
  s390/smp: use call_on_stack() macro
  s390/kexec: use call_on_stack() macro
  s390/irq: use call_on_stack() macro
  s390/mm: use call_on_stack() macro
  s390: introduce proper type handling call_on_stack() macro
  s390/irq: simplify on_async_stack()
  s390/irq: inline do_softirq_own_stack()
  s390/irq: simplify do_softirq_own_stack()
  s390/ap: get rid of register asm in ap_dqap()
  s390: rename PIF_SYSCALL_RESTART to PIF_EXECVE_PGSTE_RESTART
  s390: move restart of execve() syscall
  s390/signal: remove sigreturn on stack
  s390/signal: switch to using vdso for sigreturn and syscall restart
  ...

Pull MIPS fixes from Thomas Bogendoerfer:

 - fix for accesing gic via vdso

 - two build fixes

* tag 'mips_5.14_1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mips/linux:
  MIPS: vdso: Invalid GIC access through VDSO
  mips: disable branch profiling in boot/decompress.o
  mips: always link byteswap helpers into decompressor

Pull ARM defconfig updates from "Olof Johansson
 "A set of defconfig changes, we keep them in a separate branch to avoid
  conflicts between topics by separating them out.

  These changes are almost exclusively turning on new drivers for
  various platforms, or turning on modules for new drivers for the
  shared generic configs"

* tag 'arm-defconfig-5.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/soc/soc: (22 commits)
  arm64: defconfig: Enable renesas usb xhci pci host controller
  arm64: defconfig: Visconti: Enable GPIO
  arm64: defconfig: Visconti: Enable PWM
  arm64: defconfig: add drivers needed for DragonBoard410c
  ARM: config: aspeed: Add DEBUG_FS and EXT4
  ARM: ixp4xx_defconfig: add MTD_PHYSMAP
  ARM: ixp4xx_defconfig: add CONFIG_SERIAL_OF_PLATFORM
  ARM: imx_v6_v7_defconfig: Select the Wifi ath10k sdio driver
  ARM: exynos_defconfig: restore framebuffer support
  arm64: defconfig: Enable ARCH_R9A07G044
  ARM: configs: at91_dt_defconfig: configs for sam9x60
  arm64: defconfig: Enable Exynos UFS driver
  arm64: defconfig: qcom: enable interconnect for SM8350
  ARM: tegra_defconfig: Enable CONFIG_DEVFREQ_THERMAL
  arm64: defconfig: Enable usb2_clksel for R-Car Gen3 and RZ/G2
  arm64: defconfig: enable Layerscape EDAC driver
  ARM: omap2plus_defconfig: Add LP5523 LED driver
  ARM: omap2plus_defconfig: Add WL1251 and WEXT modules
  ARM: shmobile: defconfig: Refresh for v5.13-rc1
  arm64: defconfig: Allow Mediatek boards to boot from the mmc
  ...

Pull ARM driver updates from Olof Johansson:

 - Reset controllers: Adding support for Microchip Sparx5 Switch.

 - Memory controllers: ARM Primecell PL35x SMC memory controller driver
   cleanups and improvements.

 - i.MX SoC drivers: Power domain support for i.MX8MM and i.MX8MN.

 - Rockchip: RK3568 power domains support + DT binding updates,
   cleanups.

 - Qualcomm SoC drivers: Amend socinfo with more SoC/PMIC details,
   including support for MSM8226, MDM9607, SM6125 and SC8180X.

 - ARM FFA driver: "Firmware Framework for ARMv8-A", defining management
   interfaces and communication (including bus model) between partitions
   both in Normal and Secure Worlds.

 - Tegra Memory controller changes, including major rework to deal with
   identity mappings at boot and integration with ARM SMMU pieces.

* tag 'arm-drivers-5.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/soc/soc: (120 commits)
  firmware: turris-mox-rwtm: add marvell,armada-3700-rwtm-firmware compatible string
  firmware: turris-mox-rwtm: show message about HWRNG registration
  firmware: turris-mox-rwtm: fail probing when firmware does not support hwrng
  firmware: turris-mox-rwtm: report failures better
  firmware: turris-mox-rwtm: fix reply status decoding function
  soc: imx: gpcv2: add support for i.MX8MN power domains
  dt-bindings: add defines for i.MX8MN power domains
  firmware: tegra: bpmp: Fix Tegra234-only builds
  iommu/arm-smmu: Use Tegra implementation on Tegra186
  iommu/arm-smmu: tegra: Implement SID override programming
  iommu/arm-smmu: tegra: Detect number of instances at runtime
  dt-bindings: arm-smmu: Add Tegra186 compatible string
  firmware: qcom_scm: Add MDM9607 compatible
  soc: qcom: rpmpd: Add MDM9607 RPM Power Domains
  soc: renesas: Add support to read LSI DEVID register of RZ/G2{L,LC} SoC's
  soc: renesas: Add ARCH_R9A07G044 for the new RZ/G2L SoC's
  dt-bindings: soc: rockchip: drop unnecessary #phy-cells from grf.yaml
  memory: emif: remove unused frequency and voltage notifiers
  memory: fsl_ifc: fix leak of private memory on probe failure
  memory: fsl_ifc: fix leak of IO mapping on probe failure
  ...

Pull ARM devicetree updates from Olof Johansson:
 "Like always, the DT branch is sizable. There are numerous additions
  and fixes to existing platforms, but also a handful of new ones
  introduced. Less than some other releases, but there's been
  significant work on cleanups, refactorings and device enabling on
  existing platforms.

  A non-exhaustive list of new material:

   - Refactoring of BCM2711 dtsi structure to add support for the
     Raspberry Pi 400

   - Rockchip: RK3568 SoC and EVB, video codecs for
     rk3036/3066/3188/322x

   - Qualcomm: SA8155p Automotive platform (SM8150 derivative),
     SM8150/8250 enhancements and support for Sony Xperia 1/1II and
     5/5II

   - TI K3: PCI/USB3 support on AM64-sk boards, R5 remoteproc
     definitions

   - TI OMAP: Various cleanups

   - Tegra: Audio support for Jetson Xavier NX, SMMU support on Tegra194

   - Qualcomm: lots of additions for peripherals across several SoCs,
     and new support for Microsoft Surface Duo (SM8150-based), Huawei
     Ascend G7.

   - i.MX: Numerous additions of features across SoCs and boards.

   - Allwinner: More device bindings for V3s, Forlinx OKA40i-C and
     NanoPi R1S H5 boards

   - MediaTek: More device bindings for mt8167, new Chromebook system
     variants for mt8183

   - Renesas: RZ/G2L SoC and EVK added

   - Amlogic: BananaPi BPI-M5 board added"

* tag 'arm-dt-5.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/soc/soc: (511 commits)
  arm64: dts: rockchip: add basic dts for RK3568 EVB
  arm64: dts: rockchip: add core dtsi for RK3568 SoC
  arm64: dts: rockchip: add generic pinconfig settings used by most Rockchip socs
  ARM: dts: rockchip: add vpu and vdec node for RK322x
  ARM: dts: rockchip: add vpu nodes for RK3066 and RK3188
  ARM: dts: rockchip: add vpu node for RK3036
  arm64: dts: ipq8074: Add QUP6 I2C node
  arm64: dts: rockchip: Re-add regulator-always-on for vcc_sdio for rk3399-roc-pc
  arm64: dts: rockchip: Re-add regulator-boot-on, regulator-always-on for vdd_gpu on rk3399-roc-pc
  arm64: dts: rockchip: add ir-receiver for rk3399-roc-pc
  arm64: dts: rockchip: Add USB-C port details for rk3399 Firefly
  arm64: dts: rockchip: Sort rk3399 firefly pinmux entries
  arm64: dts: rockchip: add infrared receiver node to RK3399 Firefly
  arm64: dts: rockchip: add SPDIF node for rk3399-firefly
  arm64: dts: rockchip: Add Rotation Property for OGA Panel
  arm64: dts: qcom: sc7180: bus votes for eMMC and SD card
  arm64: dts: qcom: sm8250-edo: Add Samsung touchscreen
  arm64: dts: qcom: sm8250-edo: Enable GPI DMA
  arm64: dts: qcom: sm8250-edo: Enable ADSP/CDSP/SLPI
  arm64: dts: qcom: sm8250-edo: Enable PCIe
  ...

Pull ARM SoC updates from Olof Johansson:
 "A few SoC (code) changes have queued up this cycle, mostly for minor
  changes and some refactoring and cleanup of legacy platforms. This
  branch also contains a few of the fixes that weren't sent in by the
  end of the release (all fairly minor).

   - Adding an additional maintainer for the TEE subsystem (Sumit Garg)

   - Quite a significant modernization of the IXP4xx platforms by Linus
     Walleij, revisiting with a new PCI host driver/binding, removing
     legacy mach/* include dependencies and moving platform
     detection/config to drivers/soc. Also some updates/cleanup of
     platform data.

   - Core power domain support for Tegra platforms, and some
     improvements in build test coverage by adding stubs for compile
     test targets.

   - A handful of updates to i.MX platforms, adding legacy (non-PSCI)
     SMP support on i.MX7D, SoC ID setup for i.MX50, removal of platform
     data and board fixups for iMX6/7.

  ... and a few smaller changes and fixes for Samsung, OMAP, Allwinner,
  Rockchip"

* tag 'arm-soc-5.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/soc/soc: (53 commits)
  MAINTAINERS: Add myself as TEE subsystem reviewer
  ixp4xx: fix spelling mistake in Kconfig "Devce" -> "Device"
  hw_random: ixp4xx: Add OF support
  hw_random: ixp4xx: Add DT bindings
  hw_random: ixp4xx: Turn into a module
  hw_random: ixp4xx: Use SPDX license tag
  hw_random: ixp4xx: enable compile-testing
  pata: ixp4xx: split platform data to its own header
  soc: ixp4xx: move cpu detection to linux/soc/ixp4xx/cpu.h
  PCI: ixp4xx: Add a new driver for IXP4xx
  PCI: ixp4xx: Add device tree bindings for IXP4xx
  ARM/ixp4xx: Make NEED_MACH_IO_H optional
  ARM/ixp4xx: Move the virtual IObases
  MAINTAINERS: ARM/MStar/Sigmastar SoCs: Add a link to the MStar tree
  ARM: debug: add UART early console support for MSTAR SoCs
  ARM: dts: ux500: Fix LED probing
  ARM: imx: add smp support for imx7d
  ARM: imx6q: drop of_platform_default_populate() from init_machine
  arm64: dts: rockchip: Update RK3399 PCI host bridge window to 32-bit address memory
  soc/tegra: fuse: Fix Tegra234-only builds
  ...

Pull memblock fix from Mike Rapoport:
 "This is a fix for the rework of ARM's pfn_valid() implementation
  merged during this merge window.

  Don't abuse pfn_valid() to check if pfn is in RAM

  The semantics of pfn_valid() is to check presence of the memory map
  for a PFN and not whether a PFN is in RAM. The memory map may be
  present for a hole in the physical memory and if such hole corresponds
  to an MMIO range, __arm_ioremap_pfn_caller() will produce a WARN() and
  fail.

  Use memblock_is_map_memory() instead of pfn_valid() to check if a PFN
  is in RAM or not"

* tag 'fixes-2021-07-09' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rppt/memblock:
  arm: ioremap: don't abuse pfn_valid() to check if pfn is in RAM